With the accelerating global aging population, aging-related diseases have become a major challenge in public health. Regenerative medicine, as an ideal strategy for tissue damage repair, faces a series of special challenges in aging organisms. The development of regenerative biomaterials under aging conditions has been selected as one of the top ten industrial and technolagical challenges by the China Association for Science and Technology in 2025, highlighting the strategic significance of this field. Based on the underlying logic of regenerative repair in aging states, this paper systematically analyzes the core scientific issues and summarizes the dual dilemmas of "scale mismatch" and "ecological deterioration" faced by existing technologies in addressing systemic aging. Furthermore, it proposes an innovative approach inspired by ecological governance thinking—constructing a "microenvironment remodeling" system. Integrating perspectives from biology and engineering, this paper elaborates on the critical role of the new generation of regenerative biomaterials in bridging the multi-scale gap from molecules to organs and facilitating the paradigm shift of regenerative medicine from "structural replacement" to "ecological restoration". Finally, it discusses challenges such as cross-scale technology integration, clinical translation pathways, and multidisciplinary collaboration, aiming to provide deep reflection and practical guidance for overcoming technological bottlenecks and fostering new industries in life and health.

Traditional research and development (R&D) modes relying on empirical trial−and−error struggle to meet the development needs of the process industry under the national carbon goals. In contrast, mesoscience can provide important theoretical support for the high-end, intelligent, and green development of the process industry. "Mesoscience−enabled one−step scale−up of multiphase reactors from laboratory to industrial scale" was selected as one of the Top Ten Engineering and Technical Challenges of 2024 by the China Association for Science and Technology, highlighting the scientific value and engineering significance of this research direction. This paper explores the role of mesoscience in revealing the dynamic evolution of mesoscale structures and its theoretical support for precise material design, one−step scale−up of reactor, and process intensification. It systematically analyzes key bottlenecks restricting development, including insufficient systematic research on mesoscales, lagging development of independent industrial software, resistance in technology transformation, and low enterprise participation hinder its progress. Furthermore, countermeasures such as strengthening top−level design and policy support, deepening theoretical research on mesoscience, accelerating the construction of independent software and hardware systems, and promoting industry−academia−research collaborative are proposed. These measures will facilitate breakthroughs in one−step scale−up of multiphase reactors, support the green and low−carbon transformation of process industry, and contribute to achieving national carbon goals.

Embodied robot teleoperation will remain indispensable before robots can achieve fully human−level autonomy. This paper first categorizes human–machine interaction modalities for teleoperation, including exoskeletons, virtual/mixed reality, motion capture/inertial sensing, and vision−based interfaces. It then analyzes the evolution of teleoperation control paradigms, covering direct control, shared control, imitation−learning−based approaches, and the recent introduction of generative strategies, highlighting their underlying principles and application domains. Next, representative system architectures and technical implementations are introduced, encompassing perception and mapping, control algorithms, and communication modules, while discussing the role of multimodal feedback—such as vision, force, and touch—in enhancing immersion. Furthermore, performance evaluation methods and the latest benchmarks are reviewed, emphasizing the significance of open−source software/hardware platforms and data resources in advancing the field. Finally, the paper summarizes key challenges and future directions, including improving the level of intelligence, reducing costs and barriers to adoption, and establishing standardized frameworks.

The new generation of high−Mach aerospace vehicles faces severe challenges posed by the "new thermal barrier" under extreme thermo−mechanical−chemical multi−field coupling, demanding stringent requirements for thermal protection systems (TPS), including lightweight design, high−efficiency thermal insulation, reusability, and multifunctional integration. Focusing on the core objective of "integrated thermal protection and insulation", this review systematically outlines the evolutionary logic of material technologies—from passive load−bearing to active management, and from single−function to synergistic protection. Four key material systems are critically analyzed: lightweight ablative thermal protection/insulation composites, reusable rigid insulation tiles and their integrated structures, high−temperature resistant aerogel composites, and flexible thermal protection composites. This paper not only summarizes recent advances but also highlights an ongoing paradigm shift from "optimizing individual material properties" to "synergistic material−structure−process co−design". Finally, future research directions are proposed, including multi−scale co−design, deepening understanding of reusable mechanisms, intelligent multifunctional integration, and cost−effective manufacturing, aiming to provide theoretical support and a clear technological roadmap for the systematic innovation and leapfrog development of aerospace TPS.

