Among the things that can be considered as the goal of AI value alignment, the consensus values of all humanity, which transcend both individual users and communities, should be chosen. Among the many factors of the consensus values of all humanity, natural justice—the only truly existing moral law—should be chosen. In short, the goal of AI value alignment should be natural justice. Natural justice is this: a player views any game in which any player of the current game is involved and which has a structure similar to that of the current game as a stage game of the same indefinitely repeated game, and thus, from this perspective, his strategy (action) is (1) in the first round, to cooperate, (2) from the second round onwards, to reciprocate, i.e., to reward or to punish, but if he defected in the previous round, to correct his own fault. Using three methods, namely global overlapping consensus, the "veil of ignorance" thought experiment, and the social choice thought experiment, to determine the goal of AI value alignment, all lead to the same conclusion: the goal of AI value alignment should be natural justice. Several issues requiring further research are proposed.

In 2025, global nuclear energy technology is moving rapidly toward diversification, miniaturization, and intelligentization. The current status of nuclear power development and updated nuclear power policies in various countries are introduced. The construction and research progress of Generation Ⅳ reactors and small modular reactors are summarized. The construction progress and key breakthroughs of nuclear fusion technology are pointed out. The development status of digital twins, artificial intelligence and nuclear databases is reviewed, their respective shortcomings are analyzed, and future improvement directions are pointed out. The application and optimization of pulsed extraction columns in spent fuel reprocessing and the application of radioactive waste treatment methods are introduced. Moreover, the coupling of nuclear energy with wind, solar, thermal power and energy storage, and its comprehensive applications in other non−electric fields, are the future development direction.

Global warming has led to the frequent occurrence of extreme heat events, causing a continuous rise in cooling energy consumption for buildings and equipment. Consequently, electricity demand for cooling has emerged as a major driver of power grid load growth. In the context of the "Dual Carbon" (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality) strategy, developing low−energy and green cooling technologies has become a crucial challenge. Radiative cooling, a passive cooling technology based on infrared radiation exchange between the Earth and deep space, has garnered significant attention due to its advantages of zero energy consumption and zero carbon emissions. This paper systematically reviews relevant research and proposes three core perspectives: First, although radiative cooling holds potential application value in fields such as building energy conservation, photovoltaic panel cooling, and power equipment thermal management, its actual engineering benefits may be overestimated. Second, transitioning from laboratory research to industrial application faces major obstacles that extend beyond material performance optimization to include practical challenges such as scalable manufacturing processes, long−term weatherability, and economic costs. Third, the lack of standardized performance testing protocols and certification systems results in insufficient comparability among research findings, thereby hindering its widespread promotion and application at both the industrial and policy levels. Based on typical case studies and empirical data, this paper analyzes the applicability and limitations of radiative cooling across various climatic conditions and application scenarios, while also addressing related controversies. The future development of radiative cooling must transcend the limitations of singular material optimization and foster interdisciplinary collaboration: on the one hand, it requires the development of low−cost, scalable new material systems; on the other hand, comprehensive standard specifications, policy incentives, and market mechanisms must be established. Only through multi−dimensional collaborative innovation can the gap between laboratory achievements and practical applications be bridged, enabling radiative cooling to genuinely fulfill its potential in energy conservation, emission reduction, and sustainable development.

Thermal management materials play a critical role in human thermal comfort, building energy efficiency, and heat dissipation of electronic devices. However, conventional materials still suffer from limited environmental adaptability and insufficient multifunctional integration. Through long−term evolution, biological systems have developed efficient and diverse thermal management strategies, providing important inspiration for the design of advanced thermal management materials. In this review, biological thermal management mechanisms are first categorized into three aspects: optical regulation, thermal conduction regulation, and phase−change−based regulation. On this basis, recent advances in biomimetic thermal management materials are systematically summarized, including radiative cooling, infrared camouflage, and photothermal conversion enabled by spectral selectivity; high−performance thermal insulation and anisotropic heat conduction achieved through structural design; and efficient phase−change thermal management based on interfacial evaporation, liquid transport, and latent heat storage. Furthermore, current challenges are identified, including complex fabrication processes, limited scalability, insufficient long−term stability, and difficulties in multifunctional optimization. Finally, future perspectives are proposed, emphasizing multi−mechanism coupling, precise multiscale structural engineering, and application−oriented research, to promote the development of biomimetic thermal management materials toward high performance and practical applications.

