Objective To investigate the effect of hnRNPAB overexpression on epithelial-mesenchymal transformation(EMT) and its molecular mechanism using human colorectal cancer line SW480 and HT29. Methods SW480 and HT29 cells were infected with lentivirus overexpressing hnRNPAB and negative control virus to generate the corresponding cell lines in experimental group (SW480-hnRNPAB, HT29-hnRNPAB) and control group (SW480-NC, HT29-NC). To quantify the levels of hnRNPAB and EMT-related indicators (E-cadherin, N-cadherin and vimentin), RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used. Cell migration was measured using the scratch assay. Cell invasion was evaluated using the Transwell assay. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling key indicators WNT3A, WNT5A and β-catenin. Results Compared with control group, the expression levels of hnRNPAB mRNA and protein in experimental group significantly increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). The scratch healing rates in experimental group were significantly higher than that in control group (SW480: 19.6%±0.90% vs. 2.23%±0.80%, P<0.01; HT29: 40.30%±0.70% vs. 6.40%±0.06%, P<0.01). The number of Transwell cells was significantly higher than that in control group [SW480: (315.0±6.7) cells vs. (62.0±4.3) cells, P<0.01; HT29:(289.0±7.2) cells vs. (54.0±5.2) cells, P<0.01]. Compared with control group, the epithelial cell marker E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression levels in experimental group significantly decreased. As expected, the mesenchymal cell markers N-cadherin and vimentin mRNA and protein levels significantly increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). Compared with control group, the expressions of WNT3A, WNT5A and β-catenin protein in experimental group significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusions The overexpression of hnRNPAB could induce EMT of human colorectal cancer SW480 and HT29, demonstrated by enhanced cell migration and invasion ability. The mechanism may be related to the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of transplanting Leydig-like cells from BMSCs to repair the testicular function of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) infected mice. Methods Six C57 mice were randomly divided into two groups (3 each): control group (corn oil) and DEHP group [900 mg/(kg.d) DEHP mixed with corn oil]. Venous blood was taken from the eyeball 28 days after treatment to determine the serum testosterone level. One testis was stored in paraformaldehyde for HE and TUNEL staining, the other side of testis, after homogenization, was used to determine the changes of apoptotic proteins of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bcl-2 and Bax with Western blotting, the contents of MDA and GSH and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were determined. Twenty-seven C57 mice were poisoned with DEHP for 28 days, and then randomly divided into Leydig-like cell transplant group, BMSCs transplant group and control group (9 each). BMSCs and Leydig-like cells from BMSCs were transplanted into the testis of mice in corresponding groups. Venous blood was taken from 3 mice of each group at 7th, 14th and 21st day after transplantation for determining the serum testosterone, and bilateral testis were obtained simultaneously to determine the contents of MDA and GSH and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px. The testis of mice was got 7th day after transplantation for HE and TUNEL staining, and the changes of apoptotic proteins of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bcl-2 and Bax were detected simultaneously. Results Compared with control group, the serum testosterone level decreased significantly, testicular spermatogenic cell disorder, tissue cells showed apoptosis, the serum levels of apoptotic protein caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and Bax increased obviously, while of Bcl-2 decreased markedly in testis of DEHP group, the content of MDA increased, and of GSH decreased, the activities of GSH-Px and SOD were inhibited with statistically significant difference (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with control group, the serum testosterone level in Leydig-like cell transplantation group increased significantly at 7th, 14th and 21st day after testicular cell transplantation. The serum level of testosterone in BMSC transplantation group was higher than in control group at 14th and 21st day after transplantation. The content of MDA in testicular tissue decreased and of GSH increased,and the activities of GSH-Px and SOD recovered at 7th, 14th and 21st day after testicular cell transplantation (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The 7th day after transplantation, the apoptosis of testicular tissue was alleviated obviously in Leydig-like cell transplantation group and BMSC transplantation group than that in control group, the morphology of spermatogenic cells recovered, and the expression levels of apoptotic protein caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and Bax decreased significantly, while of Bcl-2 protein increased obviously(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion Transplantation of Leydig-like cells derived from BMSCs may repair the DEHP induced testicular damage by alleviating testicular oxidative stress and inhibiting testicular apoptosis, increase the teatosterone secretion, so as to promote the recovery of damaged testicular function.

