Objective To analyze the content characteristics of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea, and carry out the food health threat and risk assessment. Methods The content of 6 kinds of heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry in the dorsal and abdominal parts of wild [(35.16±4.62) cm in length and (510.68±33.74) g in weight] and farmed [(32.90±1.11) cm in length and (454.19±20.03) g in weight] Larimichthys crocea. The pollution index method and health risk assessment were used for analysis. Results The average content of Hg, As, Cu and Zn in the dorsal and abdominal of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea were 0.128, 0.032, 4.179 and 5.526 mg/kg, and 0.023, 0.195, 4.106 and 5.389 mg/kg, respectively. Pb and Cd were not detected. Based on the single heavy metal pollution index, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd in the dorsal and abdominal of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea and Hg in the dorsal and abdominal of farmed Larimichthys crocea were pollution-free levels. There was slight pollution of Hg and As in the abdomen part of wild Larimichthys crocea, and mild pollution of Hg in the dorsal of wild Larimichthys crocea. Serious pollution level of As was found in the dorsal and abdominal of the farmed Larimichthys crocea. The comprehensive pollution index value of 6 kinds of heavy metals in the muscle of wild Larimichthys crocea was less than 1, which were pollution-free. And comprehensive pollution index value in the muscle tissue of farmed Larimichthys crocea was between 1.0<PI≤2.0, which were mildly polluted. Conclusion The content of heavy metals in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild Larimichthy crocea don’t exceed the detection standard, and the As element in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of farmed Larimichthys crocea exceeds the standard. There is no obvious health risk for the wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea muscles. This study systematically reveals the problem of As enrichment in farmed Larimichthys crocea, and early warning of feed or environmental risks; through the two-dimensional assessment of pollution index and health risk, the safety evaluation model of aquatic products is constructed. The research results have practical guiding significance for improving China’s aquaculture standards and improving the quality and safety supervision level of aquatic products.

Objective To investigate the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis combined with ultrasonication extraction conditions on the yield, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of Mori fructus polysaccharides. Methods Using Mori fructus pomace as the raw material and the yield of Mori fructus polysaccharide as the index, the extraction conditions was optimized through single-factor experiments. Then the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS⁺) radical scavenging capacity, and the inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity of hot water extracting polysaccharide (HWP), enzyme-assisted extracting polysaccharide (EWP), ultrasound-assisted extracting polysaccharide (UWP), enzymatic hydrolysis combined with ultrasonication extracting polysaccharide (EUP) were investigated. Results The optimal conditions for polysaccharide extraction by enzymatic hydrolysis combined with ultrasonication was obtained. Mori fructus pomace powder was mixed with water at ratio of 1:80 (g:mL), and 2.0% composite enzyme (cellulase and pectinase at a ratio of 1:1, V:V) was added in the mixture which was maintained at 50 ℃ for 2 h with stirring. Then the mixture was treated by ultrasonication at 400 W and 60 ℃ for 50 min, and the final yield of EUP was 4.81%, increased by 7.6%, 17.5% and 21.6% compared with HWP, EWP and UWP. EUP also exhibited an improvement in the scavenging activity of both ABTS⁺ radical and DPPH radical. Compared with HWP, EWP and UWP, the semi-inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of α-amylase activity of EUP was 1.18 mg/mL, reduced by 40.1%, 18.6% and 30.6%, respectively, and the IC₅₀ of α-glucosidase activity of EUP was 0.31 mg/mL, reduced by 16.8%, 8.0% and 39.4%, respectively. Conclusion The enzymatic hydrolysis combined with ultrasonication extraction can not only improve the Mori fructus polysaccharide yield, but also enhance the antioxidant power and hypoglycemic activity of Mori fructus polysaccharide, which has a potential application prospect in the industry.

Objective To compare the similarities and differences in the identification results of Staphylococcus aureus in dried fruits analyzed by 3 experimental methods: Biochemical identification, mass spectrometer identification and molecular biological identification. Methods Staphylococcus aureus in dried fruits was isolated. The isolated typical strains were identified and compared through 3 approaches: Biochemistry (VITEK 2-Compact) mass spectrometer (VITEK MS), and molecular biology (real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction), the identification results of the 3 types of experiments were compared. Results All 3 identification methods could identify Staphylococcus aureus to the species level, but there were certain differences in efficiency and time required. Mass spectrometry yielded more accurate results with higher timeliness. Conclusion This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different identification methods, combines traditional methods with modern technologies. The enrichment and isolation in traditional detection methods provide a basis for subsequent identification. On this basis, advanced identification technologies with different principles are integrated to form a complete detection process. This combined mode can mutually verify the results, improve the detection accuracy, and provide new ideas for establishing a more reliable microbiological detection system for characteristic dried fruits.

