This study aims to evaluate the immunogenicity of membrane surface protein P4 from Mycoplasmacapricolum subsp. capripneumoniae （Mccp） and its potential as a candidate antigen for vaccine. Preliminary laboratory work identified the membrane surface protein P4. In this study， recombinant protein was prepared using a prokaryotic expression system， after purification， the recombinant protein was emulsified with an adjuvant to prepare vaccine. Immunization and challenge experiments were conducted on goats， and the immune efficacy was evaluated based on clinical symptoms， pathological changes， serum antibodies， bacterial load in lung， and cytokines. The results showed that the rP4 protein was successfully expressed and purified， and could specifically react with the His-tag antibody， rP4 polyclonal antibody and Mccp infection antibody. Immunization with the rP4 stimulated high levels of antibody production in goat but did not alleviate clinical symptoms， with a survival rate of only 40%， the same as the PBS control group. Pathological observations indicated that both acute and chronic cases in the P4 group were more severe than those in the control group. The average bacterial load in the lungs was higher in the P4 group than that in the inactivated vaccine group and the PBS control group. Serum cytokines analysis revealed that the P4 group had upregulated IL-2 level and downregulated IL-4 level post-immunization. In conclusion， this study successfully expressed and purified rP4 and the prepared P4 protein induced antibody production in goats but failed to protect them from Mccp challenge， even exacerbating the pathogenic effects of Mccp on the goats. The findings provide a reference for the design and development of future new type vaccines for contagious caprine pleuropneumonia.

The aim of this study was to identify the Lactobacillus strains that are resistant to Salmonella and provide antibiotic alternatives for the chicken industry. Lactobacillus were isolated from chicken jejunal contents using MRS medium， candidate strains were screened by in vitro bacterial inhibition， acid resistance， enzyme production and adhesion， selected strains were orally administered to one-day-old AA chickens for 28 days to evaluate their effects on growth performance. At 42 days， a Salmonella challenge test was conducted to validate the inhibitory effect against salmonellosis， finally the Lactobacillus strain resistant to Salmonella was identified. Results A total of 27 Lactobacillus strains （including 13 strains of Ligilactobacillus salivarius， 11 strains of Limosilactobacillus reuteri， 2 strains of Lactobacillus johnsonii， and 1 strain of Lactobacillus gasseri） were isolated and identified， among which L. salivarius S31 could significantly inhibit Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Gallinarum， with survival rate of more than 50% at pH 3.0， and produce protease and lipase. This suggests that S31 strain not only has a strong ability to inhibit Salmonella， but also has gastrointestinal adaptability and potential probiotic function. The results of animal experiments showed that the transplantation of L. salivarius S31 strain for 28 d significantly increased the body weight （P<0.000 1）， leg muscle weight （P<0.001）， breast muscle weight （P<0.01）， jejunum length （P<0.01）， intestinal villi length （P<0.05）， goblet cell counts （P<0.05）， and abundance of Lactobacillus in jejunum of the chickens （P<0.05）， which suggests that S31 strain can promote the growth of chickens. The Salmonella attacking was carried out at 42 days， and bacterial load of the spleen （P<0.05）， the transcription levels of TLR-4， MyD88 and AP-1 signaling pathways in the ileum （P<0.01）， and the transcription levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β， IL-6 and IL-12 （P<0.05） in L. salivarius S31 transplantation group were significantly lower than those in the control group， and the jejunum and ileum structures were intact. L. salivarius S31 strain exhibits robust Salmonella-inhibitory capacity， favorable gastrointestinal adaptability， and superior growth-promoting properties， demonstrating significant potential for practical applications.