Objective To investigate the effect of shikonin on atrial fibrillation of rats with myocardial fibrosis mediated by extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2(ERK1/2)/nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-κB). Methods Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, shikonin group (10 each). Rats in shikonin group were intragastrically given shikonin 4 mg/kg, in normal control and model groups were given the same amount of normal saline, 1 time/d for consecutive 7 days; Rats in model and shikonin groups were tail intravenous injected with 1 ml/kg ACh-CaCl₂ mixed liquor to establish atrial fibrillation model, 1 time/d for consecutive 7 days, and in normal control group were injected with the same amount of normal saline, taken materials after 7 days. Electrocardiogram was used to record the induced time and duration of atrial fibrillation, and the cardiac function was detected by echocardiography. The pathological condition of myocardial tissue was observed by HE staining. Masson staining was performed to detect the percentage of collagen area in myocardial tissue. The protein expressions of Collagen Ⅰ (ColⅠ), ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 were detected by Western blotting. Results The cardiomyocytes were arranged in compact and orderly manner in normal control group, while in model group were disordered, hypertrophic and widened. Shikonin improved the morphology and structure of cardiomyocytes. Compared with normal control group, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) decreased, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), percentage of collagen area, the expressions of ColⅠ, p-ERK1/2, p-NF-κB p65 protein increased (P<0.05) in model group and shikonin group; Compared with model group, the induced time of atrial fibrillation was longer, duration time was shorter in shikonin group, LVEF and LVFS increased, LVESD and LVEED, percentage of collagen area, and the expressions of ColⅠ, p-ERK1/2, p-NF-κB p65 protein were decreased in shikonin group (P<0.05). Conclusion Shikonin may mitigate the myocardial fibrosis, inhibit the occurrence of atrial fibrillation, and improve myocardial function by inhibiting ERK1/2-NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect and potential mechanism of Boschniakia rossica polysaccharides (BRPS) on the invasion and migration of human liver cancer cells. Methods Different concentrations of BRPS (12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/L)were screened on liver cancer HepG2 cells to identify the appropriate concentration. Based on culture conditions, the HepG2 cells were named control group (no treatment), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) group (transfected with LV-HIF-1α), HIF-1α-NC group (transfected with LV-HIF-1α-NC), BRPS group (add 50 μg/L BRPS), and BRPS+HIF-1α group (transfected with LV-HIF-1α,and add 50 μg/L BRPS). Hoechst33258 staining was used to evaluate cell apoptosis; flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis rate; the scratch test was used to detect cells migration ability; Transwell test was used to detect cell invasion ability; Western blotting was used to detect HIF-1α and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related factors E-cadherin and vimentin protein expressions in cells. Results The ideal BRPS concentration was identified as 50 μg/L. The results of Hoechst33258 staining showed that the blue fluorescence of hepatocarcinoma cells was weak in control group and HIF-1α-NC group, the blue fluorescence of HIF-1α group was dimer than control group; the blue fluorescence of BRPS group was brighter than control group; the blue fluorescence of BRPS+HIF-1α group was lower than that in BRPS group. In the control group, the apoptosis rate was 3.89%±1.25%; the cell healing rate was 63.35%±3.35%; the number of transwell cells was 122.60±3.29. Compared with control group, HIF-1α group showed a lower apoptosis rate (1.67%±0.86%, P<0.05), higher cell healing rate (87.48%±3.92%, P<0.05), and higher number of transwell cells(208.60±6.17, P<0.05). On the contrary, BRPS group showed a higher apoptotic rate (26.58%±1.63%, P<0.05), lower cell healing rate (14.82%±3.81%, P<0.05), and decreased number of transwell cells (68.80±4.25, P<0.05). Interestingly, in BRPS+HIF-1α group,the apoptosis rate was 12.14%±1.05%, higher than HIF-1α group but lower than BRPS group; the cell healing rate and the number of transmembrane cells were 32.59%±3.76% and (123.40±4.94) cells, respectively, both of which were lower than HIF-1α group but higher than that in BRPS group (P<0.05). Compared with control group, in HIF-1α group, the expression levels of HIF-1α and vimentin increased while E-cadherin decreased; however, in BRPS group, the expression levels of HIF-1α and vimentin decreased while E-cadherin increased (P<0.05). As expected, the expression levels of HIF-1α and vimentin in BRPS+HIF-1α group were lower than those in HIF-1α group but higher than those in BRPS group; the expression levels of E-cadherin was higher than that in HIF-1α group but lower than that in BRPS group (P<0.05). Conclusion BRPS can promote HepG2 cell apoptosis, inhibit cell migration and invasion. Its mechanism may be that it can suppress EMT by regulating HIF-1α.

