Solidification is crucial in the preparation of metal materials. The solidification process directly determines the microstructure and macroscopic properties of metal materials. When a metal is transformed from a liquid to a solid state，factors such as the formation and growth of grains，solidification rate，temperature gradient，and alloy composition lead to different microstructures，ultimately defining the final microstructure of the metal. Variations in these factors not only determine the mechanical properties of the metal but can also cause defects such as grain boundary defects， gas pores， and inclusions， etc.，thereby affecting its overall quality and service performance. Due to its high penetration and high spatiotemporal resolution，synchrotron radiation enables the real-time observation and tracking of microstructural evolution during metal solidification， leading to a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms. This paper reviews the latest progress of synchrotron radiation imaging technology in the study of the solidification process of metallic materials at home and abroad，with a focus on its application and research achievements in crystal nucleation and growth，the formation mechanism of solidification defects，and rapid solidification （welding and additive manufacturing）. By combining new methods such as phase field simulation and machine learning，researchers have made significant progress in grain refinement mechanisms，the formation laws of pores and hot tearing，and the control of rapid solidification modes. Finally，it is pointed out that improving the temporal and spatial resolution of synchrotron radiation，conducting multi-scale coupling characterization，integrating experiments with numerical simulations，and introducing data-driven intelligent analysis methods are important development directions for in-situ studies of the solidification process in the future. This will provide a more solid theoretical basis and technical support for the design of advanced materials and process optimization.

Synchrotron radiation technology serves as a “super microscope” for unveiling multi-scale physical metallurgy behaviors during additive manufacturing （AM）， providing groundbreaking research tools to decode the “black box” challenges inherent in AM processes. This paper review systematically summarizes recent advances in synchrotron radiation applications for AM：in imaging， ultrafast X-ray imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution enables in situ observation of melt pool dynamics， defect formation mechanisms， and solidification behavior， revealing key phenomena such as keyhole fluctuation-induced porosity and Marangoni force-driven defect suppression； in diffraction， ultrafast X-ray diffraction quantitatively resolves phase transformation kinetics and residual stress evolution during rapid solidification. Furthermore， this work explores emerging trends in integrating synchrotron technology with deep learning and multiphysics simulations， while envisioning its potential for AM process optimization， intelligent defect detection， and novel material development. It is pointed out that such technology establishes a theoretical foundation and technical pathway for transitioning AM from empirical trial-and-error to mechanism-driven methodologies.

Revealing the evolution and deformation mechanisms of interfacial microstructures and defects plays a crucial role in regulating the interfacial microstructures and properties of Al/steel dissimilar joints. However，conventional characterization methods are often inadequate for effectively elucidating the dynamic evolution mechanisms at the interface. This paper reviews the breakthrough progress of synchrotron radiation in-situ characterization techniques in elucidating the interfacial metallurgical reactions and strengthening-toughening mechanisms of Al/steel joints. By utilizing synchrotron radiation X-ray two-dimensional imaging，micro-tomography，and diffraction techniques，in-situ observations are achieved for the heterogeneous dissolution of steel，interfacial diffusion reactions，solidification behavior during Al/steel-liquid/solid interfacial reactions，as well as the deformation behavior of joints under load. These studies have provided deep insights into the growth kinetics and three-dimensional morphological evolution mechanisms of tongue-shaped Fe₂Al₅，irregular FeAl₃，and faceted Si phases at Al/steel interfaces. Furthermore，the geometric morphology and spatial distribution characteristics of pores are remodelled，the evolution of residual stress distribution in components is characterized in-situ，and the mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation in heterogeneous components under loading conditions are clarified. Synchrotron radiation techniques overcome the limitations of traditional two-dimensional static characterization，providing dynamic experimental data for understanding the dissolution-diffusion-solidification processes and damage behavior under load at Al/steel interfaces. Future work should focus on in-situ studies of the metallurgical and mechanical behaviors at Al/steel interfaces under multi-field coupling or complex extreme conditions，as well as the development of intelligent in-situ characterization platforms.