Radiative cooling is an emerging zero−energy cooling technology. It holds significant importance for addressing the energy crisis and global warming through in−depth research and development of radiative cooling energy−saving materials. This paper focuses on the micro−nanostructure design of radiative cooling materials and its pivotal role in spectral regulation. It investigates how material structures modulate light scattering, propagation, and resonance phenomena to achieve multi−band spectral optimization of radiative cooling materials. This paper reviews the design principles, spectral tuning strategies, and breakthroughs in cooling performance for periodic, non−periodic, and biomimetic micro−nanostructure systems in radiative cooling materials. It also summarizes the challenges faced by radiative cooling materials in terms of spectral tuning precision, environmental adaptability, large−scale fabrication, and industry recognition. In future, the development of radiative cooling materials holds significant research value and application potential in the following three areas: multiscale precision coordination and multifunctional integration in micro−nanostructure design; further development of intelligent dynamic control mechanisms; and the development of novel radiative cooling material systems. In addtion, balancing performance and cost, enhancing environmental stability, and standardizing testing protocols are also important. It aims to advance radiative cooling technology from laboratory research to large−scale application.

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) enables electricity−free heat dissipation through the atmospheric transparency window, yet conventional static spectral designs struggle to adapt to diverse climatic conditions and application demands. This review systematically examines the recent progress in multifunctional coupling strategies for PDRC across three key directions: intelligent thermal management, energy harvesting, and integration with emerging functionalities. In the realm of intelligent thermal management, we summarize passive mechanisms responsive to temperature and humidity, as well as active regulation via mechanical and electrical stimuli, highlighting the transition from continuous cooling to on−demand thermal control. Regarding energy harvesting, we analyze synergistic approaches combining PDRC with thermoelectric generators, triboelectric nanogenerators, and atmospheric water harvesting, revealing the mechanisms that enable integrated cooling, power generation, and water collection. For emerging functionalities, we introduce coupling schemes involving photoluminescence, sensing, and structural color design, illustrating innovative solutions that resolve the inherent trade−off between coloration and cooling performance while expanding application boundaries. Based on these analyses, we identify common challenges in current research, including trade−offs in material performance, long−term stability, system integration complexity, economic feasibility, and environmental adaptability. Future efforts should focus on the synergistic design of stimuli−responsive materials and efficient energy conversion structures, establish performance evaluation frameworks under diverse service conditions, and promote the evolution of multifunctional coupled radiative cooling technologies toward adaptive, scalable, and multi−energy complementary intelligent platforms.

In dense environments, parasitic thermal radiation from limited sky views severely restricts traditional omnidirectional radiative cooling. Addressing this, we systematically review directional thermal emission strategies. First, building upon theoretical models, we examine macroscopic geometrical optics strategies utilizing external concentrators and surface morphology engineering. Second, focusing on planar films and metasurfaces, we analyze mechanisms driving broadband and unidirectional emission—including surface wave excitation, ENZ Berreman modes, Fabry−Pérot coupling, and symmetry breaking—alongside dynamic regulation via magnetic deformation, phase−change materials, and hot−carrier effects. Finally, we summarize practical challenges like costly processing and dust−induced weatherability issues. We outline future directions including low−cost manufacturing, self−cleaning designs, and multi-spectral dynamic regulation with solar modulation capabilities, aiming to provide theoretical and technical pathways to enhance the all-scenario potential of radiative cooling.

Infrared stealth technology aims to avoid detection by suppressing a material's emissivity within the detection waveband. However, conventional optical films and metasurface technologies struggle to meet the demands for low−cost, large−area infrared stealth applications. This paper proposes a low−cost infrared stealth composite coating based on polyetherimide (PEI) and metal. Through theoretical calculations using the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) and simulation via the Finite−Difference Time−Domain (FDTD) method, combined with process optimization. The optimal structural parameters were determined to be a 4.5 μm PEI layer on a chromium (Cr) metal layer. Experimentally fabricated samples demonstrated low average emissivity values in key infrared atmospheric transmission windows. Specifically, the average emissivities were measured at 0.26 in the 3−5 μm band, 0.61 in the 5−8 μm band, and 0.47 in the 8−14 μm band. This performance allows the coating to achieve infrared stealth within the typical detection bands. Simultaneously, it enables effective radiative heat dissipation in non−detection bands. The research elucidated the underlying infrared response mechanism of the composite coating. It was revealed that the wavelength−selective radiative properties are primarily governed by the synergistic interaction between the chemical bond vibrational absorption inherent to the PEI material and the Fabry−Perot (FP) resonance modes established within the layered structure. Furthermore, PEI contributes high mechanical performance to the coating. Its compatibility with low−cost manufacturing processes enhances its practicality. Consequently, this makes the coating highly suitable for diverse application scenarios. Notably, the experimental results showed excellent agreement with the simulation and calculation data, which effectively validates the design methodology employed in this study. Overall, this work provides a novel and promising approach for developing cost−effective infrared stealth materials. It holds significant potential application value in critical fields such as military stealth and thermal management.