Objective To analyze the correlation of plasma fibrinogen (Fib) and blood lipid composition to the progression of non-culprit coronary lesions (NCCLs) in CHD patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods The clinical data were collected and retrospectively analyzed of 210 patients admitted from January 2017 to December 2017 in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, received the first PCI treatment, and repeated the coronary angiography (CAG) before December 31, 2020 (the interval between two operations should be at least 6 months). According to whether the NCCLs progressed, 210 patients were divided into progressive group (n=99) and non-progressive group (n=111), and then, according to the degree of NCCLs progression, patients in progressive group were further divided into three subgroups: mild(n=42), moderate (n=35) and severe (n=22) progressive subgroup. The baseline clinical data were compared between the patients in progressive group and in non-progressive group, and among the patients in mild, moderate and severe progression subgroups. The correlation of the plasma Fib and blood lipid composition to the progression of NCCLs, and the risk factors affecting the progression of NCCLs were analyzed. Results There were no statistical difference between progressive group and non-progressive group in gender, smoking history, drinking history, hypertension history, hyperlipidemia history, heart failure, and admission blood pressure(P>0.05), but the mean age was higher in progressive group than that in non-progressive group, and more patients with diabetes in progressive group than those in non-progressive group, and there existed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The plasma levels of Fib, cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) were higher in progressive group than those in non-progressive group with statistically significant differences (P<0.05).There existed no significant difference (P>0.05) between the two groups in the levels of triglyceride (TG) and HDL-C; with the increasing in the severity of NCCLs, plasma Fib, TG, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C increased gradually in the mildly, moderately, and severely advanced subgroups, while the plasma level of HDL-C decreased gradually, but no statistical difference existed among the subgroups (P>0.05); Fib, TC, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and D-dimer were positively correlated with the NCCLs progression. And also,Fib was positively correlated with TC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C. Gender, age, and diabetes history can be used as risk factors for the progression of NCCLs with OR values of 2.284, 1.052, and 0.293, respectively. Conclusion The plasma Fib and blood lipid composition are correlated with the progression of NCCLs, and Fib is also correlated with some lipid components, but is not a risk factor for NCCLs progression.

Objective To explore the risk factors of linezolid associated thrombocytopenia and establish a risk prediction model. Methods A total of 796 patients with infection treated by linezolid from January 2010 to December 2020 in 7 intensive care units (ICU) of the First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital were selected. The basic clinical data of the patients were extracted by case retrieval system, and the patients were divided into thrombocytopenia group (n=228) and non-thrombocytopenia group (n=568) according to the occurrence of thrombocytopenia. The general data of the two groups were compared, and the risk factors of linezolid-associated thrombocytopenia were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression, and a risk prediction model was established. Then, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the model. Results Multivariate analysis showed age ≥80 years, duration of linezolid >7 d, WBC count ≥16×10⁹/L, platelet count <200×10⁹/L,and creatinine clearance (Ccr) <50 ml/min were independent risk factors for linezolid associated thrombocytopenia. The area under the curve (AUC) of the risk prediction model was 0.782(95%CI 0.747-0.816, P<0.001), The cut-off value was 6 points, the sensitivity was 82.1%, the specificity was 59.1%, the positive predictive value was 44.7%, and the negative predictive value was 89.1%. Conclusion The risk prediction model based on age, duration of linezolid use, WBC count, platelet count and, Ccr can effectively predict the occurrence of linezolid associated thrombocytopenia.