Neutrons have been the unique probe that possesses magnetism， depth detection， and element sensitivity， and have become an important technique of innovative research in the field of materials science. As one of the three major neutron sources in China， China Mianyang Research Reactor （CMRR） of China Academy of Engineering Physics took the lead in building eight scientific devices and putting them into use in the first phase in 2013， which has been running stably for more than ten years. This paper focuses on the progress in device technology and application research of the CMRR neutron platform in recent years. At present， the CMRR neutron platform has fifteen scientific devices， nearly double the number present in the first phase. Based on the newly developed devices， the maximum measurable scale of the static structure for materials is widened from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. Meanwhile， the energy resolution for micro-dynamic characterization is improved by about three orders of magnitude from the original sub-microelectron volt to the hundred-nanoelectron volt. Based on the advantages of an integrated large-scale scientific facility that possesses multi-scale and multi-parameter characterization abilities， the CMRR neutron platform has been applied to the research of key engineering materials such as metal alloys， magnetic materials， battery materials， energetic materials， soft materials， as well as the field of engineering components manufacturing. In the future， relying on the National Key Laboratory of Neutron Science and Technology， effort will be made to promote the major original innovation based on neutron science and the frontier development of new materials， condensed matter physics and other disciplines， which is expected to provide new insights and innovative solutions for the bottleneck scientific and technological problems faced by the research and development of engineering materials and components.

The damage evolution behavior of center-notched C/SiC composite components is investigated under uniaxial tensile loading by conducting in situ mechanical experiments based on synchrotron radiation X-ray CT observations with deep learning algorithms，3D digital image-based finite element method（3D IB-FEM），and digital volume correlation（DVC） method. The intelligent identification of different types of internal damage， including fiber bundle cracking， matrix cracking， and delamination， in center-notched C/SiC composite specimens under uniaxial tensile loading is achieved. Furthermore， the relationship between damage evolution and strain concentration is established. Deep learning-based damage identification and quantitative analysis indicate that both the center notch and initial pores influence the locations of damage initiation. The results of the three-dimensional digital image-based finite element analysis reveal the effect of initial pore geometry on crack initiation， while DVC results demonstrate the correlation between widespread strain concentration in fiber bundle regions and delamination damage， as well as final fracture. The three damage forms—fiber bundle cracking， matrix cracking， and delamination—are interrelated to some extent. As the load increases， adjacent delamination areas connect to form matrix cracks， which may further propagate into fiber bundle cracks. Under tensile loading， the primary failure modes of fiber bundles include fiber bundle fracture， fiber bundle splitting， and fiber bundle sliding. The presence of a center notch does not change the failure modes of the fiber bundles.

Nickel-based superalloys are widely used in high-temperature turbine components of aviation engines， and inertia friction welding （IFW） is widely used for the connection of nickel-based superalloy disc and shaft due to its solid-phase bonding property and high weld quality. With the emergence of new materials and structures， there are greater challenges for inertia friction welding. Therefore， this paper mainly reviews the current research status of the formation mechanism of weld seam， microstructural evolution characteristics， mechanical properties， and numerical simulation of welding process in inertia friction welding joint of nickel-based superalloy. At the same time， the formation mechanism of continuous drive friction welding joint of nickel-based superalloy is summarized for comparison. Finally， the key issues such as how to smoothly extrude flash， the selection of heat treatment process and the deterioration of corrosion resistance of joints after heat treatment are put forward in the relevant research in the future.

As a typical refractory metal material， tungsten alloy possesses high hardness， excellent wear resistance， and good radiation shielding ability， making it widely applicable in various industrial fields. However， its poor formability hinders the manufacturing of complex structural components using traditional preparation methods such as liquid phase sintering. Additive manufacturing technology， which fabricates three-dimensional structural parts by layer-wise accumulation of forming planes， has unique advantages in producing complex components. Consequently， it has attracted extensive attention in the field of tungsten alloy component manufacturing. The development and application of additive manufacturing technology in the preparation of tungsten alloys in recent years are systematically introduced， and the influencing factors of tungsten alloy toughening during the forming process are further discussed. Firstly， the current research status of various tungsten alloy additive manufacturing technologies both domestically and internationally is presented， and their applicable scenarios are summarized. Then， the toughening approaches for tungsten alloys during forming， including second-phase particles and alloying treatments， are comprehensively reviewed. Finally， the development direction of additive manufacturing of tungsten alloys in the fields of composition optimization， process parameter control， post-processing， multi-material printing and intelligent manufacturing integration to improve the mechanical properties of formed alloys and expand the application fields is summarized and prospected.

