To establish a method for the determination of trace benzo(a)pyrene in water by ultra performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-APCI-MS/MS).

Sample pretreatment was performed using solid-phase extraction with cyclohexane as the elution solvent. Gradient elution was carried out with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min, and an injection volume of 10 μL. Separation was achieved on an HPLC column Shim-pack GIST C₁₈.Detection was performed in positive ion mode by APCI with multiple reaction monitoring.

Methodological validation was conducted under optimized conditions, demonstrating a good linear relationship for benz(a)pyrene within the mass concentration range of 0.50–70.0 μg/L (r²=0.9992). The limit of detection was 0.484 ng/L and a limit of quantitation was 1.940 ng/L. The 3 different levels of spiked samples were applied to drinking water, surface water and groundwater, respectively, yielding an average spiked recovery rate of 86.9%–93.5% with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.5% to 4.9%.

This method is easy to operate, highly efficient in detection, accurate in data and exhibits high sensitivity, making it suitable for the determination of trace benz(a)pyrene in drinking water and source water.

To establish a method for determining the residual levels of 19 kinds of chlorophenol in wood products for food contact by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

The sample was extracted using methanol as the extraction solvent, and chlorophenols in wood products for food contact were extracted by ultrasound. After evaporation and concentration, they were dissolved in potassium hydroxide and derivatized with acetic anhydride. The derivatization was promoted by automatic vortexing, extracted with n-hexane,and detected by GC-MS. DB-5MS capillary chromatography column was selected for analysis, and the temperature was programmed to increase. Quantification was performed by internal standard method.

There was a good linear relationship between 19 kinds of chlorophenols in the mass concentration range of 1–50 μg/L, with a correlation coefficient (r²) greater than 0.999. When the addition concentrations were 2, 5 and 20 μg/kg, the recovery rates of 19 kinds of chlorophenols in food contact wood products were between 85.60%–109.32%. The limits of detection were 1.75–1.98 μg/kg, the limits of quantitation were 4.71–4.98 μg/kg, and the relative standard deviations range were less than 5.0% (n=6).

The sensitivity, precision and limit of quantitation of this method meet the requirements of actual sample detection and can meet the daily determination of chlorophenol residue levels in wood products for food contact.

To systematically investigate the differences in quality characteristics of main-planted Capsicum annuum L in Xinjiang.

The 41 representative Capsicum annuum L varieties (including major cultivated types such as Erjingtiao, Baoyin 829 and screw chili) from key production areas including Changji,Kashgar and Bayingolin in Xinjiang were selected as experimental materials. High performance liquid chromatography was employed to detect and analyze vitamin C, total sugars and capsaicinoids (capsaicin,dihydrocapsaicin, etc.) in the Capsicum annuum L samples.

Vitamin C content in Xinjiang Capsicum annuum L ranged from 5.89 to 33.90 mg/100 g, with the Erjingtiao variety from the Kashgar region exhibiting the highest content at 33.90 mg/100 g. Total sugar content ranged from 4.80 to 29.20 g/100 g, with the highest value of 29.20 g/100 g found in the screw chili variety from the Jimsar region. Capsaicinoid content ranged from 0.49 to 6.22 g/kg.The Baoyin 829 variety from the Kashgar region not only reached 6.22 g/kg in capsaicinoids but also yielded the highest converted pungency value, making it the most pungent type among the 41 varieties.

The Erjingtiao from Kashgar prefecture has the highest vitamin C content, the Baoyin 829 from Kashgar prefecture has the highest pungency, and the screw chili from Jimsar prefecture has the highest total sugar content. This experimental research provides valuable theoretical support for quality grading and deep processing applications of Xinjiang Capsicum annuum L varieties.

To optimize the preparation process for Brassica rapa L. honey pills, inspect the quality and determine its antioxidant properties.

