Objective To analyze the changes in the disease burden of stroke attributable to low physical activity in China from 1990 to 2021, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of prevention and control strategies for stroke. Methods Data on mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for stroke attributable to low physical activity in China from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The disease burden of stroke attributable to low physical activity in China was analyzed by gender and age group from 1990 to 2021. The Joinpoint regression model was utilized to analyze the trends in disease burden. Results From 1990 to 2021, the number of deaths, mortality rates, YLLs, YLLs rates,YLDs, YLDs rates, DALYs, and DALYs rates attributable to low physical activity in China showed an upward trend, with increases of 129.80%, 90.48%, 97.39%, 63.26%, 216.74%, 162.17%, 112.94%, and 76.05%, respectively. The age-standardized mortality rate, age-standardized YLLs rate, and age-standardized DALYs rate showed a downward trend, with decreases of 20.14%, 25.68%, and 18.75%,respectively, while the age-standardized YLDs rate has increased by 18.26% compared to 1990. Joinpoint regression analysis results indicated that the average annual percent change (AAPC) for the age-standardized mortality rate, age-standardized YLLs rate, age-standardized DALYs rate, and age-standardized YLDs rate attributable to low physical activity from 1990 to 2021 were-0.72%, -0.96%, -0.68%, and 0.92%, respectively. Gender-stratified analysis revealed that in 2021, the age-standardized mortality rate, age-standardized YLLs rate, and age-standardized DALYs rate attributable to low physical activity were higher in males than in females. Meanwhile, the decline in the age-standardized mortality rate, age-standardized YLLs rate, and age-standardized DALYs rate attributable to low physical activity was more rapid in females compared to males. Age-stratified results indicated that the disease burden of stroke attributable to low physical activity increased with age but showed a trend toward affecting younger individuals. Conclusion The disease burden of stroke attributable to low physical activity in China remains substantial, indicating a need for targeted and comprehensive prevention and control measures, particularly for key populations such as the elderly, males, and middle-aged and young adults.

Objective This study aims to explore the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and intrinsic capacity (IC) in older adults, as well as the mediating role of healthy lifestyle. Methods Based on data from the Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study (HMACS), SES was assessed based on education, occupation, and income, and then categorized into high, medium, and low groups. Healthy lifestyle score (0-6 points) was constructed based on smoking, drinking, diet, social activities, physical exercise, and intellectual leisure activities. IC was assessed according to the indicators recommended by the WHO (2015). Group differences were compared using χ² tests or variance analysis. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the association between SES and IC impairment, and general linear regression models were used to analyze the association between SES and IC. A mediation model was employed to assess the mediating effect of healthy lifestyles on the association between SES and IC, with comparisons across sex and SES groups. Results A total of 5 628 eligible participants aged ≥60 years were included. Older adults with high SES had significantly higher healthy lifestyle scores than those with low SES (P<0.05). The IC impairment in the middle and low SES groups was 1.507 times (95% CI: 1.289-1.762) and 6.476 times (95% CI: 5.051-8.304) than that of the high SES group, respectively, both with P<0.001. SES and IC were significantly positively correlated (β=0.530, 95% CI: 0.505-0.555, P<0.001), with the strongest association in the low SES group (β=1.004,95% CI: 0.773-1.234, P<0.001). Healthy lifestyle partially mediated the relationship between SES and IC, with a mediation effect of 9.25%. The mediation effects were 8.32% in males and 10.19% in females. The mediation effect was significant only in the medium SES group (15.03%), with no significant mediation observed in the low or high SES groups. Conclusion In older adults, SES and IC are significantly positively correlated. SES is associated with IC both directly and indirectly through a healthy lifestyle, with mediating effects varying by sex and SES. Therefore, health promotion measures for older adults should fully consider sex and SES differences, emphasize the improvement of healthy lifestyles, enhance IC in older adults, and promote healthy aging.