With the emergence and rapid advancement of cutting-edge sciences like artificial intelligence and brain-computer interface， significant progress has been achieved in the development of flexible gel materials. Due to the good biocompatibility， adaptability to multifunctional components， and cost-effectiveness， polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） is widely used as an ideal skeleton for the construction of gel materials. According to the reports on PVA-based gels in the past years， in this paper， we provide a comprehensive overview of design methods， especially the mechanical reinforcement strategies， to construct physical crosslinked networks of PVA， including freeze-thawing， salt-outing， annealing， and solvent exchange. Furthermore， we summarize the current challenges in high-performance PVA-based gel materials， and propose insights into future developments and potential applications.

Continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composites，as representatives of high-performance structure-function integrated materials，the innovation of their preparation technology and the expansion of engineering applications have always been core issues in the field of materials. This paper mainly reviews the forming process of continuous fiber-reinforced metal matrix composites，systematically combing the advantages，disadvantages，and applicability of traditional forming technologies for fiber metal matrix composites. Aiming at the bottlenecks of traditional processes，high-quality integrated forming methods for new composites such as 3D printing technology and fiber metal prepreg preparation technology are discussed. The feasibility and application trends of these methods in forming structural parts of fiber-reinforced metal matrix composites are also discussed，with the aim of providing a reference for the development direction of high-quality preparation processes for metal matrix composites and their engineering applications.

Selective laser melting （SLM），as an additive manufacturing technology，can freely form high complexity metal parts. With different graphene nanoplatelets （GNPs） contents，GNPs/TC11 composites are prepared by SLM，and the effect of graphene content on the microstructure and physical properties of TC11 alloy formed by SLM is investigated. The microstructure indicates that graphene， as a carbon element， can dissolve into the TC11 matrix， resulting in a solution strengthening effect，and improve the heterogeneous nucleation rate of TC11 alloy that can promote phase α refinement. In addition，different degrees of element segregation are caused by graphene，triggering dislocation pinning effects and hindering deformation dislocation slip. The physical performance results show that the microhardness and strength of GNPs/TC11 composites are improved significantly，while the shape of TC11 wear marks transitions from U-shaped to W-shaped，and the size of wear marks and friction coefficient are reduced. When the load is 50 N，the surface roughness decreases by 43%，while when the load increases to 100 N，the surface roughness decreases by 14%. Additionally，its wear mechanism changes from adhesive wear to abrasive wear under 50 N load，during which the phenomenon of scale peeling is reduced. This indicates that adding GNPs to TC11 can improve its mechanical properties and wear resistance to a certain extent.

Aiming at the interface defect issue of 45/CuSn5 alloy cladding layer，this study proposes a method for suppressing interface defects and optimizing the performance of 45/316L/CuSn5 gradient cladding layer prepared by laser cladding additively using 316L as a transition layer. By systematically comparing the microstructure and element distribution of the interface between the 45/CuSn5 single cladding layer and the 45/316L/CuSn5 gradient cladding layer，the control mechanism of the 316L transition layer is revealed，and the properties of the substrate and gradient cladding layer are compared and studied. The results show that the gradient cladding layer forms a defect-free metallurgical bonding interface due to the introduction of 316L transition layer，and the interface exhibits obvious elemental interdiffusion. The high concentration gradient of Cr element effectively reduces the interface energy and suppresses crack initiation. The diffusion of Cu element into 316L promotes the formation of a Cu-Ni solid solution，while the transition from 316L to the CuSn5 surface cladding layer realizes a transition from austenite （γ-Fe） to an α-Cu solid solution. This crystallographic structure transition effectively suppresses the formation of interfacial brittle phases， thereby achieving interface defect suppression. In the friction and wear test under dry friction conditions with a load of 20 N and reciprocating linear motion for 30 min，the average friction coefficient of the gradient cladding layer is 0.1486，significantly lower than that of the substrate（0.4080）；the wear rate is 1.723 mm³·N^-1·m^-1，which is 30.21% lower than that of the substrate（2.469 mm³·N^-1·m^-1），achieving optimized wear resistance of the substrate. Electrochemical corrosion tests further show that in a 3.5%NaCl solution，the corrosion current density of the gradient cladding layer（3.105×10^-6 A·cm^-2）is one order of magnitude lower than that of the substrate（4.839×10^-5 A·cm^-2）， with the corrosion rate reduced by 93.58%， demonstrating significantly enhanced corrosion resistance.

