To assess the health risks to consumers from pesticide residues in Apium graveolens in Hainan Province.

A total of 162 batches of Apium graveolens samples were obtained in Hainan Province during the period from 2019 to 2024, and the QuEChERS extraction method combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS) were employed for determining the residues of 38 kinds of pesticides in Apium graveolens samples. The point assessment method was used to study the chronic and acute dietary risk assessment of a single pesticide for adults and children in terms of health risks; further research was conducted on the cumulative toxic effects of the pesticide.

A total of 21 pesticides were detected with a detection rate of 87.0%. A maximum of 14 kinds of pesticides were detected in one sample. The chronic and acute dietary risks of single pesticides were less than 1 for both adults and children, and it posed no risk to either adults or children. The cumulative risk values of endocrine-disrupting pesticides, skin-irritating pesticides, reproductive toxic and neurotoxic pesticides for both adults and children were all less than 1, and the safety risk could be ignored.

With Hainan Province vigorously promoting the traceability system for agricultural product quality and safety and green control technologies, and guiding farmers to follow good agricultural practices for pesticide use, the risk of pesticide residues in Hainan’s agricultural products such as Apium graveolens has been effectively controlled, ensuring the quality and safety of the products.

To investigate the changes in sulfur dioxide (SO₂) residues in 4 kinds of pickled vegetables under different packaging materials, evaluate their sensory quality, and analyze the correlation between them.

The 4 kinds of pickled vegetables—chopped peppers, pickled mustard, chili oil cowpeal and crystal Allium Chinense—packaged with different materials, stored under room temperature and natural light conditions. On 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 60, 90 and 150 d, detected the SO₂ residues by the acid-base titration method, the first method of National food safety standard-Determination of sulfur dioxide in food, analyzed alongside the sensory quality scores on 35 d and 150 d.

The SO₂ residues decreased significantly in the first 7 d in chopped peppers, pickled mustard and crystal Allium Chinense. The SO₂ residues in chopped peppers packaged with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles decrersed faster, with more pronounced quality degradation. The SO₂ residues in pickled mustard packaged with biaxially oriented polyethylene/vacuum metallized polyethylene terephthalate (BOPP/vmPET) and biaxially oriented nylon/aluminum oxide-biaxially oriented polyester terephthalate/polyethylene (BOPA/Al₂O₃-BOPET/PE) decreased relatively slowly, remaining 32.7% and 14.1% after 150 d, respectively. On 35 d, significant differences were observed in color and texture scores. The SO₂ residues in crystal Allium Chinense packaged with BOPA/Al₂O₃-BOPET/PE decreased slowly, remaining 25% on 150 days, with better sensory quality. The SO₂ residues in chili oil cowpeal packaged with poly⁃ethylene terephthalate/aluminum foil/polyethylene (PET/Al/PE) and BOPP/vmPET decreased slowly, with stable sensory quality. On 150 d, the SO₂ residues decreased by 14.2% and 41.7%, respectively, and only the texture score of BOPP/vmPET samples was lower than 7 points.

The SO₂ residues in all 4 kinds of pickled vegetables decrease over time, with noticeable declines in color, texture and aroma as SO₂ levels drop. However, differences are observed in the rate of SO₂ residues and sensory quality scores among different packaging materials.Additionally, variations in SO₂ residue decline are noted between different kinds of pickled vegetables packaged in the same material. By analyzing the changes in SO₂ residues and sensory quality of 4 kinds of pickled vegetables packaged with different materials over time, this study summarizes the variation patterns of SO₂ residues under various packaging conditions, examined the correlation between the sensory quality of pickles and SO₂ residue changes, and provides references and recommendations for product packaging materials, sensory quality improvement and market risk supervision.

To investigate the compliance between the labeled and plant-derived components in commercially available sweet potato starch and its products.

A total of 77 samples of sweet potato starch, sweet potato vermicelli and noodles were collected. Detection of sweet potato, cassava, potato and corn-derived ingredients was performed using real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the labeling consistency of the products was evaluated.

The detection rate of sweet potato-derived components in the commercially available sweet potato starch and its products was 57.14%. Unlabeled plant-derived components were detected in 37.66% of the samples, primarily corn and cassava-derived components. The main labeling inconsistency in sweet potato starch was the detection of unlabeled other plant-derived components, while for sweet potato vermicelli and noodles, it was mainly the non-detection of sweet potato-derived components. The overall labeling consistency index for all samples was 38.96%. Specifically, the labeling consistency index was 43.59% for sweet potato starch and 34.21% for sweet potato vermicelli and noodles.