Objective To investigate the levels of 8 kinds of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, and assess their potential health risks. Methods The 88 insect tea samples from Chishui City were soaked in ultrapure water at 80 ℃ for 40 min, and the supernatant was shaken and filtered, and then determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The pollution degree of heavy metals was evaluated by using the single-factor pollution index and Nemero’s comprehensive pollution index, and the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) were used for dietary health risk assessment. Results The average content of 8 kinds of heavy metals in the insect tea samples were 1.558, 3.344, 3.366, 27.020, 1.774, 0.858, 0.011 and 1.385 mg/kg, respectively. The evaluation of the contamination degree of the heavy metals showed that the P_i and the P_n value of those samples were less than 1.0, and the contamination level was clean and safe. The EDI values were ranked in the order of Zn>Cu=Ni>As>Cr> Pb>Cd>Hg, and all of them were lower than their corresponding R_FD values. THQ values ranked in the order of 1>As>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Hg, and the risks were all low. The TCR values for Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg and Pb were evaluated, and their values were all below the acceptable range. Conclusion The samples of insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, shows a low level of heavy metal contamination, and the dietary health risk and carcinogenic risk to consumers are low.

Objective To explore the antioxidant effects and fatty acid content of walnut oil derived from different substrates. Methods Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the fatty acid content in walnut oil and unqualified walnut oil at different pressing temperatures. Single variable control method was used to study the antioxidant effects of walnut oil with different air content. After adding a complex of natural antioxidants, fat soluble rosemary at 0.04 g/100 g and vitamin E at 0.1 g/100 g, 2 sets of experiments were conducted. The first set contained 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mL oil samples in 500 mL glass bottles, while the second set contained 100 mL oil samples in 100, 250 and 500 mL glass bottles. The samples were rapidly oxidized in a constant temperature drying oven at 63 ℃±1 ℃ and kept at that temperature for 70 days. The aroma, taste, peroxide value and acid value of the oil samples were measured every 10 days. Results The fatty acids in walnut oil were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid. The content of fatty acids varies with storage time and pressing temperature, and the unqualified oil sample didn’t contain oleic acid. The walnut oil pressure pressing temperature of 130-140 ℃ had the best quality. The 2 sets of experiments had confirmed that walnut oil with lower air content could be stored for a longer period of time, up to a maximum of 100 days. Conclusion The less contact with air during storage or the decrease in the ratio of initial air volume to initial oil sample volume, the longer the shelf life. The conduct of this study provides a reference for the storage conditions of walnut oil.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), characterized by their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation potential, hydrophobic and oleophobic properties, and chemical stability, have been extensively applied in industrial production and daily life. However, the widespread presence of these compounds poses significant threats to both ecological systems and human health. Dietary intake, particularly through animal-derived foods (e.g., fish, shellfish, poultry, and their processed products), represents a primary pathway of human exposure to PFASs. To effectively assess their health risks and formulate relevant regulatory policies, it is crucial to establish rapid, efficient, and sensitive detection methods for monitoring PFAS contamination levels in animal-derived foods. This review systematically summarized sample preparation techniques for PFAS analysis in animal-derived foods and highlights advancements in chromatographic and chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods for detection. Furthermore, it provided an overview of current research on PFAS contamination levels across various food matrices, offering critical insights for environmental pollution assessment, food safety regulation, and optimization of analytical technologies.