The study focuses on the nickel-based superalloy ZGH451 manufactured by additive manufacturing， conducting heat treatment experiments with different processes. By analyzing the microstructure and mechanical properties， an optimized heat treatment regime suitable for this alloy has been developed， which consists of short-time high-temperature solution treatment followed by two-stage aging. The results indicate that the optimal heat treatment process is as follows： 1250 ℃ for 15 min （air cooling） + 1100 ℃ for 4 h （air cooling） + 850 ℃ for 24 h （air cooling）. After complete heat treatment， the element segregation within the alloy is eliminated， resulting in a γ' phase microstructure with favorable size （436 nm）， area fraction （63.74%）， and cubic morphology. Additionally， the tensile properties at 760 ℃ are significantly improved， with a tensile strength of 1142 MPa and an elongation of 22.8%.

Surface modification of biomedical metal materials is an effective strategy to enhance its osteogenic biological activity， which can greatly reduce the time for forming a strong chemical bonding between the implant and the human hard tissue. This has great significance to ensure the rapid recovery of patients after implantation surgery. In this work， a facile two-step modification method of alkali heat coupled with pre-calcification is carried out to treat the biomedical titanium tantalum alloy （Ti∶Ta=43∶57， mass ratio）， and its osteogenic bioactivity is evaluated by simulated body fluid （SBF） immersion tests. The results show that no bone-like apatite coating is deposited on the surface of TiTa with alkali-heat treatment after soaking in SBF even for 18 days. While the TiTa alloy treated with alkali-heat and pre-calcification exhibits excellent in vitro osteogenic bioactivity. When the modified TiTa alloy is incubated in SBF for only 3 days， its surface is entirely coated with a newly formed spherical clusters of the hydroxyapatite （HA） coating. The boosted osteogenic bioactivity of TiTa alloy modified with alkali-heat followed by pre-calcification is a synergistic result of multiple factors. That is， after hydrothermal treatment of TiTa alloy in NaOH， a porous， coarse and super-hydrophilic surface， with a static water contact angle from initial （54.9±2.1）° to （11.2±2.4）°， is formed， which is beneficial to the adsorption and spreading of SBF. After further pre-calcification treatment， initial crystal nuclei of calcium and phosphorus compounds are successfully introduced into the surface of TiTa， which can rapidly induce calcium and phosphate ions to precipitate and grow into HA during the SBF immersion process.

To overcome the drawback of the brittle borides formed in the stainless steel joint brazed using Ni-based filler metals and further improve the mechanical properties of the joint， a small amount of Cu powders are added into the BNi-2 filler metal to suppress the formation of brittle borides in the joints. The 304 stainless steels are brazed using the BNi-2 and BNi-2 with Cu as filler metals， respectively. The influences of holding time， brazing temperature， and Cu content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the brazed joints are investigated. The results indicate that for the BNi-2 filler metal， increasing the brazing temperature and time are favorable for reducing the boride content formed in the joint center. In addition， increasing the brazing temperature and time can accelerate the intergranular diffusion of borides， thereby leading to a degradation of joint shear strength. For the BNi-2 filler metal with Cu， when the Cu content is 1%（mass fraction，the same below）， the borides in the joint center are inhibited remarkably， forming a full Ni-based solid solution in the joint center. The joint shear strength obtained is （713.9±16.4） MPa， which is 19% higher than that of the joint without Cu additive. The joint failure occurs at the base metal/filler metal interface， recognized as a ductile fracture. However， when the Cu content increases to 5%， the borides reprecipitate in the joint center， resulting in the reduction of shear strength. In this case， the joint failure evolves to a composite mode with the co-existence of ductile and brittle fracture.

