Hypertension is a common complication of patient with chronic kidney diseases (CKD), and an important risk factor for the development of CKD. Therefore, controlling hypertension is one of the keys to block the progression of CKD. Since the release of 2012 edition "KDIGO clinical practice guideline for management of blood pressure (BP) in patient with chronic kidney disease", new clinical trials has been constantly emerging. Based on this, KDIGO has released a 2021 updated guide. The new guideline covers standardized BP measurements, lifestyle interventions without dialysis, BP management and medication recommendations, and for special CKD population, including kidney transplant patients and children, the corresponding BP management and medication recommendations are recommended. Compared with the previous guideline, standardized BP measurements in the clinic is a new addition. Furthermore, one of the most noteworthy is that the target BP of CKD patients without dialysis is systolic pressure <120 mmHg, which further demonstrates the benefits of intensive hypotensive therapy, but the recommendation level is only 2B. This article launches interpretation for the above several aspects in this new consensus.

Objective To construct a complete chemical culture system based on small molecule compounds and study its role in promoting the reversal of senescence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods MSCs were transmitted to 20 generations (P20) continuously. The model of the replicative aging cells (P20-MSCs) was established, then divided into aging model group and small molecule treatment group, and the fifth generation of umbilical cord MSCs (P5-MSCs) was set as control group. The aging model group and control group were cultured in the whole chemical culture system for 7 days, and small molecular treatment group was cultured in the whole chemical culture system containing valproate and Repsox for 7 days. β-galactosidase staining was used to detect cell senescence, immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the protein expression levels of Ki-67, OCT4, Nanog,P16, and P21; RT-qPCR to detect the mRNA expression levels of OCT4, Nanog, P16 and P21. Flow cytometry was used to detect the anti-apoptotic ability of cells. Migration experiments, Transwell invasion experiments and clone formation experiments to detect small molecules effects on migration, invasion and self-cloning functions of senescent MSCs. Results The cell bodies of senescent mesenchymal stem cells were enlarged and presented dendritic processes. After incubation in the full chemical culture system, the cells return to a spindle shape or irregular triangle similar to young MSCs. SA-β-gal staining results showed that compared with aging model group, the positive rate of galactosidase in cells treated with small molecules was significantly reduced, and the difference was statistically significant (45.00%±1.23% vs. 84.80%±1.50%, P<0.001). The immunofluorescence results showed that compared with aging model group, the proportion of positive cells expressing Ki-67, OCT4 and Nanog increased (Ki-67: 89.00%±1.50%vs. 25.00%±2.00%, P<0.001; OCT4: 88.40%±0.80% vs. 25.40%±1.20%, P<0.001; Nanog: 76.30%±1.70% vs. 10.50%±0.60%,P<0.001), the proportion of positive cells expressing P16, P21 decreased (P16: 64.00%±3.20% vs. 98.00%±1.50%, P<0.05; P21:45.00%±1.10% vs. 82.00%±2.00%, P<0.05) in small molecule treatment group. RT-qPCR results showed that compared with aging model group, small molecule compounds could up-regulate the mRNA expression levels of OCT4 and Nanog in aging MSCs(P<0.001), down-regulate the mRNA expression levels of P16 and P21 (P<0.05). Compared with aging model group, the abilities of anti-apoptosis (21.60%±1.20% vs. 31.40%±0.80%), migration (49.30%±3.30% vs. 30.60%±4.40%), invasion [(90.00±12.00)cells vs. (34.00±9.00) cells] and self-cloning abilities [(144.00±10.00) cells vs. (68.00±7.00) cells] in small molecule treatment group were significantly increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion The constructed small molecule full chemical culture system can inhibit and partially reverse the aging process of long-term cultured MSCs in vitro.