Aerospace vehicles are rapidly evolving towards higher speeds, reusability, and lighter weight. Consequently, thermal protection systems face severe challenges, including extreme temperatures, repeated ablation, and mechanical loads. Ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMCs) are regarded as an ideal material for next−generation reusable thermal protection, due to key advantages such as high melting point, excellent ablation resistance, low density, high strength, and high reliability. This paper systematically reviews the main categories of thermal protection materials for aerospace vehicles and analyzes the performance requirements for reusable systems. The discussion focuses on recent research progress in the most promising UHTCMCs, particularly regarding resistance to repeated ablation. Key aspects covered include material composition design and optimization, fiber and interface tailoring, lightweight and integrated structure−function design, and advanced fabrication processes. Studies indicate that the repeated ablation resistance and structural reliability of UHTCMCs have been significantly improved. These advances result from composition optimization methods−such as multi−phase compounding, rare−earth modification, and high−entropy design−combined with innovative fiber and interface engineering. Looking ahead, further research should address several key challenges: understanding performance degradation under long−term cyclic thermal−mechanical coupling, enhancing the durability of fibers and interfaces in oxidative environments, developing life prediction and assessment methods, and advancing low−cost, efficient manufacturing. Cross−scale mechanistic studies and engineering application efforts in these areas are essential to enable the practical use of UHTCMCs in advanced reusable aerospace vehicles.

Driven by the imperative demand for extreme−environment materials in strategic sectors—including aerospace, deep−sea exploration, and advanced nuclear energy—traditional material systems are approaching their physical limits under synergistic conditions of ultra−high temperatures, severe corrosion, and high stress. High−entropy ceramics (HECs), characterized by a extremely vast compositional space and exceptional stability in extreme environments, are regarded as a pivotal class of next−generation strategic materials. However, the traditional "trial−and−error" R&D paradigm is trapped by the vast compositional landscape in a "combinatorial explosion", rendering development cycles prolonged and inefficient. Consequently, the targeted and efficient design of HECs remains a critical bottleneck hindering engineering application. A novel paradigm is systematically analyzed for the intelligent design of ultra−high temperature ceramics (AI4UHTC). With ultra−high temperature HECs selected as representative materials, the deep integration of high−throughput computation and machine learning (ML) within this paradigm is examined. A fundamental shift in the R&D workflow—from "empirical trial−and−error" to a "knowledge−assisted, data−driven" framework—is thereby driven. The evolutionary logic of HEC design paradigms—progressing from empirical and knowledge−based approaches to data−driven and intelligent strategies—is systematically elucidated. Specifically, the robust capabilities of ML are highlighted regarding accurate synthesizability prediction, the design and optimization of critical properties (mechanical, thermal, and chemical), and multi−objective synergy, supported by concrete application cases. Concurrently, challenges currently confronting intelligent design are critically analyzed regarding data ecosystems, model interpretability, process integration, and the closure of the computation−experiment loop. Ultimately, the establishment of the "Data−Model−Knowledge−Wisdom" autonomous evolutionary pathway and the "AI Multi−Agent" system will efficiently advance software autonomy for the intelligent design of ultra−high−temperature high−entropy ceramics and realize typical application demonstrations of AI4UHTC.

Ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMCs) are core candidate materials for thermal protection systems of high−speed aircraft due to their excellent high−temperature stability, oxidation resistance, and ablation resistance. Meanwhile, the reactive melt infiltration (RMI) method has emerged as a key process for preparing UHTCMCs, attributed to its advantages of low cost, simplicity of operation, short preparation cycle, capability of forming complex components, and high material density. This paper systematically elucidates the fundamental principles and reaction kinetic mechanisms of the RMI process, and reviews the developmental trajectory of this process from single−component modification to multi−component composite systems. On this basis, the paper focuses on analyzing the intrinsic relationships between the microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation/ablation resistance of pure component (e.g., C/C−ZrC, C/C−SiC), binary (e.g., C/C−SiC−ZrC, C/C−ZrC−TiC, etc.), and multi−component (including high−entropy) UHTCMCs fabricated via RMI. The analysis indicates that pure component systems exhibit limited performance enhancement, binary systems achieve initial synergy through component complementarity, while multi−component systems demonstrate superior comprehensive mechanical properties and wide−temperature−range ablation resistance, attributed to solid solution strengthening, high−entropy lattice distortion, and the formation of dense, multi−phasic oxide protective scales during ablation. Finally, this paper identifies the key challenges currently facing RMI−fabricated UHTCMCs, including fiber damage due to high infiltration temperatures required for refractory elements, adverse effects of residual low−melting−point phases, and difficulties in the precise regulation of multi−component ceramic phases. Future development directions are also prospected, encompassing the establishment of a comprehensive RMI theoretical framework, optimization of low−temperature infiltration processes, and the fabrication of large−scale complex structural components.

