Objective To investigate the vitamin content in common 48 kinds of desserts in Gansu Province based on the requirements of national nutritional monitoring. Methods A total of 48 kinds of common desserts from Gansu Province were analyzed. The content of vitamin A, carotene, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin E fractions, i.e. (α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography method as specifiedin the national standard for food safety. Results The results showed that among the 48 kinds of desserts, except for vitamin B₁, the detection rates of other vitamins ranged from high to low: Vitamin E>vitamin B₂>vitamin A>carotene>vitamin C; the content of vitamin A in the sample is ND-549.000 μg/100 g, median of 20.000 μg/100 g; the content of carotene was ND-142.650 μg/100 g, median of 0.250 μg/100 g. The content of vitamin B₂ was ND-0.226 mg/100 g, median of 0.090 mg/100 g; The content of vitamin C was ND-4.740 mg/100 g, median of 0.250 mg/100 g. The detected content of vitamin E (sum of various subtypes) ranges was ND-549.000 mg/100 g, median of 21.650 mg/100 g; the content of α-tocopherol was ND-2.690 mg/100 g, median of 1.015 mg/100 g; the content of β-tocopherol was ND-1.240 mg/100 g, median of 0.020 mg/100 g; the content of γ-tocopherol was ND-11.810 mg/100 g, median of 1.135 mg/100 g; the content of δ-tocopherol was ND-2.040 mg/100 g, median of 0.020 mg/100 g. Conclusion The fat-soluble vitamins are generally detected at higher levels in the samples from Gansu Province, while the water-soluble vitamins are detected at lower levels.

Objective To establish a method for the identification of morpholine in morpholine fatty acid salt fruit wax by gas chromatography. Methods Morpholine fatty acid salt was hydrolyzed to morpholine using hydrochloric acid solution, and the pH of the solution was adjusted with sodium hydroxide acid solution. Detection was performed using gas chromatography-hydrogen flame ionization detector. Results The matrix effect of the method was 96.67%; there was no interference from sample blanks, reagent blanks, and standard solution blanks on the qualitative analysis of the target substance; the deviation of peak area for samples of different concentrations within 48 hours was within ±5%. The method was used to analyze the actual commercial samples, and 12 batches of samples were detected morpholine. Conclusion This method has the advantages of minimal interference, strong specificity, and good repeatability. The pretreatment process is simple and environmentally friendly, providing technical support for the identification of morpholine in morpholine fatty acid salt fruit wax.

Objective To screen risk markers in the storage process of pork using ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) combined with chemometrics. Methods After sample pretreatment, UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS was employed to detect metabolites in pork, obtaining high precision chromatographic and mass spectrometric data. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for dimensionality reduction to explore the distribution characteristics among samples. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was then used to screen differential metabolites with a variable importance factor (VIP)>1.0. The statistical significance of the differences was further evaluated using T-tests (P<0.05), and the final key metabolites were confirmed by combining fold change analysis (fold change, FC>2 or FC<0.5). Results PCA revealed that storage temperature significantly influenced metabolite distribution in different pork cuts (loin, belly, and ham), with samples under different temperatures showing clear separation in the principal component space (total variance R²=0.861, predictive ability Q²=0.478). The OPLS-DA model further optimized the separation of intergroup differences (R²=0.811, Q²=0.653), making the impact of storage temperature on metabolite abundance and type more evident. The R² and Q² values of the real model were significantly higher than those of the permutation model, confirming the reliability of the analysis. Through screening conditions (VIP>1, P<0.05, FC>2 or FC<0.5) and structural verification, N-acetylputrescine and 6-methylquinoline were identified as risk markers. Conclusion UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS combined with chemometrics effectively screens risk markers in pork during storage.

Objective To study the effects of different packaging ways on the storage quality of chilled chicken, and to predict the shelf life of optimized chilled chicken. Methods The 817 chilled chicken were treated with different packaging ways such as oxygen permeable film packaging (group 1), air packaging of common polyethylene food bags (group 2), vacuum packaging of heavy-duty nylon food bags (group 3) and vacuum packaging of aluminum foil cooking bags (group 4). The effects of sensory evaluation, meat color, pH, inosine monophosphate (IMP) and free amino acids (FAA) on storage quality of chilled fresh chickens at 4 ℃ were studied. Results The vacuum group was superior to the non-vacuum group in maintaining brightness value (L^*), redness value (a^*), pH value, IMP and FAA, and had advantages in inhibiting the growth and reproduction of chilled chicken pustlessness bacteria, which increased the shelf life of ordinary packaging from 3-5 days to 7 days. Conclusion The vacuum packaging method of 4 ℃ refrigeration is a better storage method for 817 small white feathers chilled chicken, which can retain its quality and nutrients to the maximum extent, and extend the shelf life to 7 days.

