Objective To evaluate the effect of Phyllanthus emblica L. and Lyciumbarbarum L. compound on sleep improvement in mice. Methods Balb-c mice were used as the research subjects and randomly divided into 5 groups: Control group, positive drug group, low-dose group of Phyllanthus emblica L. and Lyciumbarbarum L. compound (3.75 g/kg), medium-dose group (7.50 g/kg), and high-dose group (15.00 g/kg). Each mice received a single dose daily for 30 consecutive days. The efficacy in improving sleep in mice was assessed through direct sleep experiments, pentobarbital sodium subthreshold dose hypnosis experiments, pentobarbital sodium sleep time extension experiments, and barbiturate sodium sleep latency experiments. Additionally, the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA), tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain tissue of mice were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay colorimetric kits. Results The results showed that compared with the control group, the 3 dose groups of the combination of Phyllanthus emblica L. and Lyciumbarbarum L. compound increased the sleep rate of mice by 50%, 70%, and 90%, respectively. Additionally, all 3 dose groups significantly prolonged the pentobarbital sodium-induced sleep time in mice (P<0.01), and the high-dose group had a significantly longer sleep time than the positive drug group (P<0.01). Furthermore, the medium and high-dose groups of Phyllanthus emblica L. and Lyciumbarbarum L. compound significantly shortened the sleep latency of mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The measurement of neurotransmitter indicators showed that compared with the control group, the Phyllanthus emblica L. and Lyciumbarbarum L. compound, significantly increased the levels of 5-HT and GABA in the brain tissue of mice (P<0.01 or P<0.05) and significantly reduced the content of DA (P<0.01). However, it had no significant effect on the TPH content in the brain tissue of mice (P>0.05). Conclusion The Phyllanthus emblica L. and Lyciumbarbarum L. compound has a significant effect on improving sleep in mice.