Objective To explore the effects of low body weight and different ages on the 28-day death and other clinical outcomes of intensive care patients. Methods Data were extracted from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care Ⅲ(MIMIC-Ⅲ) intensive care database, and adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were screened. The body mass index (BMI) is calculated according to the initial weight and height when entering the ICU. According to their age, they were divided into two groups when they entered the ICU: the younger age group <65 years old, and the older age group ≥65 years old. BMI was divided into two groups: low BMI group <18.5 kg/m² and non-low BMI group ≥18.5 kg/m². Univariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression, and interaction analysis analyzed the impact of low body weight and different ages on the 28-day death and other clinical outcomes of intensive care patients. Results A total of 17 134 patients met the inclusion criteria. According to their age, they were divided into 7986 patients in the low-age group and 9148 patients in the high-age group. According to BMI, they were divided into 458 patients with low BMI and 16 676 patients with non-low BMI. Compared with non-low BMI, patients with low BMI were older(66.65±18.02 vs. 64.73±15.98, P=0.012), had a higher proportion of recent weight loss (19.7% vs. 3.7%, P<0.001) and emergency admissions (83.0% vs. 73.0%, P<0.001), had a higher prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, sepsis, and acute renal insufficiency. However, patients with low BMI had a lower prevalence of hypertension and diabetes. On the final clinical outcome, patients with low BMI had a higher prevalence of sepsis and acute renal insufficiency and longer mechanical ventilation time [29.2(12.0, 106.0) h vs. 18.7(5.7, 93.8) h, P<0.001]. In the whole cohort and different age groups,it could be seen that the 28-day mortality rate of patients with low BMI was higher than that of non-low BMI. Univariate analysis showed all the characteristics, including high age, low BIM, weight loss, emergency hospital admission, cardiac insufficiency, COPD,cancer, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, acute renal insufficiency, sepsis, septic shock, and highest white blood cell,were risk factors for 28-day death. Multivariate analysis showed that cancer and SOFA score were independent risk factors for 28-day death. In the interaction analysis, compared with the low-age group with non-low BMI, after adjusting the variables of P<0.05 in the multivariate regression and clinically significant variables, the low-age group with low BMI (OR=1.77, 95%CI 1.24-3.14, P=0.004),high-age group with non-low BMI (OR=1.84, 95%CI 1.64-2.08, P<0.001) and high-age group with low BMI (OR=2.95, 95%CI 2.09-4.17, P<0.001) were risk factors for death at 28 days. Conclusions Low BMI is a risk factor for short-term death in intensive care patients of different ages. Its poor prognosis may be related to low BMI patients with high cancer prevalence, severe illness, and longer mechanical ventilation time.

Objective To compare the clinicopathological features, differential diagnosis and treatment between perirenal angiomyolipoma (AML) and liposarcoma. Methods Eleven cases of AML and thirty-nine cases of liposarcoma around the kidney from Peking University International Hospital from January 2015 to December 2020 were reviewed in terms of clinical manifestations, imaging examination, pathological morphology, immunophenotype and treatment follow-up. Results The tumors in both groups were close to the kidney, and the imaging signs of renal defect were not distinctive enough to diagnose correctly.Perirenal AML was mainly female (P=0.003), the age of onset was younger than liposarcoma (P<0.001). Most of perirenal AML were single (90.9%, 10/11) and primary (100.0%, 11/11), the histomorphology was mostly accompanied by vascular hyaline degeneration(63.6%, 7/11), and Melan-A and HMB45 were positive by immunohistochemistry. While liposarcoma was often multiple (51.3%,20/39) and recurrent (79.5%, 31/39), Ki-67, P16, CDK4, MDM2 were more highly expressed than AML (P<0.05), and MDM2 gene was amplified. There was no significant difference in the maximum diameter and necrosis between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions Retroperitoneal perirenal AML and liposarcoma have similar imaging features, and gender, age, tumor number,primary/recurrent character, histomorphology, protein expression and gene amplification detection are helpful to differentiate them.Liposarcoma needs more extensive resection, active treatment and follow-up.