Objective To investigate the effect of HOX transcriptional antisense RNA (HOTAIR) targeted regulating miR-424 expression on the biological behavior of ovarian cancer cells. Methods Sixty ovarian cancer samples from patients with ovarian cancer and randomly matched 60 benign ovarian tumor tissues were collected during January to June 2018 in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University. q-PCR was used to detect the expression of HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) in ovarian cancer and adjacent tissues, and analyze the survival rate of ovarian cancer patients with different HOTAIR expression levels, analyze the relationship between the expression level of HOTAIR and the clinicopathological parameters of ovarian cancer patients. A2780 ovarian cancer cells were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) to construct siRNA-HOTAIR (si-HOTAIR) cells as the experimental group, and A2780 ovarian cancer cells transfected with siRNA-NC (si-NC) cells were used as the control group. Dual fluorescence was used to detect the interaction between HOTAIR and miR-424 by the enzyme reporter gene,A2780 cells were used in scratch test to detect the change in the migration ability of ovarian cancer cells after inhibiting HOTAIR,Transwell invasion test was used to detect the change in the invasive ability of ovarian cancer cells after inhibiting HOTAIR, and Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the changes of ovarian cancer cell apoptosis after inhibiting HOTAIR. The nude mouse subcutaneous tumor formation experiment was used to detect the effect of inhibiting HOTAIR on the tumor size and volume of ovarian cancer cells. Results qPCR results showed that the expression of HOTAIR increased significantly in ovarian cancer tissues than in benign ovarian tumor tissues [(58.64±6.32) vs. (6.35±0.02), P<0.05]. The long term survival rate was lower in patients with high expression level of HOTAIR than in patients with low expression level of HOTAIR. Dual-Luciferase reporter gene system showed that HOTAIR can specifically bind to the 3'-UTR of miR-424 [(0.42±0.08) vs. (1.06±0.11), P<0.05]. Scratch test and Transwell invasion test showed that, compared with control group, inhibiting the expression of HOTAIR can inhibit the migration behavior [(21.21±3.08) μm vs. (92.34±8.65) μm, P<0.05] and invasion behavior of ovarian cancer cells in experimental group(28.63%±5.59% vs. 275.36%±21.62%, P<0.05). The results of flow cytometry showed that inhibiting the expression of HOTAIR can enhance the apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells in experimental group (30.2%±2.12% vs. 7.31%±2.01%, t=10.64, P<0.05). In vivo tumor formation experiments in nude mice showed that, compared with control group, the tumor volume and weight of tumor-bearing mice correspondingly decreased [(0.85±0.06) cm³ vs. (3.05±0.28) cm³, t=13.41, P<0.05; (1.12±0.08) g vs. (2.91±0.19) g,t=11.64, P<0.05] after inhibiting HOTAIR expression. Conclusion lncRNA HOTAIR can target miR-424 to regulate the apoptosis, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells.