This work aimed to prepare nanosilver and evaluate its therapeutic effect on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in canine skin wounds. The nanosilver was prepared by biosynthesis method using Ganoderma lucidum extracts （40% polysaccharide content） as reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone as stabilizing agent， followed by characterization using ultraviolet visible absorption spectroscopy， transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Subsequently， the invitro antimicrobial activity of nanosilver was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration. Finally， 12 Beagles weighing about 10 kg were randomly divided into 3 groups of 4 dogs each， namely， saline control group， enrofloxacin positive control group and nanosilver group. After establishing the model of wound infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus， wound healing， bacterial load， histopathological morphology， collagen fibers and angiogenesis， and macrophage polarization levels were tested and analyzed after 12 consecutive days of treatment. The results showed that the prepared nanosilver had a maximum absorption wavelength at 433 nm， and were spherical and uniformly distributed， with a particle size of （20.01±6.99） nm and zeta potential of （-2.56±0.32） mV. Nanosilver exhibited good antibacterial activity against common skin infection causative organisms containing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus， with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 16-32 μg·mL^-1. The results of in vivo experiment showed that nanosilver could effectively reduce the bacterial load of wound tissues， promote collagen deposition and angiogenesis， and improve the immune microenvironment of wounds， which in turn promoted the healing of infected wounds. The results suggested that the prepared nanosilver can effectively treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus induced canine skin wounds infections， laying a material and practical foundation for its translation and application to the clinical treatment of pet skin infections.

This study aimed to investigate preventive effects of aspirin eugenol ester （AEE） on oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the ovaries of hens with fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome （FLHS）. A total of sixty-five 160-day-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to five groups， each containing 13 hens. The control group （Control） was fed a basal diet， while the model group （high-energy low-protein diet， HELP） and low-， medium-， and high-dose AEE treatment groups （AEE-L， AEE-M， AEE-H） were all fed a high-energy low-protein diet supplemented with 0， 25， 50， and 100 mg·kg^-1 aspirin eugenol ester， respectively. The results showed that， compared with the control group， the ovaries of laying hens in the HELP group exhibited distinct lipid vacuoles of varying sizes. In contrast， the number of lipid vacuoles in the ovarian tissue was significantly reduced in the AEE-treated groups compared with the HELP group. Compared with the control group， the activities of SOD， GSH， and CAT in the ovaries of hens in the HELP group were significantly decreased， while the level of MDA was significantly increased （P<0.05）. In contrast， AEE treatment groups demonstrated significantly enhanced SOD， CAT， and GSH activities and reduced MDA levels and significantly upregulated SOD and CAT mRNA transcription compared with the HELP group （P<0.05）. Compared with the Control group， the expression levels of antioxidant-related genes and proteins Nrf2， NQO1， and HO-1 were significantly decreased in the ovaries of hens in the HELP group， while the expression of Keap1 was significantly increased （P<0.05）. In contrast， the AEE-treated groups showed significantly increased expression of Nrf2， NQO1， and HO-1 and decreased expression of Keap1 compared with the HELP group （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group， the mRNA transcription levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β， IL-6， and TNF-α were significantly increased in the ovaries of hens in the HELP group. In addition， the expression levels of inflammation-related genes and proteins-including TLR4， NF-κB， and p-p65 were also significantly elevated （P<0.05）. In contrast， AEE treatment groups exhibited significantly reduced expression of IL-1β， IL-6， TNF-α， TLR4 and NF-κB genes， along with significantly decreased p-p65 protein expression compared to the HELP group （P<0.05）. In summary， fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens can induce ovarian oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Supplementation with varying doses of AEE demonstrated preventive effects against ovarian damage in laying hens with fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome.

Cyclophosphamide （CTX） is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for treating canine tumors； however， its potent immunosuppressive effects can impair immune function and disrupt gut microbiota homeostasis， increasing the risk of secondary complications. Lactobacillus murinus （L. murinus） has been reported to modulate immune cell activity and protect the gastrointestinal tract， highlighting its potential as a functional food additive. In this study， a probiotic strain with optimal characteristics， L. murinus ZNL-13， was isolated from the fresh feces of healthy dogs. The aim was to evaluate the effects of this canine-derived strain on CTX-induced immunosuppression and gut microbiota dysbiosis in dogs. Serum immune parameters and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing were used for analysis. Results showed that prophylactic administration of L. murinus ZNL-13 significantly improved CTX-induced reductions in white blood cells and lymphocytes （P<0.05）， alleviated liver and kidney injury， reduced oxidative stress （P<0.05）， and enhanced intestinal barrier function by lowering serum levels of DAO and D-lactic acid （P<0.01）. In addition， L. murinus ZNL-13 mitigated the CTX-induced decline in serum IgG and key immune cytokines （P<0.05）， increased the abundance of beneficial gut bacteria， and restored microbial homeostasis. Meanwhile， the levels of beneficial bacteria such as Blautia_A， Holdemanella， and Peptacetobacter were increased， contributing to the restoration of gut microbiota homeostasis. In conclusion， L. murinus ZNL-13 effectively counteracts CTX-induced immunosuppression， oxidative stress， and gut barrier dysfunction， offering a promising strategy for the development of novel functional food additives to support immune health in dogs.