Methane, as a low−carbon and clean energy source, plays a crucial role in ensuring energy security and advancing the realization of the "dual carbon" objectives. The direct catalytic conversion of methane to methanol under mild conditions has emerged as a key research focus in the field of energy catalysis. However, conventional single−metal catalysts often face challenges such as inefficient activation of the methane C—H bond and limited methanol yield. In this work, a Cu—Ru bimetallic modified H−ZSM−5 catalyst was synthesized via an ion exchange method. The influence of metal loading amount, loading sequence, and reaction parameters on catalytic performance was systematically evaluated. Results demonstrate that the co−loaded 1Cu/0.05Ru–ZSM−5 catalyst exhibits optimal activity, achieving a methanol yield of 38633.95 μmol·gcat⁻¹·h⁻¹ at 70 °C within 30 minutes using 0.75 mol·L⁻¹ H₂O₂、3 MPa CH₄, outperforming analogous single−metal catalysts. Characterization analyses reveal that Cu and Ru species are highly dispersed on the zeolite support, with electronic interactions between the two metals enhancing the adsorption and activation of methane molecules, thus contributing to improved catalytic efficiency. This research provides valuable theoretical perspectives for the rational design and development of bimetallic zeolite catalysts, which can facilitate efficient methane conversion under mild reaction conditions.

Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS−R) technology provides high−frequency sampling and good spatial resolution through its all−weather, all−day, and global coverage characteristics, which substantially improves the spatiotemporal monitoring of Earth's surface. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current status of GNSS−R technology in China. It addresses existing challenges such as inconsistent spatial planning standards, fragmented remote sensing data governance, and insufficient policy support for industrial applications. Based on the EU Copernicus program's data−sharing framework and the U.S. commercial space sector's development experience, the study proposes a "four−in−one" governance strategy for advancing China's GNSS−R technology. The proposed framework includes building a national GNSS−R data platform, leading the formulation of international GNSS−R standards, fostering an integrated space−ground application ecosystem, and promoting the commercialization of GNSS−R. This strategy aims to provide a systematic path for the development of China's GNSS−R technology. These stragetic suggesting not only support China's transition from a GNSS−R technology leader to a rule−maker but also provide valuable reference for enhancing China's role and discourse power in the global space governance system and application domains.

Interdisciplinary projects are a powerful tool for advancing scientific and technological innovation in any country. However, in China, such projects heavily rely on government and university funding, creating a challenging dependency. Once funding is withdrawn, it becomes difficult for many interdisciplinary projects to sustain themselves. To address this issue, this study uses the "Unfreeze—Transformation—Refreeze" framework to analyze transformation pathways of interdisciplinary projects. The research focuses on nine successful and three failed interdisciplinary projects under the U.S. National Science Foundation's Engineering Research Centers. Through multiple case studies and fuzzy−set qualitative comparative analysis, this study identifies key transformation paths. The findings reveal that successful transformation of interdisciplinary projects requires focused attention during the unfreezing phase, progressive reforms and diversified funding acquisition during the transformation phase, and institutional development during the refreezing phase. This study outlines a four−pronged pathway to strengthen China's multidisciplinary research−funding architecture. First, establish a durable, predictable funding framework that provides long−term support and reduces policy volatility. Second, enable local governments to deploy context−sensitive instruments aligned with regional strengths and needs. Third, refine universities’ internal governance to curb fragmentation and reward collaboration. Finally, and most critically, build a three−tier industry–academia–research consortium to achieve coordinated action, integrate resource and reach a consensus.