钢铁材料可持续发展是全球科技创新和产业布局竞争的焦点，对保障中国资源与产业安全意义重大，是最具代表性的绿色生产力。

Crop yield per unit area, efficiency and the value of products are three essential factors of agro−productivity. Since 1949, the level of crop yield per unit area has been always incresed. In recent years, agricultural mechanization extended in rapid speed and raised production efficiecies. However, the levels of agricultural products’ prices have kept almost still. And the upgrading of their values has been proved very difficult. This paper analysed a few demonstrating techniques of themal chemical and microbial transition for biomass, which their technical bottlenecks have already been overcome, and expressing abilities of 'golden tough' by biomass manufacturing,as well as revealed the huge potentials of inducing an agricultural New Quality Productive Forces. Nevertheless, if some agro−products could possess same compositions with several industrial consumer goods, chemicals and special commodity energies, then they could substitute for above metioned goods and values be significantly boosted. The national goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality is compulsorily demanding the 'green transition' by means of agro−biomass for the manufacturing of a lot of industrial goads. And the breakthrough of thermal−chemical transition technique for biomass provides the possibility for it.

A deep understanding of the molecular neural mechanisms underlying the loss and emergence of consciousness in the brain is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of disorders of consciousness associated with certain brain diseases, as well as for the development of super artificial intelligence. This article summarizes the progress of research into how the brain loses and regains consciousness in response to anesthetics. Based on advances in the biological mechanisms of anaesthesia−induced loss of consciousness and emergence from anesthesia, a new hypothesis for the emergence of consciousness is proposed. This article concludes with a list of key scientific questions that deserve attention in the context of in−depth research on loss and recovery of consciousness and cognitive dysfunction. This article lists several key scientific questions worthy of attention for in−depth research on the loss and recovery of consciousness and cognitive dysfunction: What are the biological principles underlying the molecular, neuronal, and neural network activities that normal conscious activity relies on; How do anesthetics, by acting on their pharmacological molecular targets to inhibit neuronal activity and interfere with or block information transmission, further lead to disorders of consciousness or loss of consciousness; What are the key nuclei, molecules, and their working mechanisms involved in the molecular neural mechanisms of regained consciousness after its loss, beyond the known ubiquitination−mediated degradation of KCC2 in ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM) neurons; How does the intervention in specific neural nuclei and circuits through external forces, such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, electrical stimulation, and drugs, significantly alter the state of consciousness in the overall context of the brain; Unlike waking from normal periodic sleep, why does cognitive dysfunction occur after anesthesia or why does cognitive function not fully recover, and what are the molecular neural mechanisms hindering the recovery of cognitive function; Identifying which nuclei, neurons, their activity patterns, neural networks, and arousal systems are unique or shared mechanisms in the processes of anesthesia, sleep, and their recovery; What are the molecular neural mechanisms hindering the recovery of consciousness under states of anesthesia, coma, and vegetative state.

As one of the world's major food crops, wheat production is severely threatened by soil salinization, as salt stress affects approximately 10% to 20% of the global wheat cultivation area. Salt stress inhibits wheat growth via a triple mechanism including osmotic imbalance, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage. Wheat, being a salt−sensitive crop, possesses a narrow genetic base for salt tolerance, limiting its productivity improvement in salinized lands. In recent years, multi−level studies have elucidated the molecular, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in wheat. However, coordinated optimization of salt tolerance with agronomic traits such as yield, as well as the complexity of salt stress responses, remain major challenges. This review summarizes advances in understanding the physiological and biochemical mechanisms, molecular regulatory networks, genetic basis of salt tolerance, discovery and utilization of novel salt−tolerant genes, and breeding strategies for developing salt−tolerant wheat varieties. It also analyzes existing challenges in the field, including the paradigm and limitations of conventional breeding, identification and cloning of key salt−tolerant genes, applications of genetic engineering and gene editing technologies, and the systematic integration of multidisciplinary technologies. Due to the mechanism complexities of plant resonese to salinity stress, and the exploring and functional characterization difficulties of salt tolerance related genes in wheat, it is necessary to identify salt tolerance genes from wheat by integrating multiomics techniques, and timely employ the important salt resistance genes excavated in other plant species for wheat improvement. This paper aims to provide some valuable information for genetic improvement of wheat on salt tolerance.

