Objective To explore the application areas of rapid detection technology for core quality indicators in cheese and its products using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and validating the feasibility of NIRS for rapid testing of cheese quality parameters. Methods Four types of common processed cheese products (cheese sticks, cheese slices, cream cheese, Mozzarella) were selected for experimentation and divided into modeling and validation sets; modeling experiments were conducted using samples from the modeling set on a single-brand instrument; synchronous national standard detection and multi-instrument NIRS detection comparative analysis were performed using instruments from 4 different manufacturers on the validation sets. Results For modeling, multidimensional prediction models for core indicators (protein, fat, moisture, pH) were successfully constructed by comparing the modeling mechanisms of algorithms like partial least squares regression (PLSR), with the coefficient of determination exceeding 0.85. For validation, the average deviations between the NIRS detection results (protein, fat, moisture) obtained using 4 kinds of NIRS spectrometers on different cheese products and those determined by national standard methods met equivalence requirements except for the protein deviation (>10%) of Mozzarella on instrument No.1; precision also met the requirements of national standard methods. Conclusion The application of NIRS spectroscopy equipment for rapid detection of core quality indicators in cheese and its products is feasible; NIRS spectroscopy technology can serve as an effective supplement to traditional chemical detection methods for rapid analysis of cheese composition, offering greater potential for high-efficiency, low-cost, and environmentally friendly testing.

Objective To construct a carbon nanotube-poly(neutral red) modified electrode for the competitive electrochemical rapid detection of putrescine in Procambarus clarkii samples. Methods Putrescine was selected as a freshness indicator for Procambarus clarkii. A carbon nanotube-poly(neutral red) modified electrode was designed for putrescine detection. The relationship between the electrochemical behavior of the electrode and the concentration of putrescine was explored, and its application in electrochemical sensing of putrescine was investigated. After optimizing factors such as scan rate and electrolyte pH, the putrescine content in Procambarus clarkii was determined. Recovery experiments were conducted, and the results were compared with high performance liquid chromatography. Results The carbon nanotube-poly(neutral red) modified electrode exhibited a significant electrochemical inhibition effect towards putrescine, with a notable inverse relationship between the concentration of putrescine and the peak current of the electrode. The linear range was described by the equation ΔI=3.8ln[c_(PUT)]+8.3, with a correlation coefficient of r=0.99. When applied to the detection of putrescine in crayfish samples, the results obtained by this method were highly consistent with those obtained by the high performance liquid chromatography. Conclusion The method can be employed for the detection of putrescine concentration in Procambarus clarkii and serves as a biosensor for putrescine, a freshness indicator of Procambarus clarkii.

In the face of global population growth and agricultural production pressure, as well as the serious challenges of agricultural product quality and safety issues, the traditional methods of agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction have become insufficient. The rapid development of machine learning technology provides new solution ideas for agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction. This paper systematically summarized the applications of machine learning technology in agricultural product safety risk monitoring (including physical, chemical and biological risks), agricultural product authenticity and traceability assurance, and agricultural product risk assessment prediction based on historical data. Machine learning technology undoubtedly improves the efficiency of agricultural product integrity monitoring effectively, realizes early detection and prevention of risks, and provides new solution for constructing a safer and more reliable food supply chain provides new solutions. Although these applications show great promise, there are still challenges to artificial intelligence in the field of agricultural produce integrity monitoring and risk prediction. Based on summarizing the literature, this paper further explored the prospects and directions of this trend, and presented the importance of machine learning model interpretability and trust issues, as well as problems in data acquisition and use, to improve the application of machine learning in agricultural product integrity monitoring and risk prediction.