Objective To investigate the effect of psoralen on the degeneration of human nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs)induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and its mechanism. Methods HNPCs were cultured in vitro, and HNPCs were stimulated by 10 ng/ml IL-1β and 50 ng/ml TNF-α for 24 hours to induce degeneration. Cells were divided into control group, IL-1β+TNF-α group, psoralen (10 μmol/L, 25 μmol/L and 50 μmol/L) group, psoralen (25 μmol/L) + S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) interference or over-expression group, psoralen + parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)recombinant protein (100 nmol/L) group, psoralen + PTHrP recombinant protein (100 nmol/L) + silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) activator SRT1720 (1 μmol/L) group. The apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells was detected by flow cytometry; the levels of IL-6, MMP-3 and MMP-13 in nucleus pulposus cells were detected by ELISA; the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS)in nucleus pulposus cells was detected by the DCFDA probe method. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of SKP2, PTHrP, SIRT1 and extracellular matrix (ECM) related protein [type II collagen (COL II) and proteoglycan protein]. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiment was used to verify the binding of SKP2 and PTHrP, ubiquitination experiment was used to analyze the effect of psoralen on SKP2-mediated PTHrP ubiquitination. Results Psoralen significantly inhibited cell apoptosis,the production of IL-6, MMP-3, MMP-13 and ROS (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and promoted the expression of SKP2 and ECM-related proteins of HNPCs after IL-1β and TNF-α induction in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Compared with psoralen + scramble group, the expression levels of SKP2 and ECM-related proteins were significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the apoptosis rate, the levels of IL-6, MMP-3, MMP-13 and ROS were significantly increased in psoralen + SKP2 interference group (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The results of the Co-IP experiment showed that SKP2 is directly bound to PTHrP. The results of the ubiquitination experiment showed that, compared with psoralen + empty vector group, the expression level of PTHrP protein was significantly decreased, and the expression level of SKP2 protein was significantly increased in psoralen + SKP2 over-expression group (P<0.05). Compared with psoralen group, the expression levels of SIRT1 and ECM-related proteins were significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the apoptosis rate,the levels of IL-6, MMP-3, MMP-13 and ROS were significantly increased in psoralen + PTHrP recombinant protein group (P<0.05).Compared with psoralen + PTHrP recombinant protein group, the expression level of PTHrP protein did not change significantly(P>0.05), and the expression levels of SIRT1 and ECM-related proteins were significantly increased (P<0.05), the apoptosis rate,the levels of IL-6, MMP-3, MMP-13 and ROS were significantly decreased in psoralen + PTHrP recombinant protein + SRT1720 group (P<0.05). Conclusion Psoralen can promote SKP2-mediated PTHrP ubiquitination, activate SIRT1, and alleviate NP cell apoptosis in an inflammatory environment.

Objective To explore the impact of severe calcification on the abnormal hemodynamics based on CT-fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) diagnosis, and evaluate the diagnostic significance of pericoronary fat attenuation index (FAI) on the abnormal hemodynamics of severely calcified coronary artery. Methods The clinical data of patients were retrospectively analyzed who underwent a coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) examination within one month before an invasive FFR examination from January 2017 to December 2019 in the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital. Regarding invasive FFR≤0.8 as the gold standard of hemodynamically abnormal coronary artery disease (CAD), patients were assigned to FFR≤0.8 group and FFR>0.8 group. The coronary artery calcium score (CACS), degree of major coronary branch stenosis, pericoronary FAI and CT-FFR were measured and compared. Invasive FFR≤0.8 represents the presence of lesion-specific hemodynamic significant CAD. According to the quartiles of CACS, patients were further divided into mildly-moderately calcified (1st-3rd quartiles) and severely calcified (4th quartile) stratification. The diagnostic efficacy for abnormal coronary hemodynamics was analyzed only with CT-FFR and combined with pericoronary FAI detection between the two groups. Results A total of 99 patients with 124 main coronary arteries were included (37 in FFR≤0.8 group, and 87 in FFR>0.8 group). In terms of vascular characteristics, statistically significant differences existed between FFR≤0.8 group and FFR>0.8 group in CACS (85.80, 95%CI 6.750~0.977 vs. 42.50, 95%CI 0.600~110.200, P<0.05), degree of major coronary branch stenosis (63.8%±9.9% vs. 57.6%±9.5%, P<0.01), pericoronary FAI(–73.3±9.5 vs. –80.6±7.5, P<0.01) and CT-FFR (0.77±0.04 vs. 0.86±0.04, P<0.01). The diagnostic efficacy of CT-FFR was lower for severe calcified vessels than for the vessels with mild to moderate calcification (AUC=0.767, 95%CI 0.581~0.899 vs.AUC=0.936, 95%CI 0.865~0.976, P<0.05), while the pericoronary FAI showed good diagnostic efficacy for the severe calcified vessels (AUC=0.850, 95%CI 0.676~0.952). CT-FFR combined with pericoronary FAI improved the diagnostic efficacy than using CT-FFR alone (AUC=0.917, 95%CI 0.760~0.985 vs. AUC=0.767, 95%CI 0.581~0.899, P=0.046). Conclusion For severe calcified vessels, the effectiveness declined of CT-FFR in the diagnosis of significant coronary ischemia, while combined implementation of FAI may improve the diagnosis of CAD with abnormal hemodynamics.

