Thermal management materials play a critical role in human thermal comfort, building energy efficiency, and heat dissipation of electronic devices. However, conventional materials still suffer from limited environmental adaptability and insufficient multifunctional integration. Through long−term evolution, biological systems have developed efficient and diverse thermal management strategies, providing important inspiration for the design of advanced thermal management materials. In this review, biological thermal management mechanisms are first categorized into three aspects: optical regulation, thermal conduction regulation, and phase−change−based regulation. On this basis, recent advances in biomimetic thermal management materials are systematically summarized, including radiative cooling, infrared camouflage, and photothermal conversion enabled by spectral selectivity; high−performance thermal insulation and anisotropic heat conduction achieved through structural design; and efficient phase−change thermal management based on interfacial evaporation, liquid transport, and latent heat storage. Furthermore, current challenges are identified, including complex fabrication processes, limited scalability, insufficient long−term stability, and difficulties in multifunctional optimization. Finally, future perspectives are proposed, emphasizing multi−mechanism coupling, precise multiscale structural engineering, and application−oriented research, to promote the development of biomimetic thermal management materials toward high performance and practical applications.