Objective To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of ultrasound-guided percutaneous thermal ablation in the treatment of low-risk unifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Methods Patients with single-focal PTMC admitted to the 928th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force from June 2017 to June 2019 were selected, and ultrasound-guided percutaneous thermal ablation therapy was performed. The extent of ablation was assessed with contrast-enhanced ultrasound immediately after thermal ablation, and the ablation area, and thyroid function were measured for clinical evaluation at 1, 3, 6, 12,and 18 months, respectively. Clinical evaluation was performed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after thermal ablation. Results A total of 214 patients with PTMC were included, including 62 males (29.0%) and 152 females (71.0%), aged 17-77 (44.1±13.1) years old.The maximum diameter of the tumor was 0.2-1.0 (0.59±0.18) cm. The patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after thermal ablation, the follow-up time was 12-18 (15.14±3.01) months. After the initial thermal ablation, the maximum diameter of the ablated area was (1.372±0.440) cm, and gradually decreased to (1.108±0.438) cm, (0.753±0.440) cm, (0.483±0.324) cm,(0.162±0.205) cm, and (0.047±0.140) cm. After initial thermal ablation, the volume of ablated lesion was (1.083±1.819) cm³, and gradually decreased to (0.606±1.259) cm³, (0.273±0.784) cm³, (0.069±0.154) cm³, (0.006±0.156) cm³, and (0.001±0.004) cm³.The volume reduction ratio (VRR) at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after thermal ablation was 0.457±0.218, 0.837±0.150,0.943±0.090, 0.994±0.012, 0.999±0.002. There was a significant difference in VRR between every two follow-up visits (P<0.001).The thyroid function test results of patients before and 1 month after thermal ablation were normal, and there were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). During the follow-up period, no tumor regrowth, local recurrence or distant metastasis was found.The most common complication was mild pain (31.8%, 68/214). Some patients developed toothache, sub-mandibular radiation pain and unilateral headache during ablation, and the pain symptoms were relieved immediately after ablation. All local pain symptoms were relieved 24-48 h after thermal ablation without treatment. Conclusions Ultrasound-guided percutaneous thermal ablation for the treatment of low-risk PTMC is safe and effective. It has less trauma and fewer complications, and can preserve the patient's thyroid function. This is a safe and effective alternative strategy for the treatment of low-risk PTMC, especially for patients who are not suitable for surgical treatment.

Objective To report a case of granulomatous polyangiitis (GPA) with breast involvement, and perform a literature review to better understand this disorder. Methods Retrospectively analyze the data of a case of GPA with breast involvement, to summarize the clinical characteristics of GPA with breast involvement by searching the database (CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed) and comprehensively analyze the literature results. Results A case of 53-year-old woman was admitted to the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology of the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital because of "inflamed eyelids for 8 months, hearing loss for 6 months, breast induration for 4 months". The symptoms of mammary gland were bilateral-painful breast induration with ulceration. The patient was diagnosed with GPA by positive proteinase 3 (PR3) antibody and biopsy.After treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide, the patient experienced a relapse and then was treated with rituximab.By March 2021 (searching CNKI, Wanfang Data and PubMed), a total of 28 English cases of GPA with breast involvement and no Chinese case were found by searching literature. The disorder often occurs in women aged 40 to 60 (60.7%, 17/28), and the typical manifestation was unilateral breast (75.0%, 21/28) involvement. Positive PR3 antibody (69.2%, 9/13) is common. Pathological characteristics of the mammary are infiltration of lymphocyte, vasculitis and granulomatosis lesion. Conclusions The disorder of GPA with breast involvement is rare with non-specific breast symptoms. Detection of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and pathological examination can assist the diagnosis.

Objective To study the risk factors for extraesophageal symptoms in the patients with reflux esophagitis. Method One hundred and thirty-nine reflux esophagitis cases diagnosed by endoscophy and pH monitoring of the esophagus and hospitalized in Characteristic Medical Center of Strategic Support Army from March 2018 to November 2019. These cases were divided into positive or negative groups according to reflux symptom index (RSI) > or <13. Differences in gender, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, emotional factors (anxiety and depression evaluation), reflux esophagitis microscopic classification,24-hour esophageal pH monitoring related index (Demeester index) were taking into account in logistical regression to identify the potential cause of reflux esophagitis. Results The positive group had higher age [(58.8±15.4) years], higher BMI (63%),higher anxiety (36%) and higher DeMeester (54%) than negative group [(52.8±11.7) years, 39%, 14%, 27% respectively], and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in gender, smoking, drinking, depression rate and endoscopic grade of reflux esophagitis between the two groups (P>0.05). Logistic multiple regression results showed that high BMI and positive DeMeester score were independent risk factors for patients with extrasoesophageal symptoms (OR=1.896, 95%CI 1.363-3.942, P<0.05; OR=6.868, 95%CI 1.648-18.087, P<0.01). Conclusions Higher BMI (overweight) and positive DeMeester score have predictive value for extraesophageal symptoms of the patients with reflux esophagitis, and they would increase the incidence of extraesophageal symptoms.