Polysaccharides were extracted from Brassica rapa L. via water extraction and alcohol precipitation, followed by drying, crushing and sieving. The remaining raw materials(including Korla pear, dried tangerine peel and hawthorn) were similarly processed and sieved. The resulting powders were uniformly mixed, and a preliminary product was obtained through a plastic molding method. The preparation process of Brassica rapa L. honey pills was optimized using single-factor and orthogonal experiments. Quality control of the prepared honey pills was conducted in accordance with the requirements for pills in the 2020 edition of the Chinese pharmacopoeia, covering aspects such as characteristics, moisture content and weight variation. Finally, in vitro antioxidant experiments were performed to investigate their antioxidant activity.

Honey pills could be made using the molding method. The optimal preparation process, determined through orthogonal experimentation, was as follows: The honey refining specification was old honey, and the temperature of the raw honey was 50 ℃, and the ratio of honey refining to raw powder was 1.1:1 (m:m). Honey pills prepared using this process met all quality standards. Antioxidant experiments indicated that these honey pills possessed a certain scavenging capacity against 2, 2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals.

The honey pill prepared by this method is qualified in quality inspection, has antioxidant effect and good development prospects.

To explore the potential of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (β-NMN) in regulating blood glucose balance through antioxidant mechanisms.

A high glucose model rat was established by injecting 105 mg/kg·BW alloxan and feeding it with high-fat diet. SD rats were given different doses of β-NMN for 30 consecutive days. Meanwhile, a normal animal control group was set up. At the end of the experiment, the blood glucose, blood lipids and antioxidant-related factors in the rat serum were measured.

β-NMN had a certain regulatory effect on the blood glucose of alloxan model high-glucose rats. The 40 mg/kg dose group of β-NMN could significantly reduce the blood glucose of the model rats (P<0.05), and compared with the model group, the area under the curve (AUC) of the 0–2 h curve of this dose group decreased by 6.77% (P<0.05). The contents of serum cholesterol (CHO) and triglyceride (TG) in this dose group were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The insulin resistance index of each dose group was significantly reduced (P<0.01), and there was no adverse effect on the blood glucose of normal rats. In the determination results of antioxidant-related factors, alloxan caused oxidative stress in the rats, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the 20 mg/kg β-NMN group increased by 5.69% (P<0.01), the content of glutathione (GSH) in the 4 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg groups increased by 27.36% and 23.79% (P<0.01), the protein carbonyl content in the 40 mg/kg group decreased by 28.20% (P<0.05), and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE/AGER) in each dose group were significantly lower than those of the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01).

β-NMN can enhance the endogenous antioxidant capacity through the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-SIRT1-FoxO3a/PGC-1α axis, inhibit secondary oxidative damage mediated by RAGE, and thereby maintain blood glucose balance. This provides a theoretical basis for the future research and application of functional products.

To quickly and accurately identify the black spot areas and damage areas of 2 types of fruits, apples and oranges.

Hyperspectral imaging technology was employed for the rapid detection of black spots and damage areas on these 2 types of fruits: By analyzing the spectra of apples and oranges in the range of 550–780 nm. The minimum noise fraction rotation (MNF) was applied to analyze the grayscale images of the first 7 eigenvalues for both fruits, which reduced computational demands for data processing to facilitate differentiation.The normalized difference spectral index (NDSI) method was utilized to construct novel two-band spectral indices, thereby making better use of the information contained within the wavelengths.

Using the MNF Rotation method, it was found that the grayscale image of the fourth eigenvalue could effectively identify the dark spots and damage areas of the 2 types of fruits. In the NDSI method, two wavelength combinations, NDSI (723.6, 673.6) and NDSI (706, 590), were constructed. Then, through grayscale density slicing and arithmetic operations using the two bands, rapid identification of fruit damage and spots was achieved.

Both methods can effectively identify the damaged and black spot areas of fruits. However, the MNF Rotation method is relatively complex with a slow computing speed, making it unsuitable for industrial applications. In contrast, the NDSI algorithm features high computational efficiency and simple implementation, which renders it more applicable for the rapid online identification in fruit quality inspection.