Objective To observe the effects of oxygen enrichment on blood oxygen saturation and heart rate in plateau migrants. Methods Oxygen-enriched rooms were created at altitudes of 4 200 m and 5 100 m using different enclosed spaces, maintaining oxygen volume percentages at approximately 25% and 27%, respectively. Changes in blood oxygen saturation and heart rate at different time points before and after oxygen enrichment were compared among subjects. Results Achieving 25%and 27% oxygen concentrations in various enclosed spaces at 4 200 m and 5 100 m required total oxygen volumes of 200-3 840 L, with average oxygen consumption of 32-88.7 L/m³, and maintenance oxygen flow rates of 2-18 L/min. Compared with baseline levels, subjects exhibited significantly increased blood oxygen saturation (P<0.05 or P<0.01) and significantly decreased heart rate (P<0.05 or P<0.01) after oxygen enrichment. Conclusion At 4 200 m and 5 100 m altitudes, increasing oxygen concentrations to 25% and 27%, respectively, can elevate blood oxygen saturation levels and effectively reduce heart rate in subjects. For constructing high-altitude oxygen-enriched rooms, smaller and well-sealed spaces are recommended.

Objective To investigate the effects of spicy diet on male semen quality. Methods This study recruited male volunteers from Chongqing and Puyang, analyzed the impact of spicy diets on male semen quality, and further conducted a stratified analysis by region to verify the stability of the conclusions. Logistic regression evaluated spicy diet’s association with abnormal semen quality (normal/abnormal classification). Results A total of 2 128 subjects were included in the study (1 394 from Puyang and 779 from Chongqing). Linear mixed-effects model analysis revealed that duration of chili consumption was positively correlated with semen volume(β=0.05, 95% CI: 0.01-0.09, P=0.012), sperm concentration (β=1.64, 95% CI:0.35-2.93, P=0.013), total sperm count (β=6.89, 95% CI: 0.89-12.89, P=0.024), progressive motility (β=1.22, 95% CI: 0.75-1.69, P<0.001), VCL (β=0.73, 95% CI: 0.36-1.11, P<0.001), BCF (β=0.24, 95% CI: 0.15-0.32, P<0.001), STR (β=1.31, 95%CI: 0.73-1.90, P<0.001), WOB (β=0.91, 95% CI: 0.22-1.61, P=0.010), and normal morphology rate (β=0.34, 95% CI: 0.18-0.50, P<0.001), while negatively correlated with head defect rate (β=-1.11, 95% CI: -1.54~-0.67, P<0.001) and neck defect rate (β=-1.20, 95% CI: -1.62~-0.77, P<0.001). Weekly frequency of chili consumption showed positive correlations with sperm concentration (β=2.48, 95% CI: 0.05-4.92, P=0.046) and progressive motility (β=1.06, 95% CI: 0.18-1.94, P=0.019). Monthly frequency of chili consumption was positively associated with VSL (β=0.82, 95% CI: 0.32-1.31, P=0.001) and VAP (β=0.85, 95% CI: 0.25-1.46, P=0.006). Both duration and weekly frequency of chili consumption exhibited dose-response protective effects on semen quality, showing progressively decreasing risks of abnormal semen quality with increasing consumption duration and frequency (P_trend<0.001 and 0.042, respectively). Those who had maintained a spicy diet for more than 3 years had a reduced risk of abnormal semen quality. Conclusion Spicy diet is associated with improved semen quality, with long-term consumption potentially reducing abnormality risk.