As aerospace technology advances toward higher speeds and longer flight durations, aircraft face new thermal challenges in extreme environments. Conventional thermal protection systems are no longer sufficient to meet the requirements of these applications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct research on the design and manufacturing of novel thermal protection systems. In line with the trend toward integrating thermal protection and insulation, thermal insulation materials must possess excellent thermal insulation, high temperature resistance, and mechanical properties. Both porous ceramics and aerogels present significant performance trade−offs, making it imperative to optimize their comprehensive properties of these materials to meet the requirements of extreme applications. This article systematically reviews the research progress on oxide porous ceramics and aerogels as high−performance thermal insulation materials, and details their material characteristics, preparation methods, thermal insulation performance, mechanical properties, and high−temperature resistance. Through strategies such as compositional design, fiber reinforcement, and structural regulation, the thermal insulation and mechanical properties of oxide porous ceramics and aerogels can be tailored, endowing them with broad application potential in thermal protection systems for extreme environments.

Stable thermal protection for thousands of seconds in an aerobic environment exceeding 2000°C represents a critical requirement for ultra−high temperature ceramic (UHTC) coatings designed to protect C/C composites. For the ZrC−TaC−SiC coating system applied to C/C composites, two strategies were employed to achieve long−term thermal protection: single−layer coating technique and substrate modification and coating technique. The single coating technique involves directly fabricating a coating system on the C/C composite surface, consisting of a SiC transition layer and a ZrC−TaC−SiC outer coating. Substrate modification and coating technique refers to preparing a ZrC−TaC−SiC coating on the surface of ZrC−modified C/C composites. Results show that the single coating system failed after 720 s of ablation due to the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the outer ZrC−TaC−SiC coating and the SiC transition layer, as well as the formation of pores and cracks caused by the release of gaseous byproducts from SiC oxidation. In contrast, the synergistic protection strategy combining C/C composite substrate modification with a multiphase ZrC−TaC−SiC UHTC coating promoted the formation of a dense oxide film on the coating surface after 1080 s of ablation. The linear ablation rate was on the order of 10⁻⁴ mm/s, enabling oxidation and ablation resistance for over 1000 s in a high−temperature airflow environment above 2000°C. This demonstrates outstanding ultra−high−temperature thermal protection performance and lays a technical foundation for practical applications under extreme operating conditions.

SiO_2f/SiO₂ ceramic matrix composites exhibit excellent high−temperature mechanical properties and thermal stability. It proposes an on−line testing technology for mechanical properties and an in−situ micro−observation technology under a controllable water vapor atmosphere based on high−frequency induction heating. A complex near−service water−oxygen corrosion environment for SiO_2f/SiO₂ composites was simulated, and water−oxygen corrosion tests were conducted on the SiO_2f/SiO₂ ceramic matrix composites. The fracture surfaces of the composites were characterized and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro−computed tomography (micro−CT). The results show that in a high−temperature water vapor environment, the SiO₂ matrix of the composite was corroded and reacted with surface groups. Water vapor diffuses through the internal voids of the composite, generating elongated cracks along the fiber distribution, and the quartz fiber matrix was also corroded. After 20 hours of water−oxygen corrosion, the mechanical property retention rate was only 23%. Fracture morphology and failure mode analysis were performed under high−temperature conditions of 600℃ and 1000℃, yielding the fracture behaviors of the material in the high−temperature loading environment. Which provides essential support for the long−term storage, structural performance optimization, and failure mechanism investigation of SiO_2f/SiO₂ ceramic matrix composites.