This study addresses the issue of magnetic property degradation during the welding of 1J85 permalloy. Comparative experiments are conducted on 1.5 mm thick annular 1J85 permalloy using two processes： plasma arc welding （PAW） and plasma arc heat treatment welding （PAHTW）， to systematically investigate the effects of these processes on the microstructure and magnetic properties of welded joints. The microstructure， elemental distribution， magnetic permeability and coercivity of the joints are analyzed using optical microscopy， scanning electron microscopy， energy-dispersive spectroscopy， and soft magnetic property testing. The results show that under the PAW process， the morphology of the weld joint exhibits a funnel-shaped structure with a wider top and narrower bottom； under the PAHTW process， multi-layered regional boundaries are formed in the weld zone， with significant grain growth， reduced number of cellular subcrystals， and decreased grain boundary density. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis indicates that the content of the non-magnetic element Si in the weld zone relatively reduces by approximately 50% compared with that in the PAW process. Compared with the PAW process， after PAHTW treatment， the initial magnetic permeability of the joint increases from 40.12 mH/m to 78.81 mH/m， the maximum magnetic permeability increases from 72.63 mH/m to 113.41 mH/m， and the coercivity decreases from 1.70 A/m to 1.24 A/m.

In situ synchrotron radiation X-ray imaging and diffraction are employed to investigate the deformation behavior of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy with different twin contents under uniaxial compression. The as-received magnesium alloy is compressed by 4.3% and 9.4% strain to fabricate twins with different contents， the pre-compressed and as-received magnesium alloys are subjected to uniaxial compression under the same condition， and the macroscale stress-strain curves， mesoscale deformation imaging sequence， and microscale X-ray diffraction patterns are obtained simultaneously. The imaging sequences are analyzed via digital image correlation method to resolve deformation fields， and the X-ray diffraction patterns are integrated to identify deformation twins. The results show that abundant ｛1012｝ and ｛1012｝-｛1012｝ twins are activated in the as-received and pre-twined magnesium alloy during uniaxial compression， respectively. Both ｛1012｝ and ｛1012｝-｛1012｝ twins can boost the strain hardening rate by slowing the strain localization process. Compared with the 4.3% pre-compressed sample， more ｛1012｝-｛1012｝ twins are formed in the 9.4% pre-compressed sample， leading to higher efficiency in slowing down strain localization， so that the strain hardening rate and its increase rate are at a high value during uniaxial compression.

Utilizing laser processing techniques to fabricate groove-shaped microstructures on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy， and an oxide film is prepared on the surface of the textured samples using thermal oxidation method. Friction and wear tests are conducted to investigate the tribological behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy subjected to different surface treatments under ambient dry sliding conditions. Surface morphology， cross-sectional morphology， elemental distribution， surface microhardness before wear testing， as well as microstructural and three-dimensional wear profile changes after wear testing， are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）， three-dimensional optical microscopy， and micro-Vickers hardness testing. The advantages of laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation treatments compared to single laser-textured or thermal oxidation treatment are revealed， as well as the mechanisms of wear resistance and friction reduction. The results indicate that the laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation samples exhibit more stable friction coefficients with less fluctuation compared to samples undergoing single treatments. At a normal load of 3 N， the wear rates laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation samples decrease by 66% and 68% relative to the single laser-textured and single thermal oxidation samples，respectively. As the normal load increases to 10 N， the wear rate reductions are 27% and 38%. Furthermore， the laser-textured combined with thermal oxidation samples show the disappearance of abrasive wear and a reduction in adhesive wear phenomena. They can simultaneously possess the ability to capture wear debris like a single laser-textured samples and the excellent load-carrying capacity of a single thermal oxidation samples， thereby forming multi-film protective mechanism on the substrate and effectively enhancing the tribological performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy surfaces under dry friction conditions.