Objective To explore the short-term efficacy and safety of golimumab (GLM) for treatment of refractory non-infectious uveitis. Methods Nonrandomized retrospective case series. Forty-six patients in Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from October 2018 to December 2019 with different types of uveitis that were resistant to treatment with previous immunosuppressors were included in this study. All the patients were treated with GLM (50 mg every four weeks) during at least 3 months. Clinical evaluation and treatment-related side effects were assessed in all included patients. Results At the end of follow up, ocular inflammation was controlled or relieved in 34 patients, the response rate was 73.91%.There was a statistically significant improvement in mean best corrected visual acuity (0.22 vs. 0.26, P=0.002). GLM therapy achieved complete control of inflammation in 9 patients (19.57%). GLM was continuously used in 17 patients (36.96%) without inflammation recurrence, including single GLM treatment in 14 patients, and combination with conventional immunosuppressors in 3 patients. The types of conventional immunosuppressors [M(Q₁, Q₃)] decreased from 2(2, 3) to 1(1, 2) (P<0.001) after GLM treatment. The dosage of prednisone decreased from 38 mg/d [(30, 45) mg/d] at baseline to 8 mg/d [(5, 15) mg/d](P<0.001). The systemic adverse effects associated with GLM therapy were observed in 4 patients, including bacterial pneumonia in 1 patient, anaphylactic reaction in 2 patients, and transaminase elevation in 1 patient. Conclusion GLM can effectively reduce the recurrence of non-infectious refractory uveitis, improve patients' vision, and reduce the combined use of glucocorticoid and immunosuppressors.

Objective To explore the correlation of the serum C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CRP/ALB, CAR) and homocysteine/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HCY/HDL-C) to the morbid change of coronary artery disease. Methods A total of 577 patients who underwent coronary angiography in the Department of Cardiology of the 904th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force from January 2018 to December 2019 were divided into two groups according to the results of coronary angiography: non-coronary heart group (n=245) and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease group (coronary heart disease group,n=332). The coronary heart disease group was further divided into two subgroups: mild coronary artery disease subgroup (Gensini score <30, n=183) and severe coronary artery disease subgroup (Gensini score ≥30, n=149). The serum levels of CRP, ALB, HCY,HDL-C and other indicators of patients in each group were detected, and CAR and HCY/HDL-C were calculated, and then the logistic regression analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were carried out to analyze the independent risk factors for coronary heart disease and severe coronary artery lesion. Results The levels of CAR and HCY/HDL-C were significantly higher in coronary heart disease group than those in non-coronary heart disease group with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CAR, HCY/HDL-C, age, hypertension, and gender were the independent risk factors for coronary heart disease and severe coronary artery disease. Pearson correlation analysis showed that CAR and HCY/HDL-C were positively correlated with Gensini score (r=0.427, P<0.01; r=0.247,P<0.01). The results of ROC curve analysis showed that CAR, HCY/HDL-C and both their combination had predictive values for severe coronary heart disease, and the AUC of combined the both factors was statistically higher than that of any single factor alone(P<0.05). Conclusions Elevated levels of CAR and HCY/HDL-C may predict the severe coronary artery disease. The diagnostic value of combined the two factors is better than a single factor alone, so can be used for the diagnosis and condition evaluation of coronary artery disease.