Objective To explore the mineral element differences in different visceral by-products of Simmental beef cattle in Ningxia. Methods Using post-slaughter by-products from Ningxia Simmental cattle (beef heart, beef liver, beef tripe, beef intestines) as the research subject, the content differences of 42 kinds of mineral elements in the 4 kinds of by-products were detected and analyzed. And verified through discriminant analysis. Results The results indicated that there were significant differences in the content of 38 kinds of and 41 kinds of mineral elements respectively in the 4 kinds of beef cattle by-products from Guyuan and Wuzhong regions (P>0.05). The content of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr in all beef cattle by-products is below the limit standards. Beef tripe has a strong adsorption and accumulation effect on heavy metals such as Ni and Cr, rare earth elements Eu, Gd, Nd and Sm, as well as other elements included Nb, Sb and Sn; beef liver had a strong absorption and enrichment effect on heavy metals like Cd, trace elements Cu and Mo. Based on mineral elements, effective differentiation of various by-products and samples from different origins could be achieved. Selected Cs, Na, Li, Cd, Tl, Rb, Cr, U, Pt, Ta, Co, Sc, Mo, Ni, Zn, Ir, Sn and Fe as the key characteristic elements for distinguishing between cow stomach, cow liver, cow heart, and cow intestine. Eleven key elements had been identified to distinguish the origin of beef by-products from Guyuan and Wuzhong, included Cs, Cr, Rb, As, Sn, Nb, Ni, Li, Sb, Ti and Hg. Conclusion Beef by-products have their own elemental characteristics, and different by-products and samples from different origins can be effectively distinguished by the content of mineral elements. The research findings will help establish a quality database for beef by-products, providing data support for the development of new products by enterprises.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 5 kinds of drugs (atropine, procaine, scopolamine, anisodamine and lidocaine) in lard and pork by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methods The pretreatment conditions and instrument parameters were optimized. HLB Pro solid-phase extraction cartridges were used for purification, with 1 mL of 30% acetonitrile and 1 mL of pure acetonitrile for elution. The residues of the 5 kinds of veterinary drugs in lard and pork were determined under the following conditions: 5 kV capillary voltage, 540 °C desolvation gas temperature at 13 L/min, 2 L/min nebulizer gas flow, 1.2 L/min cone gas flow, and multiple reaction monitoring mode. Results The calibration curves of the 5 kinds of drugs showed good linearity in the mass concentration range of 0.1-10.0 ng/mL, with correlation coefficient (r²)>0.9950. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.013 to 0.142 µg/kg. Recoveries were between 84.72% and 106.24%, and precision (n=6) ranged from 0.45% to 7.32%. No target drug residues were detected in the tested pork and lard samples. Conclusion This study establishes a detection method based on a domestically produced LC-MS/MS system and HLB Pro solid-phase extraction columns, providing a cost-effective and reliable solution for the efficient screening of the 5 kinds of veterinary drug residues in pork and lard.

Objective To optimize the frying formulation and process of rice bran-enriched chicken cutlets. Methods Taking sensory evaluation as the assessment criteria, single-factor experiments were conducted to examine the effects of rice bran addition amount, wheat flour and corn starch ratio, frying temperature and frying time on the quality of fried chicken cutlets. Orthogonal experiments were employed to optimize the addition amounts and process parameters. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20, with P<0.05 indicating statistically significant differences. Origin was used for graphical visualization. Results The order of influence of various factors on the sensory quality of fried chicken chops was: Frying temperature>frying time>wheat flour and corn starch ratio>rice bran addition. The frying conditions were determined by comprehensive consideration: Rice bran addition 0.8% (m:m), wheat flour and corn starch ratio 1:1 (m:m), frying temperature 180 ℃, frying time 2 min. The sensory score of fried chicken chops under this condition was 90.1 points. The fried chicken chops had uniform golden color, rich aroma, moderate hardness, good brittleness and sensory quality. Conclusion It is feasible to add rice bran to the traditional coating formula, which can provide a theoretical basis for mass production industrialization.

Objective To assess the risks of pesticide residues of animal-derived foods in commercial market. Methods The 146 kinds of pesticides were determined in 460 batches of animal foods by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The risk of pesticide residues detected in animal foods was evaluated by food safety index (IFS) method and dietary risk assessment model. Results The overall detection rate of the sample was 48.9%, and a total of 24 kinds of pesticides were detected, primarily insecticides, with low and moderate toxicity being the main characteristic. Among the detected samples, the number of detected pesticides was the highest in aquatic products, followed by eggs, livestock meat and poultry meat. Among the detected pesticides, the largest number of pesticides were detected in aquatic products, followed by livestock meat, poultry meat and eggs. The pesticides in aquatic products were mostly hexaflumuron, pendimethalin, DDT, dimethoate, trifluralin, thifluzamide and carbaryl. While the livestock meat was mainly diphenylamine, ethoprophos and boscalid, the poultry was mainly boscalid, and the eggs were mainly fipronil. The results of IFS showed that the average safety index ($\overline{\text{IFS}}$) of all pesticides was 0.000001-0.010021, which was far less than 1. The overall safety status of all pesticides in animal foods was acceptable. The results of dietary risk assessment indicated that acceptable daily intake (%ADI) of each detected pesticide in the 4 types of animal-derived foods were far less than 100%, and the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were far less than 1. The risk level of these pesticide residues of animal foods was within the acceptable range. Conclusion There are pesticide residues in animal-derived foods. Although the overall risk of pesticide residues detected in animal-derived foods is relatively low and within an acceptable range, however, samples and pesticides with high detection rates should be the focus of supervision to ensure the safety of animal-derived foods in the future.