ESKAPE pathogens are the most common conditional pathogenic bacteria in nosocomial infection. Considering that ESKAPE pathogens are not sensitive to conventional antimicrobial treatment, some emerging treatment strategies that could effectively deal with ESKAPE pathogens will bring huge economic and social benefits. Seven emerging strategies to potentiate the effects of current antimicrobial including anti-virulence strategies, prevention of biofilm formation, antimicrobial peptides, plant-derived antimicrobial, nanoparticle drug delivery system, photodynamic therapy, phage therapy and so on will be discussed in present review. All of strategies discussed here aim to provide direction for further development of ideal drugs and solutions to handle antibiotic resistance.

Heart failure is the end state of various cardiovascular diseases, accompanied by a seriesof energy metabolism changes including transformation of energy substrates, mitochondrial dysfunction, and depletion of high-energy phosphate compounds, etc. In normal heart, fatty acid is the main energy metabolism substrate. However, myocardial substrate metabolism is damaged during heart failure, and metabolic substrate conversion characterized by ketone body occurred. It is of great significance to better understand the metabolism substrate selection during heart failure, regulatory mechanism and its pathophysiological significance for developing novel therapeutics targeting heart failure. The research progress on the changes of myocardial energy metabolism substrates in heart failure, especially the latest progress of ketone body as the substrate in recent years were reviewed in present paper.

Rimmed vacuole myopathy is a group of disease with characteristic myopathological features, which including deposition of abnormal proteins, such as β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau proteins etc. In recent years, positron emission tomography (PET) has been widely used in the imaging diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to the development of molecular imaging technology. Recently, some studies have indicated that molecular imaging PET can also show the abnormal deposition proteins in muscles, which is helpful for the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rimmed vacuolar myopathy, and provides a new application for PET. The application directions of PET in rimmed vacuolar myopathy were reviewed in this article, in order to provide a reference base for the implementation of clinical work.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common orthopedic disease characterized by reduction of nucleus pulposus cells and degradation of extracellular matrix. Its specific pathogenesis is not clear. The current treatment can only improve the clinical symptoms of patients, but can not delay or reverse the process of degeneration. Therefore, to find an effective method to repair IDD has become the main goal of current research. In recent years, exosomes have gradually become a research hotspot in the field of regenerative medicine. Exosomes carrying a large number of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, cytokines and other bioactive molecules participate in the information transmission between different cells and play an important role in regulating the biological functions of receptor cells. Studies have confirmed that exosomes can inhibit the apoptosis and inflammatory reaction of nucleus pulposus cells, promote the proliferation and regeneration of nucleus pulposus cells, and have the potential to cure IDD. In this paper, the characteristics and functions of exosomes from different cell sources and its effect and mechanism in IDD repair were summarized, in order to provide reference for the subsequent studies.

Inguinal hernia is a common surgical disease, which is more and more common in the elderly and children. With the aging of the population and the opening of the second child, there are more and more patients with inguinal hernia surgery,and the difficulty and risk of anesthesia management are increasing. With the application of ultrasound visualization technology in anesthesia field, regional block anesthesia technology is guaranteed and developed. Regional block anesthesia is increasingly used in inguinal hernia surgery, especially in the elderly and children for anesthesia and analgesia. At present, regional anesthesia methods have emerged in endlessly. This article reviews the methods including paravertebral nerve block (PVNB), lumbar plexus nerve block(LPNB), quadratus lumborum block (QLB), ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block (IINB) and transversus abdominis plane block(TAPB) of regional block anesthesia for inguinal hernia surgery, and to explore the best.

The patients after cardiac surgery often suffer from malnutrition due to insufficient energy intake, which increases the incidence of complications and mortality. Thus, energy and protein intake can accelerate patients' recovery. Previously, enteral nutrition has been widely considered to be the major nutritional way, however, an increasing studies suggest a combination of enteral and parenteral way can provide nutrition to patients maximally. Albeit the timing of the inception of parenteral way of nutrition remains controversial, it is confirmed that early start of the enteral way is salubrious to patients, and the duration of nutritional support should be determined according to the specific situation of patients. Additionally, nutritional scoring system plays a crucial role. Various nutritional risk scores can predict the clinical outcome of patients, thus, the most adaptable nutritional score for patients after receiving cardiac surgery needs further study. This article reviews the importance of nutritional support for the patients after cardiac surgery, selection, timing, and duration of post-operative nutritional support, and the advances in nutritional risk assessment etc.