Objective To evaluate the extent to which clinical doctors in Hebei Province have mastered the knowledge associated with the prevention and control of viral hepatitis C and its influencing factors, and supply a scientific basis to further improve and perfect the prevention and control strategies of hepatitis C. Methods The on-site investigation adopted the "Questionnaire on Hepatitis C Prevention and Treatment Knowledge for Clinical Doctors" devised by the National AIDS Prevention and Control Center. Its components involved demographic traits, fundamental prevention and treatment knowledge, diagnosis and treatment standards, as well as case reporting requirements, and others. Categorical variables were described using proportions and rates.The influencing factors of awareness of hepatitis C knowledge were studied by using the χ² test and multivariable logistic regression method. Results This survey obtained 2 858 questionnaires in total, and every single one of them was valid. The awareness rate of basic knowledge and professional knowledge was 95.31% (2 724/2 858) and 14.49% (414/2 858), respectively.In terms of basic knowledge content, the correct answer rate for "Hepatitis C can be cured" was the lowest, at 86.28%, while the correct answer rates for other questions were all above 90%. Regarding professional knowledge, 50% (8/16) of the questions had a correct answer rate below 50%. Among these, the question on "Diagnostic basis for diagnosing hepatitis C" had the lowest correct answer rate, at 13.89%. The educational background, department, hospital level and type of clinical doctor, as well as whether they have received hepatitis C knowledge training in the past year, all have an impact on their knowledge of hepatitis C. Doctors with a master’s degree or above had higher knowledge levels than those with a master’s degree or below (OR=2.324, 95% CI:1.706-3.166). Doctors in infectious diseases had higher knowledge levels than those in non-infectious diseases such as internal medicine (OR=0.275, 95% CI: 0.159-0.475). Doctors in tertiary hospitals had higher knowledge levels than those in secondary and lower-level hospitals (OR=1.462, 95% CI: 1.044-2.048). Doctors in provincial hospitals were better than those in county and municipal hospitals (OR=2.869, 95% CI: 1.978-4.161). Doctors who have received prevention and treatment knowledge training in the past year were higher than those who have not received training (OR=3.144, 95% CI: 2.386-4.143). Conclusion While many clinical doctors in Hebei Province have mastered the fundamental knowledge about hepatitis C prevention and treatment quite well, the level of their professional knowledge needs to be improved. Attention should be paid to strengthening the training on diagnosis, treatment and case reporting, etc. At the same time, differentiated training programs should be formulated for different groups to effectively improve the diagnosis and treatment level of clinicians.

Objective To analyze the duplicate reporting of hepatitis B in Guangxi from 2014 to 2023, providing data to support future research. Methods Duplicate cases of hepatitis B in Guangxi from 2014 to 2023 were identified by matching combinations of rules, including identity card number, name, sex, date of birth, contact number, and current address of patient. The duplicate reporting rates were calculated. Results A total of 499 965 hepatitis B cases were reported in Guangxi from 2014 to 2023, in which 46 439 cases were reported in duplicate, and the duplicate reporting rate was 9.29%. There was an upward trend in the duplicate reporting rate over the years (χ²_trend=6 156.939, P<0.001). The within-year duplicate reporting rate was 1.58%, and the cross-year duplicate reporting rate was 7.70%. The within-year duplicate reporting rate showed an increasing trend (χ²_trend=7.320, P=0.007). The duplicate reporting rate of each city ranged from 4.25% to 12.08% (χ²=3 284.620, P<0.001). The duplicate reporting rate increased with age group (χ²_trend=675.314, P<0.001). The duplicate reporting rate of hospitals of different levels ranged from 4.69% to 19.13% (χ²=24 388.260, P<0.001), with the highest duplicate reporting rate observed in secondary-level hospitals. After excluding duplicated records, the average annual reported incidence rate of hepatitis B in Guangxi from 2014 to 2023 was 92.60 per 100 000 population. Conclusion The report incidence rate of hepatitis B is overestimated because of the duplicate reporting. A cross-year and cross-area duplicate reporting checking system should be established to reduce the duplicate reporting, and improve the surveillance quality for hepatitis B.

Objective The study aims to analyze the types and causes of multiple misalignment between supply and demand of health and wellness services in China, with a view to providing novel and operable theoretical perspectives and practical paths for solving the problem of misalignment between supply and demand and breaking through the bottlenecks of current health and wellness services. Methods A meta-ethnographic approach was adopted to analyse 16 original studies, to scientifically classify the types of multiple misalignment between supply and demand of health and wellness services in China, and to systematically deconstruct their causes with the help of the ROCCIPI technology framework. Results This study summarized the significant misalignment between supply and demand of health and wellness services in China in terms of quantity matching, quality satisfaction, structural rationality and information symmetry. Then, the root causes of the misalignment were analyzed from the seven core dimensions of rule-making and enforcement, opportunity grasping, capacity provision, information exchange, benefit distribution, process optimization, and awareness enhancement. Conclusion It is suggested to focus on five core dimensions, including collaborative participation of multiple stakeholders, dynamic requirements identification, efficient resource integration, integration of digital and intelligent technologies, and cultivation of professional talents, so as to promote the precise matching and sound development of supply and demand in health and wellness services.