Objective To investigate the distribution of 26 kinds of metal elements (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Al, Mn, Cu, Ba, V, Se, Sb, Ni, Sn, Li, B, Zn, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Sr, Mo, Co, Rb) and assess the dietary risk with cereals in Handan City. Methods A total of 51 cereal samples (wheat and maize) were analyzed for 26 kinds of metal elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistical analysis was performed on the detection results, and nutritional and exposure risk assessments were conducted for macro- and trace elements using the individual pollution index, target hazard quotient, carcinogenic risk, and estimated daily intake. Results The method demonstrated good linearity, high accuracy, and sensitivity. Among the 26 kinds of metal elements, 24 kinds of metal elements were detected in the cereal samples, except for Hg and Li. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis revealed interspecies differences between wheat and maize, as well as distinct correlations among different elements. The contamination levels of 5 kinds of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr) were within safe limits. The target hazard index of 19 kinds of metal elements and the carcinogenic risk index for Pb were significantly below threshold levels, indicating no health risks, but the carcinogenic risk assessment for As suggested potential health risks. Nutritional assessment showed that the cereals were rich in K and Mg, but low in Na. However, Cr exposure reached nearly 300% of the adequate daily intake, indicating a significant health concern. Conclusion The established method is effective for multi-element analysis in cereals. This research findings provide updated dietary intake assessment of multi-elements of Handan adult consumers. The dietary assessment indicates that intake of cereals in Handan City poses no significant health risks, but particular attention should be paid to Cr and As contamination.

Objective To study on the improvement of incubation time and plate load capacity for molds enumeration. Methods Mold quality control samples were tested according to GB 4789.15—2016 National food safety standard-Food microbiological examination-Enumeration of moulds and yeasts, with additional colony counting performed on the second day of incubation. The plate size was increased from 90 mm to 150 mm, and statistical analysis was employed to assess the differences between colony counts and the reference value of the quality control samples. Results Significant discrepancies were observed between the fifth-day counting result at the critical dilution (1:10) and the reference value. A sharp decline in colony counts was noted when the colony-forming units exceeded 30 CFU per 90 mm plate, which was defined in this study as the maximum load capacity of mold plates under acceptable accuracy. By adopting 150 mm plates with a 2-day incubation period, the original load capacity was overcome, yielding counting results that aligned well with the reference value. Under these optimized conditions, the linear coefficient of determination (R²) between sample means and dilution factors improved from R²₉₀=0.614 to R²₁₅₀=0.998. Conclusion The optimized testing conditions effectively addressed the issues of colony overgrowth and poor linearity in mold plate count experiments, thereby enhancing the accuracy of test results.

Objective To investigate on the pesticide residue situation of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, the Fifth Division, to Vitis vinifera L. the quality and safety status of Vitis vinifera L.. Methods From 2023 to 2024, a total of 715 batches of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, Fifth Division, were tested for 41 kinds of pesticide residues. Results The random inspection results showed that 20 kinds of pesticides were detected in 715 batches of Vitis vinifera L., with a detection rate of 48.8%, and none exceeded the standard. The food safety index of the detected pesticides and its average value were both below 1, had little impact on the quality and safety of Vitis vinifera L., and the risks were all within an acceptable range. The risk coefficients of the detected pesticides were all below 1.5, which belongs to low risk. Conclusion This study indicates that the quality and safety of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, Fifth Division are relatively good, and pesticide residues have no impact on human health. It also provides a reference basis for Vitis vinifera L. cultivation and technical support for the supervision of the quality and safety of agricultural products.