Objective To explore the relationship between platelet function and disease progression and prognosis in patients with cerebral hemorrhage without antiplatelet agents. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 129 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage who were admitted to the Neurosurgical Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2015 to December 2019. These patients were divided into two groups: rebleeding group after intracerebral hemorrhage (n=53) and non-rebleeding group (n=76). The relation of thrombelastograph parameters including R value, K value, Angle of view, and the inhibition rates of arachidonic acid (AA) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) under the condition without use of antiplatelet drugs at admission and their correlation with Glasgow Coma Scale score were compared between the two groups. Results The AA inhibition rate (P=0.015) and ADP inhibition rate (P=0.025) in rebleeding group were statistically higher than those in non-rebleeding group. AA inhibition rate of platelet function (P=0.022) and ADP inhibition rate (P=0.030) in rebleeding death group were statistically higher than those in survival group. AA inhibition rate (r=–0.183,P=0.038) and ADP inhibition rate (r=–0.175, P=0.047) were negatively correlated with Glasgow Coma Scale score. Conclusions Thrombelastographic detection of platelet function can be used as an early warning indicator to assist the assessment of the risk of rebleeding and prognosis in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Objective To explore the correlation between the components of immune cell subsets in tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer and the progression of colorectal cancer disease, and to explore the differential regulatory effects of different CD4⁺ T cell subsets on the progression of colorectal cancer. Methods Using the single cell transcriptome sequencing data of colorectal cancer patients in GEO database, CIBERSORTx algorithm was used to assess the immune cell subsets score from the transcriptome sequencing data of colorectal cancer patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The obtained immune cell subsets scores were combined with clinical data to analyze the correlation between metastasis and prognosis. Subsets related genes were calculated based on immune cell subsets scores, and functional enrichment scores performed by using DAVID analysis platform were used to compare the different regulatory function of immune cell subsets in colorectal cancer. Lasso algorithm/regression was used to screen immune cell subsets and Cox analysis was used to construct a risk prognosis model. Results The abundance of CD4-TCF7 was significantly increased in metastatic patients of colorectal cancer compared with non-metastatic patients (P<0.01), the abundance of CD4-CTLA4, CD8-LEF1, PLASMAB-IgG, and MACRO-IL1B decreased in metastatic patients(P<0.05). In the survival analysis, 15 of the 38 immune cell subsets were significantly associated with over survival based on the AUC curve (P<0.05). After analyzing the regulatory functions of CD4⁺ T cell subsets in colorectal cancer cells, we find the CD4-GNLY,CD4-ANXA1 and CD4-CXCR6 with more powerful regulation on the colorectal cancer angiogenesis related pathways compared to others, CD4-IL23R preferentially enriched in energy metabolism related pathways, CD4-GZMK compared to other subsets uniquely enriched in hypoxia stress related pathways, CD4-ANXA1, CD4-TCF7 and CD4-CTLA4 compared to other subsets preferentially enriched in the cell proliferation related pathways, CD4-ANXA1, CD4-TCF7, CD4-CTLA4, and CD4-CXCL13 preferentially enriched in the pathways of cell adhesion and cell migration compared to other subsets. Conclusions There are differences in the regulation of colorectal cancer cell function by immune cell subsets. The composition of immune cell subsets in colorectal cancer immune microenvironment affects the survival and prognosis of patients.

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the world. Endocrine therapy is an important treatment for HR positive breast cancer, and its drugs are mainly divided into premenopausal estrogen receptor antagonists and postmenopausal aromatase inhibitors, but drug resistance has become a major challenge in endocrine therapy for breast cancer. This article reviews the drug resistance mechanism and the latest research results of endocrine therapy in premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer from the aspects of gene regulation, estrogen and coregulatory cofactor, growth factor signal pathway, cell cycle regulation,autophagy and apoptosis, non-coding RNA regulation, immune surveillance, etc., in order to provide a new basis for clinical solution of endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. The pathogen responsible for this disease is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It belongs to coronavirus family, a pathogen similar to SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and manifests strong infectivity and pathogenicity to progress into severe pneumonia. Till now, there is no specific therapeutic drug targeting against this virus. With the rapid spread and deterioration of the epidemic situation, vaccination has become an urgent need. This review introduces the immune defense mechanism of human body against coronavirus briefly, set forth the key viral spike protein for coronavirus vaccine development, and then summarize the recent advances/progresses and potential challenges in safety and efficacy of vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2.

Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have impaired follicular development and maturation. Ovarian granulosa cells play an important regulatory role in the initiation, growth and development of primordial follicles, in which the mitochondria of granulosa cells are involved in the regulation of cell cycle, metabolism, and signal transduction, and provide energy support for oocyte meiosis, fertilization, and up to early embryonic development through energy metabolic pathways. Studying the mitochondrial function of granulosa cells is one of the best non-invasive methods to study the pathological mechanisms in PCOS patients and to evaluate oocyte quality and embryonic developmental potential. A large number of evidences have shown that PCOS is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in ovarian granulosa cells by mechanisms including altered mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) copy number and mutations in the mtDNA gene. Some studies have explored the improvement of mitochondrial function in PCOS granulosa cells to improve the impaired follicular development and maturation in PCOS. Therefore, the relevant research progress in recent years have been reviewed in present paper about mitochondrial dysfunction in PCOS granulosa cells, for exploring the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in PCOS granulosa cells, and the ways and methods of improvement.

Renal cancer, as a common urinary system tumor, its occurrence and development involve a series of genetic events including changes in the level of epigenetics. Its etiology is complex and highly heterogeneous. Renal cell carcinoma is the chief type of kidney cancer, while the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma.Recently, exon sequencing revealed that the mutation rate of polybromo-1 (PBRM1) gene in CCRCC can be as high as 40%. BAF180 protein, which is encoded by PBRM1 gene, is one of the specific subunits of the chromatin remodeling complex PBAF (polybromo-associated BRG1-associated factor), a type of SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complexes. It not only participates in the formation of PBAF complex, but also mediates the binding of the complex to specific DNA regions, thus affecting the gene transcription and translation processes, so indicates that PBRM1 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of renal cell carcinoma. The research status, molecular mechanism and clinical transformation of the major cancer related genes in CCRCC,especially the tumor suppressor gene PBRM1, were reviewed in present paper, in order to provide reference for the basic and clinical transformation research of SWI/SNF in renal cell carcinoma and other related tumors.

Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), confirmed as a ferroptosis-resistant factor recently, plays a key role in the oncogenesis and progress of human diseases, such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma,melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, copper resistance, severe acute pancreatitis, and diabetes. FSP1 is regarded as a double-edged sword according to previous studies. Mechanically, FSP1 triggers caspase-independent apoptosis via its C-terminal fragments,nuclear translocation, or over-expression, and inhibits ferroptosis through FSP1-CoQ₁₀-NAD(P)H axis, being independent of the glutathione (GSH)-GPX4 axis. The research progress in action mechanism of FSP1 in human diseases is briefly described in this review for providing novel preventative and therapeutic target molecules for human diseases.

Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease for which almost no prospective studies have focused on its diagnosis and treatment. MBC is more likely to be positive for hormone receptor while the ratio of triple negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive is very low. Most men have undergone radical mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy after diagnosis of breast cancer during past decades and sentinel lymph node biopsy has been gradually used in recent years. The indications of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy refer to female breast cancer (FBC). Tamoxifen is the first choice of adjuvant endocrine therapy for MBC and chemotherapy can also improve MBC patients' prognosis. Anti-HER2 therapy is recommended for patients with high risks, though there is no definite evidence for its application. Data for the use of new drugs in MBC are lacking,whereas it may be a reasonable approach for metastatic MBC. In general, the overall prognosis of MBC is worse than FBC, but a few studies showed that MBC and FBC had similar survival rates after adjustment for demographic characteristics, disease stage, and treatment. Most of published articles are retrospective studies including small cohorts of MBC patients, which have been reviewed in this article. The review summarizes current data on the epidemiology of MBC, pathological and clinical characteristics, prognosis and treatment, and data published in our country during the past decade.