Objective To establish a paper spray mass spectrometry method for the determination of 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 2-methoxypropionic acid as biomarkers of propylene glycol monomethyl ether in urine. Methods The urine sample was dropped onto the chromatographic paper, and a high voltage of 4 kV was applied to the back of the paper. After dissolution in the spray solvent, the sample formed an electrospray at the paper tip under the effect of voltage, which then entered the mass spectrometer for detection. Results The linear ranges of 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 2-methoxypropionic acid were 0.036-46.15 μg/mL and 0.029-54.25 μg/mL, respectively, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.999 6 to 0.999 9. The detection limit (LOD) was between 0.008 8 and 0.011 μg/mL, and the quantification limit(LOQ) was between 0.029 and 0.036 μg/mL. The sample recovery rate ranged from 90.8% to 105.0%, and RSDs ranged from 3.3% to 9.7%. Conclusion This method requires no sample processing, features simplicity, rapidity and high sensitivity, making it suitable for the rapid screening of propylene glycol monomethyl ether in urine.

Objective Based on the Python platform, the entire process of vector-borne infectious disease mathematical models is expanded to better fit models and evaluate intervention effects, to provide new ideas for grassroots prevention and control, and to open up new perspectives. Methods The SmEmIm-SpEpIpApRp model was fitted using the lmfit library, solved with the solve_ivp function, and sensitivity analysis of key model parameters was performed. The Rt calculation was based on the next generation matrix method, and all results were visually displayed with the help of Matplotlib. Results The results showed that R²=0.98 and RMSE=2.07. Rt was 5.607 in the early stage of the epidemic, and Rt_peak was 8.439 on day 41. The period with Rt>1 lasted 81 days, and q had the highest sensitivity (S=35.435). Under a single intervention, when β_mp and β_pm<0.01, Rt<1 and the epidemic disappeared. Controlling only γ and q would not eliminate the epidemic. Under comprehensive intervention, Scenario 1 could reduce the cumulative cases by 98.64%, and Rt_peak=0.868. Scenario 2 could reduce the cumulative cases by 87.95%,and Rt_peak=1.988. For Scenario 3, Rt_peak=4.78. Although the increase in Rt was smaller and the change rate was low, the longer duration could increase cumulative cases by 161.47%. Scenario 4 could reduce the cumulative cases by 99.38%, and Rt_peak=0.28. Conclusions The high goodness of fit of the model based on the Python platform verifies the necessity of seasonal dynamic modeling, provides an integrated solution for the prevention and control of vector-borne infectious diseases, expands the practical boundaries of theoretical models, and opens a new perspective for precise prevention and control at the grassroots level.

Objective To analyze the fairness and impact mechanisms of the allocation of public health physician resources in China. Methods The fairness of public health physician resource allocation in 31 provinces across the country was set as the outcome variable, and 7 indicators were selected from the government, socio-economic and individual levels as conditional variables, and a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was performed. Results There were large differences in the allocation of public health physician resources in 31 provinces in China. Single factors cannot constitute a necessary condition to affect the fair allocation of public health physician resources. There were 10 paths that affect the fair allocation of public health physician resources, of which 2 paths had high fairness configurations, with an overall consistency of 0.97 and an overall coverage of 0.61. There were 8 paths in low fairness configurations, with an overall consistency of 0.96 and an overall coverage of 0.83. Conclusion Population aggregation is the basic premise for determining the fair allocation of public health physician resources. Financial support and residents’ income are key guarantees to support the fair allocation of public health physician resources. Medical insurance and basic public health service subsidies are complementary support for promoting the fair allocation of public health physician resources. Multi-factor coupling is a systematic mechanism for realizing the fair allocation of public health physician resources.