The Trihelix transcription factor GT2A plays a critical regulatory role in plant responses to abiotic stress. This study aimed to investigate the response of the soybean GmGT2A gene to salt stress and explore its physiological mechanisms in soybean salt stress adaptation. Using the 'Williams 82' cultivar as experimental material, the GmGT2A gene was obtained via homologous cloning. A plant overexpression vector was constructed, and transgenic soybean lines were generated using an Agrobacterium−mediated genetic transformation system. Following preliminary screening with Bar test strips, PCR detection, Southern blot single−copy identification, and RT−qPCR validation, physiological response differences between transgenic and wild−type plants under salt stress were systematically compared. Results demonstrated that under salt stress, comparing to control plants, GmGT2A−overexpressing soybean lines exhibited significantly improved germination rates, seedling salt tolerance indices, and fresh weight. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in leaves increased by 1.28− to 1.44−fold, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased by 38.06%. Ion homeostasis analysis revealed reduced Na⁺ accumulation in transgenic roots, enhanced K⁺ retention capacity, and a decreased Na⁺/K⁺ ratio to 61% of the control. In conclusion, the GmGT2A gene may improve soybean salt tolerance by regulating antioxidant enzyme activities and ion homeostasis. This study provides bases for the genetic improvement of soybean stress tolerance.

Soil salinization severely restricts global agricultural production, and screening salt−tolerant crops is crucial for utilizing saline−alkali lands. This study employed salt−tolerant triticale cultivar Jinsicao 1 (JS−1) and conventional cultivar Jisi 3 (JS−3) as materials, simulating salt stress with 300 mmol/L NaCl solution. Through physiological, biochemical, and metabolomic analyses, we revealed the metabolic regulation mechanisms of triticale in adapting to salt stress. The results showed that salt stress significantly inhibited growth in both cultivars, but JS−1 maintained higher biomass, water content, stronger antioxidant capacity, and lower ion toxicity under stress. Metabolomic analysis identified numerous differential metabolites, with particular focus on metabolites specifically upregulated in JS−1 under salt stress. In leaves, these metabolites were primarily fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates, while in roots they were mainly flavonoids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. Both roots and leaves of the salt−tolerant cultivar accumulated carbohydrates and amino acids for osmoregulation. However, JS−1 relied on the accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging in leaves, whereas flavonoids played this role in roots. These findings demonstrate that salt−tolerant triticale coordinates the accumulation of distinct metabolite types in roots and leaves to mitigate salt−induced damage.

Improvement in water use efficiency, yield potential, winter hardness, lodging resistance and early maturity are the main breeding objectives in northern China winter wheat region. Based on these objectives and assessment of parents, Shimai12 was chosen as the female parent to cross with Shijiazhuang8. The offsprings were selected for water use efficiency by reduced irrigations, seedling growth habit selected by molecular marker assistant selection and phenotype selection, early maturity selected by adjusted plant growing stages, lodging resistance and yield related traits selected in densely populated field by increasing seeding rate, breeding procedure speeded up by sowing in different biological zones. As the result, the new variety Lunxuan103 was released, which has combined high water use efficiency, high yield potential, salt and alkaline tolerance, excellent winter hardness, good lodging resistance and early maturity. In the future, besides the combination of all the characters mentioned above, more afford should be put into quality improvement and the efficiency in breeding for winter hardness.

Cangmai 17 was a new drought−resistant and salt−alkali−tolerant wheat variety developed by Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences using the two−nursery parallel alternating selection breeding method, which was approved by Hebei Province in 2023. This paper outlined the breeding background, strategy, and process of Cangmai 17, analyzed the varietal characteristics, yield traits, resistance performances, and quality attributes of the variety, and established a high−efficiency cultivation technology system of Cangmai 17. The study provided a basis for promoting the cultivation of Cangmai 17 in saline−alkali regions of Hebei Province and other similar areas in China. It is of great significance for ensuring stable wheat yield, green and sustainable production, and national food security in arid and saline−alkali regions of China.