To conduct an in-depth analysis of the metal element content characteristics of cured meat in Northeastern Chongqing and to explore the influence of regional differences and production methods on the distribution of metal elements in cured meat.

A total of 40 samples of homemade and factory-produced cured meat from a total of 4 districts and counties in Northeastern Chongqing were collected respectively. The pressure tank digestion combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technology was adopted. Quantitative analysis was conducted on 9 kinds of common metal elements in cured meat and statistical analysis was used to compare the differences in different regions and production methods as well as the correlations among the elements.

The detection rates of 3 kinds of heavy metal elements, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)and total arsenic (As), in the cured meat samples were relatively high, but the overall content levels were relatively low. The contents of Cd, As and lead (Pb) were all lower than the limits specified in GB 2762—2022 National food safety standard-Limits for contaminants in foods. Only the Cr content of 1 sample was 1.2050 mg/kg, which exceeded thel limit for meat products (1.0 mg/kg) by 0.205 mg/kg. The content of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) were relatively high, while those of manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) were low. The content of various metal elements in cured meat samples from Northeastern Chongqing exhibited regional differences to varying degrees. Heavy metal content varied slightly among different districts and counties, whereas other metal elements showed certain regional differences. Production method mainly affected the content of Al and Cu. In addition, Zn was extremely significantly positively correlated with Cu and Fe (P<0.01), Cu was also significantly positively correlated with Fe (P<0.05), and Cd was significantly positively correlated with Pb (P<0.05).

The overall content level of heavy metal elements in the cured meat of Northeastern Chongqing is relatively low, meeting the GB 2762—2022. The region and production mode have certain influences on the content of Al and Cu. The research results reveal the distribution characteristics of metal elements in the cured meat of Northeastern Chongqing, providing a scientific basis and reference for the quality and safety supervision, production and consumption of cured meat products in the region.

To investigate the interventional and protective effects of Secale cereale pollen on chondrocyte inflammation and knee osteoarthritis in rats.

In vitro experiment, a chondrocyte inflammation model was established by inducing mouse chondrocyte line ATDC5 with 10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide(LPS). The experiment was divided into 3 groups: Blank control group, model group (LPS-induced) and experimental groups (LPS+Secale cereale pollen at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 μg/mL). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the gene expressions of inflammatory factors including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nerve growth factor(NGF), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as well as cartilage matrix metalloproteinases-1/-2/-3(MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-3). In vivo experiment, a knee osteoarthritis model was constructed in SD rats via intra-articular injection of type Ⅱ collagenase. The rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: Blank control group, model group, positive control group treated with celecoxib at 18 mg/(kg·d), and Secale cereale pollen group treated with 0.167 g/(kg·d). All treatments were administered via gavage for 4 consecutive weeks. Joint swelling was evaluated by measuring the joint circumference. Histopathological changes of the knee joint were observed using histological staining. The levels of IL-2, TNF-α and COX in the synovial tissue of rats were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expressions of collagen type Ⅱ alpha 1 chain (COL2A1) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) were detected by immunohistochemistry.

The in vitro results showed that Secale cereale pollen at mass concentrations ranging from 0.2500 to 1.0000 μg/mL promoted chondrocyte proliferation, and dose-dependently down-regulated the gene expressions of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE₂) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1/2/3). At the mass concentration of 1 μg/mL, the expressions of the aforementioned genes were restored to the level of the negative control group, while the COX-2 gene expression showed no significant change (P>0.05). The in vivo results demonstrated that the relative difference in joint circumference of rats in the Secale cereale pollen group decreased significantly from (5.84±0.60) mm in the model group to (3.12±0.46) mm (P<0.001), indicating an obvious improvement in joint swelling. Pathological sections of the knee joint revealed ameliorated roughness and folds of the cartilage surface, reduced synovial hyperplasia area, and scattered inflammatory cell infiltration. The Mankin score of the Secale cereale pollen group was significantly lower than that of the model group (P<0.05). The serum COX level decreased from 1.30±0.01 to 1.19±0.01 (P<0.05), whereas the levels of IL-2 and TNF-α showed a slight downward trend without statistical significance (P>0.05). Immunohistochemical results indicated that the positive staining area of COL2A1, a protein related to cartilage matrix synthesis, was increased, while that of MMP13, a protein associated with cartilage matrix degradation, was reduced, thus achieving a bidirectional regulation of cartilage matrix metabolism characterized by “promoting synthesis and inhibiting degradation”.