Nano-SiC/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu composites are prepared by high-energy ball milling combined with spark plasma sintering （SPS） and hot extrusion. The precipitation hardening characteristics， aging precipitation behavior， and microhardness of nano-SiC/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu composites are studied by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）， synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction（SR-XRD）， transmission electron microscopy （TEM） analysis and microhardness test. Results show that the addition of nano-SiC particles increases the thermal diffusion activation energy of η'and η phases， and inhibits the growth of the precipitated phase in the composites. Moreover， adding SiC particles increases the concentration of η' phase and refines the η phase at the grain boundaries， which enhances the precipitate-strengthening effect. With the increase of aging time， the density and size of η' phase within the grain increases， and gradually transforms into η phase. Meanwhile， the η phase precipitated along the grain boundary coarsens. Increasing the aging temperature can increase the free energy of the composite system and the diffusion rate of the solute atoms， promoting the growth of η' phase and η phase and the transformation of η' to η phase. The addition of 3%（volume fraction）SiC nanoparticles increases the microhardness by about 50%， and the peak aging time decreases from 64 h to 16 h with the aging temperature increasing from 100 ℃ to 140 ℃， but the aging temperature change has little effect on the hardness value of peak aging.

As an effective approach for improving the match of strength and ductility of martensitic stainless steel， the processing of quenching and partitioning （Q&P） is seldom implemented in industrial practice of commercial steels due to two factors： the one is difficulty in accurate controlling the quenching suspending temperature， and another is large amount of carbide precipitation within martensite during partitioning. In this work， an experimental medium-carbon martensitic stainless steel of 30Cr15NiMo is designed and fabricated. The effects of processing parameters on microstructures revolution are investigated， and the mechanism of strengthening and toughening is clarified as well， through microstructure characterization and mechanical property testing conduct on Q&P treated samples. The research results show that， the martensitic start （M_s） temperature of the testing steel is approximately 200 ℃ after complete austenitization， and a compound microstructure of martensite and retained austenite can be obtained after the sample being cooled to ambient temperature. The excellent comprehensive mechanical properties of 1255 MPa in yield strength， 1631 MPa in tensile strength， 18.5% in elongation and 42% in area reduction can be achieved in the hot rolled testing steel plate subjected to tempering-assisted partitioning treatment at 480 ℃. The microstructure characterization confirms the volume fraction of retained austenite is approximately 20.2%， and small amount of cementite precipitated inside martensite， these factors improve the uniform elongation and non-uniform elongation synergistically. The research results provide fundamental basis for further optimizing in chemistry and processing.

The fracture morphology of the specimens is observed using a scanning electron microscope， and the failure modes of the 2D C/SiC composites under the action of tensile creep and fracture are investigated and analyzed. The crack extension process of the 2D C/SiC composites under the action of tensile creep is observed using the home-built high-temperature tensile creep tester and the in-situ crack extension observation system. The fracture process and failure mode of 2D C/SiC composites under tensile creep are investigated and studied. The experimental results show that the creep rupture time of 2D C/SiC composite without notch is greater than 8000 s at 1000 ℃/50 MPa， the steady state creep rate is 5.11×10^-8-1.36×10^-7 s^-1. The existence of the notch shortens the steady state creep stage significantly， and the creep time is shortened by about 2000 s， and the steady state creep rate increases to 2.0 × 10^-7 s^-1. The two stages of decelerated creep and steady state creep are the key features of the tensile creep curves of 2D C/SiC composites at 1000 ℃/50 MPa. Crack expansion is mainly concentrated in the late stage of steady state creep phase， where the carbon fiber will rapidly undergo oxidation reaction in the high temperature environment and micro-cracks sprout in the matrix. When the specimen internal micro-crack saturation will produce macro-cracks， macro-cracks connected to the internal pores of the material to form a coherent expansion path， resulting in the rapid expansion of cracks， crack expansion caused by fiber blocking led to cracks occur many times the deflection of the creep specimen macroscopic fracture is jagged， and there are a large number of fibers pulled out.