Objective To establish a novel electrochemical sensing platform based on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) modified electrode for rapid detection of melamine (MEL) in dairy products. Methods An electrochemical sensor for MEL detection was constructed by employing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques, using a MWNT-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as the sensing probe. The constructed sensor was successfully applied to detect and analyze melamine in real-world milk powder samples.Results After modification with MWNT, the effective surface area of the bare GCE increased by 1.3 fold. The MWNT-modified electrode significantly enhanced the electrochemical reaction kinetics of the system. The MEL electrochemical sensor, using the MWNT-modified GCE as the probe, exhibited a linear detection range of 10-40 μmol/L and a sensitivity of 23.85 (μA/mmol)/cm². The detected MEL content in real milk powder samples complied with the Chinese national standard requirements. Conclusion The construction of the MEL electrochemical sensor using MWNT-modified electrodes has been demonstrated to be feasible. The construction method of the MEL sensor is simple, the good repeatability and stability of the MEL sensor are exhibited, the anti-interference capability and accuracy of the MEL sensor are excellent. Based on above advantages, the MEL sensor is applied widely.

Objective To determine the residual levels of fish sedatives and quinolones residues in commercially freshwater fish and evaluate their dietary exposure risk. Methods A total of 77 batches of freshwater fish were collected in 8 administrative regions of Wuhan City. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to determine the content of fishing anesthetics (MS-222, benzocaine, eugenol) and quinolone antibiotics (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin), and the dietary exposure risk of each compound was analyzed using a quantitative analysis method. Results MS-222 and benzocaine were not detected in all samples, and 48 batches of eugenol were detected with a content range of 2.59-1927.30 μg/kg, with a failure rate of 29.8%. The dietary exposure risk values for all age groups were less than 0.4%, indicating low dietary risk. All samples did not detect peofloxacin and norfloxacin. Enrofloxacin was detected in 34 batches with a content range of 1.74-5585.00 μg/kg, and ofloxacin was detected in 2 batches with a content range of 36.30-65.60 μg/kg, the overall failure rate was 18.2%, and the dietary exposure risk of all age groups was less than 8.00%. According to species analysis, the content range of enrofloxacin in loaches and yellow catfish was as follows: 2.74-5585.00 μg/kg and 6.82-1014.00 μg/kg, with dietary risks of 55.4% and 9.0%, respectively. Conclusion The fishery anesthetic used in this region is eugenol, which is characterized by high detection rate and large residual amount, and requires the development of normative documents to guide its use. Enrofloxacin, as the main quinolone antibiotic used in the region, has two high-risk species: Loach and yellow catfish. Market regulatory authorities should focus on the supervision of these two species.

Objective To investigate the contamination situations and exposure risks of deoxynivalenol (DON) and their derivatives in grains and their products in Hebei Province. Methods Totally 1594 grains and their products in Hebei Province from 2016 to 2023 were investigated. DON and its derivatives were determined by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Their concentrations were analyzed, and the exposure risk of DON to grains and their products among residents in Hebei Province was evaluated based on adult dietary consumption. Results The detection rates of DON were the highest in wheat and their products, ranging from 61.40% to 97.78%. The detection rates of DON in corn and its products were ranging from 36.13% to 86.75%. The detection rate of DON in rice was relatively low, with a detection rate of 0% in rice and 20.31% in Job’s tears. Risk assessment showed that the chronic exposure range for adults was 0.02-0.62 μg/(kg·bw·d), which was lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake guidance value of 1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d). Conclusion DON contamination is relatively common in grains and their products. Among these, wheat and their products exhibit the highest detection rate and contamination levels of DON, followed by corn-based products, while rice-based products show relatively lower contamination levels. For adults, the dietary exposure to DON through the consumption of wheat-based foods, corn, and rice does not pose a significant chronic intake risk. Wheat-based foods are the primary source of DON exposure in the population. Continuous monitoring of DON contamination in grains and their products is necessary to reduce dietary exposure risks.