Secale cereale pollen can inhibit LPS-induced chondrocyte inflammation and matrix degradation, alleviate the pathological severity of knee osteoarthritis in rats, and regulate the metabolic balance of cartilage matrix, thereby exerting interventional and protective effects against osteoarthritis.

To construct stable food-grade Pickering high internal phase emulsion using foxtail millet prolamin.

Foxtail millet prolamin was modified with xanthan gum to prepare composite particles. The contact angle, Zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the composite particles were analyzed. Pickering high internal phase emulsion with an internal phase ratio of 75% was constructed using the composite particles, and its structural, rheological and stability properties were evaluated.

Successful construction of foxtail millet prolamin-xanthan gum composite particles, when the concentration of xanthan gum was 4‰, as the protein concentration increased, the contact angle increased (from 45.17° to 61.06°), indicating reduced hydrophilicity, while the Zeta potential decreased from –45.97 mV to –49.27 mV. Conversely, when the mass concentration of foxtail millet prolamin was 10 mg/mL, an increase in polysaccharide concentration decreased the contact angle from 79.48° to 61.06°, indicating enhanced hydrophilicity, while the Zeta potential decreased from–42.00 mV to –49.27 mV. Rheological results demonstrated that increasing protein and polysaccharide concentrations enhanced the emulsion’s resistance to deformation and overall stability. When the foxtail millet prolamin mass concentration was 10 mg/mL and the xanthan gum concentration was 4‰ (m:V), the composite particles exhibited the highest absolute Zeta potential value, along with superior emulsification stability and activity, resulting in an emulsion with optimal deformation resistance.

Foxtail millet prolamin-xanthan gum composite particles can form a stable Pickering high internal phase emulsion.

To establish a method for the quantitative determination of 13 kinds of pesticide residues, including chlorothalonil, chlorpropham and diquat, in palm oil by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).

Palm oil samples were extracted with acetonitrile in a citric acid system. This method employed octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel (C₁₈) for defatting purification. This study employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for detection, with external standard quantification. Using a 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution-methanol mixture as the mobile phase, perform gradient elution. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Kinetex C₁₈ column (100 mm×4.6 mm, 2.6 μm), multi-reaction monitoring mode. The electrospray ionization source (ESI) simultaneously scaned the positive ion mode and negative ions.

In 2 kinds of food matrices—palm oil and palm kernel oil, 13 kinds of pesticides exhibited good linear relationships within their respective concentration ranges and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.990. The limit of detection was 0.003 mg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 0.01 mg/kg. Method validation experiments were conducted on palm oil and palm kernel oil at 3 different spiked levels. The results showed that the recovery rates of 13 kinds of pesticides on the 2 kinds of substrates ranged from 71.0% to 112% and 80.1% to 108.5%, respectively. With relative standard deviations all below 15%. The intraday precision ranges for palm oil and palm kernel oil were 1.0%–9.3% and 1.6%–8.8%, and the daytime precision ranges were 2.9%–15.6% and 2.6%–9.3%, respectively.

This method features simple pretreatment, high sensitivity, and good accuracy, making it suitable for the qualitative screening and precise quantitative analysis of 13 kinds of pesticide residues in palm oil. It provides a testing basis for food imports and exports.