Objective To investigate the sensory changes of camel meat stored at different temperatures (4, 15, and 25 ℃) and establish a shelf-life prediction model based on sensory differences. Methods By simulating actual storage conditions, the changes in color, electronic tongue taste indices (umami, saltiness, sourness, sweetness, etc.), and electronic nose olfactory indicators (nitrogen oxides, methane, sulfides, etc.) of camel meat were analyzed. Zero-order reaction kinetics models and the Arrhenius equation were used to fit the data, establishing a shelf-life prediction model based on color, electronic tongue and electronic nose metrics. The model was validated using pH, total bacterial count and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N). Results At 4 ℃, there was no significant change in the lightness (L^*) and redness (a^*) of camel meat (P>0.05), while the a^* value significantly decreased at 15 ℃ and 25 ℃ (P<0.05), and yellowness (b^*) showed an upward trend across all temperatures. Taste analysis revealed that umami (AEE), saltiness (CT0), sourness (CA0) and astringency (AE1) intensities increased with time and temperature, whereas sweetness (GL1) intensity decreased. Electronic nose detection found that concentrations of nitrogen oxides (W5S), methane (W1S), sulfides and terpenes (W1W) and alcohol compounds (W2S) significantly increased over storage time. The calculated shelf lives based on color, electronic tongue and electronic nose were 7.23, 6.24 and 6.12 d, respectively. Verification using camel meat stored at 6 ℃ showed high prediction accuracy of the electronic tongue model, but significant discrepancies were observed among shelf lives predicted by different physicochemical indicators (e.g., total bacterial count, pH, TVB-N). Conclusion This study successfully establish a shelf-life prediction model based on sensory characteristics. The prediction models established based on the electronic tongue and electronic nose show good agreement with validation results based on pH, with relative errors of -2.80% and -4.67%, respectively. Different physicochemical indicators have varying degrees of strictness towards meat quality requirements, with total bacterial count being the most stringent and TVB-N relatively more lenient. This study provides a reference for the quality monitoring of fresh camel meat.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) content in variety of health food by liquid chromatography. Methods Tablets and capsules were extracted with acetonitrile:water (60:40, V:V); oral liquid was extracted with acetonitrile and added sodium chloride to salt out the targets from water; gel candy was dissolved in warm water first, and extracted with acetonitrile, after that ammonium sulfate was used to precipitate gelatin and made acetonitrile water stratification simultaneously. Finally, DHEA in health product was effectively extracted, then determined by liquid chromatography with diode array detection or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and quantified by external standard method. Results The established methods were effective in extracting DHEA from health foods, with limit of detection for solid or powder sample was 0.15 g/kg and for liquid was 1.5 mg/L and limit of quantification was 0.5 g/kg for solid or powder samples and 5 mg/L for liquid, respectively. The recovery of this method was 95.7%-104.0%, and the relative standard deviation was 1.10%-3.76%. It was found that the content of DHEA in imported dietary supplements was mostly consistent with the label, with a few samples not matching the label in real sample. Conclusion This method is sensitive, simple and convenient, and can be used not only to monitor the illegal addition of DHEA in domestic health foods, but also to evaluate the content of DHEA in cross-border dietary supplements.

Objective To establish an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for detecting soybean agglutinin in legume foods. Methods After washed the sample, added phosphate buffer solution and homogenize it thoroughly. After centrifugation and purification, collected the supernatant and determine it by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Quantify it used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader. Result In the linear range of 0-400 μg/mL, the linear equation of soybean agglutinin obtained was Y=0.0021X+0.0528, r=0.9998. The detection limit of this method was 125 mg/kg, the recovery rate was between 99.17% and 101.20%, and the relative standard deviation was between 1.27%-2.24%. Conclusion This method is easy to operate, has good specificity, and the antigen concentration is directly proportional to the OD₄₅₀ value. Applicable to the detection of soybean agglutinin poisoning incidents by grassroots disease control centers.

Objective To evaluate the nutritional composition and quality of Apostichopus japonicus body walls under different breeding models. Methods The nutritional components of Apostichopus japonicus body walls under natural growth, industrial cultivation, pond cultivation, bottom-sowing proliferation, enclosure cultivation, and cage cultivation in the Yantai Region were analyzed and compared. These components included moisture, protein, fat, polysaccharides, saponins, taurine, amino acids, fatty acids and mineral elements. Results Under 6 kinds of breeding methods, the natural growth protein and saturated fatty acid content were the highest, the taurine content was higher, and there were also high levels of essential amino acids and amino acid ratios; bottom propagation had higher levels of calcium, zinc and selenium in terms of mineral elements, with the lowest levels of potassium and magnesium. It had a better flavor and the highest levels of medicinal and flavor amino acids; the fat content, taurine content, total amino acid content, essential amino acid proportion, and unsaturated fatty acid content were the highest in cofferdam aquaculture; the content of Apostichopus japonicus in net cage aquaculture was the highest; pond aquaculture had the highest content of water, calcium and sea cucumber polysaccharides, but the lowest content of various components such as Apostichopus japonicus; the overall composition of factory farming was relatively low, with the lowest content of various components such as polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conclusion In the Yantai Region, under different breeding methods, there are obvious differences in the nutritional and functional components of the body wall of Apostichopus japonicus. The quality of natural growth, bottom-sowing proliferation, enclosure cultivation and cage cultivation is superior to that of industrial cultivation. The results of this study partially improve the evaluation of the nutritional quality of Apostichopus japonicus in the Yantai Region, provide data support for the processing and purchase of Apostichopus japonicus, and serve as a reference for the development of the Apostichopus japonicus industry.