To address the challenges of reconciling high oil content with high yield in Ningxia and neighbouring spring soybean−growing regions, alongside the narrow genetic base of breeding parents, this study harnessed the potential of the ms1 male−sterile recurrent selection technique for polygenic aggregation and ecological adaptability improvement. This trial employed soybean ms1 male−sterile lines as maternal parents and over 70 superior domestic germplasm accessions—including Ninghuang 117 and Chengdou 6—as mixed paternal parents. Through 12 years of selection using the ms1 male−sterile recurrent population breeding method, the new spring soybean variety Ningdou 10 was developed. This variety exhibits Grade 2 salt−alkali tolerance. Quality characteristics include crude protein (39.37%) and crude fat (22.16%). Disease resistance assessment indicates high resistance. In the 2019–2020 Ningxia regional trials, it achieved an average yield of 4197 kg/hm², representing a 4.5% increase over the control variety Chengdou No. 6. In the 2021 production trials, the average yield was 3981 kg/hm², representing a 5.2% increase over the control variety Chengdou No. 6. Demonstrations in Ningxia, Gansu and other regions have consistently yielded high production. In summary, Ningdou No. 10 exhibits characteristics of high oil content, high and stable yields, salt−alkali tolerance, disease resistance and broad adaptability.

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are one of the core thermal protection technologies for the hot components of advanced aeroengines. Under high−temperature service conditions, TBCs of engine blades are eroded and damaged by environmental deposits mainly composed of CaO−MgO−Al₂O₃−SiO₂ (CMAS), leading to early spalling and failure of the blade coatings, which has attracted extensive attention in the field of high−temperature protection among the researchers. Especially for the commonly used TBCs material−yttria−stabilized zirconia (YSZ) prepared by electron beam−physical vapor deposition (EB−PVD) method, molten CMAS can easily penetrate into the coatings through the columnar crystal gaps and microcracks, causing severe corrosion. This article focused on the urgent issue of CMAS corrosion in the high−temperature service process of TBCs for advanced aeroengines. A proper amount of Al₂O₃ was doped into the YSZ material by means of composition modification to form an Al₂O₃−YSZ composite coating (AYSZ coating). YSZ coating and AYSZ/YSZ coating were fabricated on the surface of alumina ceramic plates by EB−PVD technique. The phase composition and microstructure evolution of the coatings were studied. The comparisions of the two coatings were made on their thermal conductivity, high−temperature thermal stability and resistance to molten CMAS. The results show that in the AYSZ/YSZ coating system, YSZ possesses feather structure while AYSZ exhibits "micro columnar crystal" structure at the microscopic level. Compared to YSZ coating, the porosity of AYSZ coating decreased by 12.6%, indicating that AYSZ is denser layer. The thermal conductivity of AYSZ coating at 1200℃ is only 0.94 W/(m·K), which is better than that of YSZ coating at the same temperature. Moreover, it maintains phase stability for a long time at 1400℃ and has excellent high−temperature stability. AYSZ coating exhibits certain resistance to melting CMAS corrosion, which is because of its dense "micro columnar crystal" structure, as well as the reaction sacrificial layer containing high melting point compounds such as CaAl₂Si₂O₈, MgAl₂O₄, and CaAl₄Si₂O₁₁ formed by the reaction between AYSZ coating and CMAS, hindering the penetration of CMAS into the interior of the coatings. The novel developed AYSZ coating has achieved efficient insulation, high−temperature stability, and resistance to molten CMAS corrosion, providing theoretical and technical guidance for the development of long−life and corrosion−resistant TBCs for aeroengines.