This study aimed to analyze the medication law of the core medication for the treatment of dairy cow mastitis prescription. This study used Excel and GraphPad Prism software to analyze the basic information of the prescription for the treatment of dairy cow mastitis. IBM Spss Statistics 26.0， IBM Spss Modeler， and Cytoscape software were used for analyzing the performance and association of Chinese herbal medicines in the prescription. Data mining was conducted using association rules with IBM SPSS Statistics 26， IBM SPSS Modeler， and Cytoscape software to identify the core drugs. The clinical efficacy of the core drug dandelion was also validated. The results showed that a total of 239 prescriptions were included in the analysis， involving 185 different traditional Chinese medicines. The total frequency of drug use was 2 317. The core drugs identified were dandelion， angelica， licorice， honeysuckle and forsythia， with a frequency of ≥100 times. These drugs have different properties， including cold， warm， bitter， sweet， and pungent， and mainly belong to the liver， stomach， and lung meridians. The combination of dandelion-Zingiber officinale， honeysuckle drug pair had the highest confidence. Cluster analysis categorized the core drug into 7 groups， with dandelion being the most central drug in its use.Clinical efficacy tests demonstrated that the core drug， dandelion， significantly reduced the number of somatic cells in the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis and showed a good therapeutic effect on subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. In this study， dandelion was identified as the core drug for the treatment of dairy cow mastitis. This provides a reference for scientifically guiding the rational use of medication in the clinical treatment of dairy cow mastitis， as well as offering data support for the development of Chinese veterinary medicine for the prevention and treatment of dairy cow mastitis.

The aim was to study the effects of the ethanol extract of chicory （CIL）， a medicinal and edible homology herb， on the hepatic lipid metabolites of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） induced by high-fat diet （HFD）， and to analyze the mechanism of chicory action in ameliorating the disorders of lipid metabolism. HFD was induced to establish a NAFLD model in C57BL/6J mice， and the therapeutic effects of CIL （800 mg·kg^-1 and 2 g·kg^-1） and simvastatin （SVT， 20 mg·kg^-1） were evaluated in NAFLD mice. Measurement of liver aspartate aminotransferase （AST） and alanine aminotransferase （ALT） enzyme activity， catalase （CAT） activity， malondialdehyde （MDA） content， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-10 （IL-10） content. The composition of hepatic lipid metabolites was detected using UPLC-MS/MS lipidomics； qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of mRNA genes for lipid synthesis-related genes （PPARγ， ACCα， Srebp1c and CD36） and lipid oxidation-related genes （PPARα and CPT1α）. The results of in vivo experiments showed that high-dose chicory alcohol extract group （HCIL） suppressed HFD-induced abnormal elevation of AST and ALT highly significantly （P<0.01）， and there was no significant difference compared with the SVT group enzyme activity （P>0.05）. The CIL treatment highly significantly reduced blood and liver triglyceride （TG） levels （P<0.01）， and there was no significant difference in TG levels with the SVT group （P>0.05）. The HCIL treatment obviously alleviated hepatic steatosis and fat cell volume； remodeled the lipid composition of liver， lowered hepatic TG and DG levels， and elevated the levels of PG， PE， LNAPE， LPE， and HexCer. Both the HCIL group and the SVT group highly significantly lowered the hepatic expression levels of PPARγ， ACCα， Srebp1c， and CD36 mRNA genes （P<0.01）， targeted inhibition of lipid uptake by CD36 protein， and molecular docking with high binding energy. Therefore， CIL regulates lipid metabolism disorders by targeted inhibition of CD36 lipid uptake， improving liver lipid composition. The pharmacological effects of CIL treatment for NAFLD are not significantly different from those of SVT drug treatment， which will promote the development and application of chicory products in the livestock and poultry farming industry.