Objective To reveal an intuitive understanding of the academic context and evolutionary trends of the pungent studies based on Chili peppers and Sichuan peppers, as well as their key pungent components. Methods Over 10000 articles in the core database of the Web of Science over the past decade had been taken as the research object, and the current status and hotspots of pungent research had been compared and analyzed using the bibliometric analysis methods. Results The pungent study presents a continuous trend of the interdisciplinary integration, where many fields were involved such as plant science, food science and technology, biochemistry and molecular biology, pharmacology and pharmacy, neuroscience and chemistry, and the focuses of the pungent studies were quite different. The number of the publications on the pungent (Là) research was much higher than that on pungent (Má) research. China was the country that had the highest number of publications in the field of both pungent researches, especially in the pungent (Má) research, where China occupied a leading position in the aspects like international cooperation and the influence of the author and research institution. The hot topics and burst keywords in pungent studies had been further revealed through the co-occurrence, clustering and burst occurrence analysis of keywords. Conclusion Currently, the commonality lies in the research on the pungency and biological activity of Sichuan peppers or Chili pepper and their main components. The difference is that the pungent (Là) research mainly focuses on the health and quality of Chili peppers and related foods, while the pungent (Má) research focuses more on the pungency, quality and health effects of Sichuan peppers and its key components. The theoretical basis can be provided for the experts and scholars in the fields of plant science, food science and technology, pharmacy and medicine to grasp the current situation, laws and directions of the pungent research.

Objective To understand the pollution situation of new risk factors such as 3-chloropropanol ester (3-MCPDE), glycidyl ester (GE), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in Camellia oleifera seed oil of Jiangxi Province, and make risk assessment. Methods The content of 3-MCPDE, GE, DBP and DEHP in 29 batches of Camellia oleifera seed oil were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the exposure risk was analyzed by dietary exposure assessment method. Results The content of 3-MCPDE in Camellia oleifera seed oil ranged from 0.11 mg/kg to 4.52 mg/kg, the detection rate was 75.86%, and the problem rate was 10.34%. GE content ranged from 0.13 mg/kg to 11.76 mg/kg, the detection rate was 72.41%, and the problem rate was 44.83%. The content of DBP ranged from 0.43 mg/kg to 12.90 mg/kg, and the problem rate was 34.48%. The range of DEHP content was 0.57-9.69 mg/kg, the detection rate was 55.17%, and the problem rate was 20.69%. The average exposure of residents to DBP, DEHP, 3-MCPDE and GE through edible oil tea seed oil ranged from 0.56 μg/(kg·BW) to 0.75 μg/(kg·BW), and the exposure risk of DBP, DEHP and 3-MCPDE ranged from 1.12% to 37.37%. The exposure risk of margin of exposure (MOE) of GE was 3948.94 for men and 3347.52 for women, with both MOE values being below 10000. Conclusion Camellia oleifera seed oil poses a certain risk of contamination with 3-MCPDE, GE, DBP and DEHP. The likelihood of human health hazards from DBP, DEHP, and 3-MCPDE intake through Camellia seed oil is very low for residents. However, greater attention shall be paid to the health risks associated with GE exposure.

Objective To optimize the fermentation process of pine pollen rice wine by Box-Behnken response surface design and entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method. Methods With pine pollen and glutinous rice as the main raw materials, sensory score, alcohol content and antioxidant capacity as evaluation indexes, a 3-factor and 3-level response surface test was designed based on the single factor test, and the addition of pine pollen, koji and fermentation time as investigation factors, according to the Box-Benhnken central combination test principle. The fermentation process of pine pollen rice wine was optimized by entropy weight TOPSIS method. Results The optimum fermentation process of pine pollen rice wine addition was 8%, koji addition 0.8% and fermentation time 72 h. Under these conditions, the texture of pine pollen rice wine was uniform, the taste was soft, and the color was light brown and yellow. After 3 batches of process verification experiments, the sensory score of rice wine was 89.5 points, the alcohol content was 17.2%vol, and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical clearance rate was 87.43%. Conclusion The method of entropy weight TOPSIS combined with response surface design to optimize the fermentation process of pine pollen rice wine is stable and predictable, which lays a theoretical foundation for the production of high quality pine pollen rice wine.