Using NaOH/urea/water system as the solvent and anhydrous ethanol as the anti-solvent，a series of regenerated cellulose nanocrystal （RCNC） with controllable molecular weights and gradually decreasing yet stabilized sizes are prepared through a multi-step precipitation method. High-performance liquid chromatography and transmission electron microscopy results reveal that the sizes of the obtained RCNC gradually decreased as their molecular weights decreased （from 36 kDa to 9 kDa）. Pickering emulsion stability tests indicate that the prepared RCNC exhibits excellent emulsifying properties. Among them，RCNC-15 with an average molecular weight of 15 kDa exhibits the best emulsifying performance，with the smallest emulsion droplet size and the optimal emulsion stability at low concentrations. Using the RCNC with the best emulsifying properties as the carrier，zinc oxide nanoparticles are grown in-situ on it to conduct emulsion-assisted photo-degradation tests of Nile red. The degradation rate reaches 99.5% within 100 min，indicating that the obtained RCNC could be served as an efficient emulsion-assisted reaction carrier.

Supercapacitors，as a new type of energy storage device between traditional capacitors and secondary batteries，show broad application prospects in many fields. In this study，graphene oxide （GO） is prepared by the Hummers method，and ZIF-8 with a regular dodecahedral structure is grown in-situ. Then，the ZnSe@rGO nanocomposite is successfully prepared via the chemical vapor deposition （CVD） method. SEM images show that the ZnSe@rGO nanocomposite has a regular dodecahedral structure. ZnSe grows along a layer of yarn-like rGO surface and exhibits good crystallization performance. BET tests indicate that the specific surface area of ZnSe@rGO is 57.36 m²·g^-1，which is larger than that of ZIF-8@GO. Electrochemical performance tests of the samples show that，in 3 mol·L^-1 KOH solution，the ZnSe@rGO nanocomposite has a high specific capacitance of 971.4 F·g^-1 at a current density of 1 A·g^-1，confirming the material has good pseudocapacitive behavior. Moreover，at a current density of 2 A·g^-1，the ZnSe@rGO nanocomposite still maintains 74.49% of its initial capacitance and nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency after 5000 cycles，demonstrating excellent cycling stability. When assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor （ZnSe@rGO∥AC），the device achieves a specific capacitance of 112.5 F·g^-1 at a current density of 1.0 A·g^-1. It also delivers an energy density of 40.0 Wh·kg^-1 at a power density of 2057.1 W·kg^-1，making ZnSe@rGO a promising candidate material for asymmetric supercapacitors.

Chloramphenicol （CAP）， as an antibiotic， is widely used as a veterinary medicine in the aquaculture industry. The misuse of CAP can lead to a range of environmental and human health issues， making it extremely important to establish a rapid and sensitive method for detecting CAP. Electrochemical sensors have been widely studied by researchers due to their advantages of simple operation， rapid response， high sensitivity， and ease of miniaturization， but their performance mainly depends on the sensing material. In this work， cobalt-nickel metal-organic framework （CoNi-MOF） is in situ synthesized on the surface of bacteria. CoNi nitrogen-doped carbon nanospheres （CoNi/CN-900） with abundant active sites and a large specific surface area is obtained after carbonization at 900 ℃ by interfacial regulation. The uniform distribution of Ni and Co on CoNi/CN-900 provides more catalytically active sites for the detection of CAP. The CoNi/CN-900-based CAP electrochemical sensor shows a good linear range of 20 nmol/L- 4 μmol/L and 4-38 μmol/L， a detection limit as low as 6.6 nmol/L， and a high sensitivity of 8.75 μA·μmol·L^-1·cm^-2. Compared with the reported same type sensors， it has higher sensitivity and a lower detection limit. In addition， the sensor has good selectivity and high stability， which can keep more than 99.1% of its initial current at room temperature for 35 days.