This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on growth performance and intestinal flora of chickens. Based on the PRISMA guidelines， this study conducted a Meta-analysis of 21 Chinese literatures （including randomized controlled trials of chickens） published in CNKI， VIP， Wanfang， PubMed and Web of Science databases from the establishment of the database to September 2025. The RevMan 5.4 software was used to calculate the weighted average and 95% confidence interval by random effect model， and to evaluate the heterogeneity and publication bias. The results showed that compound Chinese herbal medicine could significantly increase ADFI （MD=2.42 g·d^-1， 95%CI［1.99， 2.85］） （P<0.01）， ADG （MD=3.23 g·d^-1， 95%CI［2.48， 3.98］） （P<0.01）， and VH/CD （MD=0.87， 95%CI［0.40， 1.35］） （P<0.01） compared with the blank group. Significantly reduced F/G （MD=-0.19， 95%CI［-0.27， -0.11］） （P<0.01） and the number of E.coli （MD=-1.48， 95%CI［-1.87， -1.09］） （P<0.01）， but there was no significant difference between the Chinese herbal medicine group and the blank group in improving Shannon index， Chao1 index， Simpson index and the number of lactic acid bacteria （P>0.05）. Compared with the antibiotic group， there was no significant difference in ADFI， ADG and F/G （P>0.05）. In this study， the effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on production performance and intestinal health of chickens were evaluated by Meta-analysis system. The results showed that the compound Chinese herbal medicine had a significant effect on ADFI and ADG of broiler and broiler-egg dual-purpose chickens， and the effect was prominent in the brooding period and the growing period. At the same time， it could significantly reduce the F/G of broilers， but had no significant effect on the related indexes of laying hens. Compound Chinese herbal medicine could selectively inhibit the proliferation of Escherichia coli and significantly increase the ratio of intestinal villus height to crypt depth （VH/CD）， but had no significant effect on the diversity index of flora and the number of lactic acid bacteria. The results of this study provide a systematic reference for the application of compound Chinese herbal medicine in chicken production， which is of great significance for the application and in-depth study of Chinese herbal medicine in chicken breeding.

From 2023 to 2024， 10-20-day-old ducks in a meat duck farm in Jiangsu Province， were suspected of being infected with duck plague virus （DPV）. This study aims to isolate and identify the virus and analyze genomic characteristics. Viral isolation and genome sequencing analysis were performed on the disease material in this study. Results were as follows： Duck plague virus was detected in visceral tissue， and a duck plague strain was successfully isolated， named QL2312. It has the same pathogenicity as the virulent strain. Sequence analysis of the isolate genome revealed that the UL2 gene of QL2312 strain was the same as that of the vaccine strain C-KCE strain， while the UL56/LORF5 gene was the same as the classical strain CHv and CV strains. This study successfully isolated a duck plague mutant strain， providing a basis for further research on related diseases.

This article aims to elucidate how single-cell omics technologies advance livestock research and provides a systematic review of the construction process， current applications， and major challenges of single-cell transcriptomic databases in domestic animals. It seeks to offer data references and analytical frameworks for researchers， thereby promoting deeper application of this technology in livestock studies. This review conducted a comprehensive review and integrated analysis of existing single-cell transcriptomic database resources for livestock， summarizing their construction methodologies and application pathways， while also discussing current technical bottlenecks. The review demonstrates that single-cell transcriptomics offers novel perspectives and abundant data resources for elucidating mechanisms of livestock diseases， molecular breeding， and health management， while also revealing significant challenges in areas such as data integration and annotation standardization. Future efforts should focus on constructing high-quality databases， developing analysis algorithms tailored to livestock species， and promoting multi-omics integration to fully leverage the potential of single-cell technologies in the development of animal husbandry.