Essential hypertension, as a common chronic cardiovascular syndrome, shares inherent similarities with rheumatic immune diseases in terms of its multi−system involvement and complex pathological mechanisms. Academician Tong Xiaolin's "State−Target Medicine" provides a precise paradigm for integrated Chinese and Western medicine, emphasizing "macro−level state regulation and micro−level target intervention". Professor Jiang Quan's theory of "Body−Viscera Combined Obstruction" profoundly reveals the patterns of disease transmission and mutual damage between the "body" external physical forms, meridians, and blood vessels and the "viscera" internal organ systems. This article introduces this theory into the prevention and treatment system of EH within the State−Target Medicine framework, systematically explaining its pathogenesis and new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. It is proposed that the core pathogenesis of EH lies in "meridian obstruction" as the form and "disharmony between the body and viscera" as the root. The key pathological factors involve abnormalities in the metabolism and distribution of qi, blood, water, and fire, forming core pathological states such as "congestion", "water", "stagnation", "cold", and "aging", which persist throughout the entire disease progression of "affecting qi and blood − affecting meridians − affecting viscera". In terms of treatment, the general principle of "harmonizing and balancing" is followed, with "simultaneous treatment of the body and viscera" as the guiding principle. At the macro level, the state is regulated by harmonizing qi and blood and dredging meridians; at the micro level, "target drugs" with proven antihypertensive and vascular function−improving effects are selected based on modern pharmacology. For example, for the "congestion state" characterized by gastrointestinal excess heat and turbid qi ascending, Houpu Sanwu Decoction is used to unblock the fu organs and dispel turbidity, combined with Cassia seed and hawthorn; for the "water state" characterized by internal retention of water−dampness, Danggui Shaoyao Powder is used to strengthen the spleen and promote diuresis, combined with Poria and Leonurus; for the "stagnation state" characterized by liver qi stagnation and transformed fire flaming upward, Sini Powder is used to disperse and relieve stagnation, combined with Prunella and Uncaria; for the "cold state" characterized by cold congealing in the meridians and contraction and spasm, Gegen Decoction is used to dispel cold and unblock collaterals, combined with Pueraria and cinnamon twigs; for the "aging state" characterized by kidney essence deficiency and meridian hardening, Duhuo Jisheng Decoction is used to tonify and unblock collaterals, combined with Eucommia and Achyranthes. By constructing a state−target differentiation and treatment system for EH based on the "Body−Viscera Combined Obstruction" theory, this article provides a theoretical basis and practical path for enhancing the systematic and precise prevention and treatment of hypertension with traditional Chinese medicine.

Ensuring stable and high yields of maize holds immense significance for global food security. However, the frequent occurrence of diseases and insects severely restricts the enhancement of maize yield, and poses a significant challenge to sustainable agricultural development. Resistance breeding for diseases and insects, as the core direction of maize breeding, is not only directly related to the improvement of yield and quality but also serves as a key driver for the transformation and upgrading of the maize industry. This paper separately reviews the latest research in maize disease−resistance and insect−resistance genes. It systematically sorts out 33 cloned or identified disease−resistance genes together with their functional mechanisms, the interaction mechanisms between maize and microorganisms, the application and transformation of Bt (the mainstream insect−resistance gene) in maize, as well as its relevant environmental safety assessments. Particular emphasis is placed on the hotspots of gene mining in recent years: broad−spectrum and multi−disease resistance genes, as well as endogenous insect−resistance genes. On this basis, this paper discusses the necessity of disease− and insect− resistant breeding research for China's three major maize industries: grain maize, silage maize and fresh maize. It further proposes that targeted breeding improvement strategies including resistance resource excavation, molecular marker utilization, gene verification and taste evaluation should be formulated according to the differentiated development demands of each industry and regional characteristics of disease and pest occurrence. Accelerating the development and transformation of research achievements can enhance the risk resilience and market competitiveness of new varieties. This will provide a solid guarantee for the sustainable development of the maize industry.

Semiconductor technology is crucial to national economic security and defense capabilities. Facing increasingly fierce global competition, the U.S. government has enacted multiple legislative acts since 2021 with unprecedented intensity to support domestic semiconductor industry development, aiming to restore America's global leadership in semiconductors. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), serving as the United States' national metrology institute while also functioning as a comprehensive national−level technical research institution, has been designated as the primary implementing agency for the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 (referred to as the CHIPS Act), playing a critical role in the Act's implementation. This paper systematically analyzes NIST's organizational transformation, project deployment, funding investment, and implementation effectiveness over the three years since the CHIPS Act's implementation, examining NIST's functional expansion from a provider of national measurement standards and reference materials to a core coordinator for semiconductor industry revitalization. The research finds that NIST has fully leveraged its technical advantages in the semiconductor field and industry chain integration capabilities, successfully constructing a comprehensive semiconductor industry support system through systematic planning and coordination of key innovation elements including funding, projects, platforms, and talent. This system encompasses regional innovation ecosystem development, commercialization pathway expansion, and high−level talent cultivation. Through comparative analysis of the U.S. government's innovative practices in supporting NIST, this study reveals the pivotal role of national metrology institutes in modern industrial innovation systems, providing important implications for China's development in related fields.

Hong Shilü(1894—1955) was an outstanding pathologist and parasitologist in China, as well as one of the founders of human parasitology and parasitological research institutions in the country. This paper sorts out his life experiences, academic contributions, and the noble scientific spirit embodied in his deeds. Devoting his entire life to medical education and parasitological research, he achieved remarkable accomplishments in parasitological examination, epidemiological investigation, prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases, and the establishment of parasitological research institutions, laying a solid foundation for the development of parasitology in China. Rigorous in scholarship, pioneering in research and dedicated to public health, Hong Shilü embodied the lofty spiritual demeanor of the older generation of scientific researchers, who served the country with sincerity, dedicated themselves selflessly and forged ahead in the face of hardships.