216−type metal halide perovskites (A₂BX₆) have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their environmental friendliness and excellent optoelectronic properties. However, large bandgaps, high production costs, and suboptimal photoluminescence (PL) limit the further applications in optoelectronics. To overcome these limitations, cation synergistic substitution at both the A−site and B−site has emerged as an effective strategy to tune and optimize their optical properties. In this study, Bi³⁺−doped Cs₂SnCl₆ and (BTP)₂SnCl₆ (BTP⁺=C₂₅H₂₂P⁺) were successfully synthesized via a cost−effective and high−yield solution crystallization method under varying temperature conditions. Structural and optical characterizations reveal that both Cs₂SnCl₆: xBi³⁺ and (BTP)₂SnCl₆: xBi³⁺ exhibit bright blue self−trapped excitons (STE) emission. Their luminescence properties can be effectively tuned by tuning Bi³⁺ doping concentrations, with excellent STE emission achieved at 5%. Notably, distinct differences in luminescence features, including Stokes shift, full width at half maximum (FWHM), PL decay time, and chromaticity coordinates, are observed in Cs₂SnCl₆: xBi³⁺ and (BTP)₂SnCl₆: xBi³⁺. These differences originate from the lattice isolation effects induced by the different sizes and functionalities of A−site cations, further influencing the dynamic behaviors of exited−state carrier. Based on these findings, a temperature−responsive dual−color fluorescent anti−counterfeiting seal was designed, demonstrating the practical application potential of these materials. Our strategy on cation synergistic substitution provides a theoretical and experimental guidance to develop novel tin−based perovskites.

The sustainable operation of wearable /implantable medical devices is crucial for the next generation of personalized medicine. However, limited battery capacity is a critical challenge for most wearable /implantable medical electronics. The human body is rich in mechanical and chemical energy (such as respiration, exercise, blood circulation, oxidation and reduction of glucose, etc.), so it is considered a feasible method to obtain mechanical energy from the body to supply power for wearable /implantable medical electronics. A variety of new methods for developing in vivo energy harvesters have been proposed to power wearable /implantable medical electronics. Based on this background, we here focus on the recent research progress of energy harvesters based on piezoelectric or triboelectric effects, with an emphasis on the fabrication, materials design, energy output, durability, as well as their typical applications in biomedicine and evaluation criteria. Finally, according to the actual needs of wearable /implantable medical electronics, the prospects and challenges of nanogenerators are discussed.

Taking western China as the research object, based on provincial panel data from 2013 to 2022, this study employs the "top−down" method to estimate transportation carbon emissions. Using the natural breaks method, standard deviational ellipse, and global Moran’s index, the evolution characteristics of transportation carbon emissions in western China are systematically analyzed from three dimensions: spatiotemporal distribution, center−of−gravity migration, and spatial correlation. The results show that transportation carbon emissions in western China generally exhibit a slow growth trend, with a spatially uneven distribution pattern characterized by "high in the north and south, low in the middle". The center of carbon emissions has shifted from the northwest to the southwest, demonstrating a clear centripetal aggregation trend. The findings provide a scientific basis for formulating differentiated and coordinated transportation carbon reduction policies in western China.

To scientifically assess the effectiveness of safety development in China's transportation sector, this study employs the SBM model and the GTWR model to evaluate the transport safety development efficiency across 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2017. The results reveal a steady increase in overall efficiency, but with pronounced regional disparities, exhibiting a spatial pattern of "higher in the east and lower in the west." The evolution of efficiency also demonstrates significant spatial clustering and a "club convergence" effect. Factors such as road density and per capita vehicle ownership contribute positively to efficiency improvement, whereas education level, income, and industrial structure exert a negative influence in most regions. These findings indicate that improvements in traffic safety do not automatically accompany socioeconomic development. Accordingly, this study recommends advancing intelligent governance systems, establishing regional coordination mechanisms, and fostering public participation to enhance the overall effectiveness of traffic safety governance.

Since the 21st century, the Qian Xuesen Question has been a phenomenon − level event in the field of education. From when Qian Xuesen put forward the question in to when his relevant remarks were summarized as the Qian Xuesen Question, and then to the heated discussions it triggered, different versions of the Qian Xuesen Question have emerged. This paper focuses on sorting out the origins and development of various versions, and clarifies the false "additions". On this basis, it points out that the significance of the Qian Xuesen Question lies in guiding people to focus on the innovation of China's training model for outstanding talents, and promoting the education sector to take actions.At the same time, the Qian Xuesen Question is an open issue, which will be accompanied by the Chinese nation's desire for outstanding talents, and will not come to an end in the short term.