The discrepancy between the labeled and actual plant-derived components in commercially available sweet potato starch and its products is prominent. It is recommended to implement differentiated monitoring targeting the main inconsistencies found in sweet potato starch and its products to enhance the overall compliance level within the industry.

To screen lactic acid bacteria from sauerkraut fermented with Wudalianchi natural mineral spring water, and to investigate their probiotic properties.

MRS-CaCO₃ agar medium was used for the primary screening of lactic acid bacteria from the samples. The growth curves of the isolated strains were plotted, and physiological, biochemical and molecular biological identifications were performed. Moreover, the probiotic properties including acid production, acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance and bacteriostatic activity were analyzed.

A total of 6 lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated and identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus cremoris, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, Weissella hellenica and Weissella confusa, respectively. Growth curve analysis showed that 3 of the strains entered the logarithmic growth phase within 4 h and reached the stationary phase at 18–21 h. The evaluation results of probiotic properties indicated that strain 14-1, KQ15-1 (Lactococcus lactis)had the fastest acid production rate, while strain KQ19-1 (Lactiplantibacillus pentosus) exhibited the strongest acid production capacity with the final pH of 3.3. Strain KQ19-1 also showed the highest acid tolerance, with survival rates of 99%, 90% and 81% at pH 3.5, 3.0 and 2.5, respectively. In addition, strain KQ19-1 presented the highest bile salt tolerance with a survival rate of 97% under 0.3% bile salt concentration, whereas strain KQ10-1 (Leuconostoc mesenteroides) had the weakest bile salt tolerance with a survival rate of only 7%. All the 6 strains were sensitive to penicillins, cephalosporins and macrolides without drug resistance. Notably, strain KQ19-1 exerted bacteriostatic activity against 3 kinds of pathogenic bacteria.

Strain KQ19‑1 screened in this study has the best probiotic characteristics. It can provide basic data for the exploration of probiotic resources from sauerkraut fermented with natural mineral spring water and the quality improvement of sauerkraut fermented with traditional method.

To investigate the influence of potato cultivar on the functional and physicochemical properties of proteins from starch processing wastewater.

This research utilized yellow-fleshed potato and purple-fleshed potato as raw materials. Proteins were derived from the starch processing wastewater using the alkali-soluble acid precipitation method, and their functional and physicochemical properties were determined and compared.

The results demonstrated that the solubility, foaming capacity, water holding capacity and emulsifying stability of the proteins from purple-fleshed potato starch wastewater (PP) (42.03%, 59%, 5.53 g/g, 15.77 min)were significantly higher than those of yellow-fleshed potatoes (YP) (35.58%, 24%, 3.74 g/g, 12.28 min) (P<0.01). The emulsifying activity of YP reached 14.71 m²/g, significantly higher than that of PP (8.65 m²/g) (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in oil retention between PP and YP, which were 8.20 g/g and 8.42 g/g respectively (P>0.05). The average particle size of PP (511.66 nm±33.23 nm) was significantly smaller than that of YP (723.00 nm±39.84 nm)(P<0.05). The absolute value of the zeta potential of PP was 12.60 mV±1.22 mV, higher than that of YP(10.16 mV±0.21 mV). Amino acid composition analysis revealed that PP and YP exhibited similar amino acid profiles.Nevertheless, YP possessed significantly higher content of essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids and hydrophobic amino acids (83.323, 115.707 and 80.895 mg/g) compared with PP (70.954, 98.739 and 67.987 mg/g)(P<0.05 or P<0.01).

There are significant differences in the physicochemical, functional and nutritional properties between PP and YP, laying a data foundation for targeted resource utilization of wastewater proteins from various potato cultivars.

To understand the community structure, diversity and potential function of lactic acid bacteria in pickled vegetables in Yunnan Province.

The 30 traditionally pickled vegetables samples collected from 5 different climatic and geographical regions in Yunnan Province, and sequenced by Oxford Nanopore high-throughput sequencing technology.

The results revealed that within the class Bacilli, a total of 1 order, 5 families, 10 genera and 70 species were annotated. At the genus level, Lactobacillus was the absolutely dominant genus, with its relative abundance ranging from 66.13% to 96.92%, followed by Enterococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Weissella. At the species level, Lactobacillus fermentum, Companilactobacillus alimentarius, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Enterococcus faecalis and Levilactobacillus koreensis were identified as the dominant species, with significant differences in species composition across regions. Samples from the tropical regions of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture exhibited higher lactic acid bacteria diversity than those from the more temperate regions of Kunming, Qujing and Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture. Cluster analysis showed that tropical samples grouped together, while temperate samples formed a separate cluster, indicating that climate and geographical origin were major factors influencing lactic acid bacteria community composition. Functional prediction indicated that chemoheterotrophy and fermentation were the primary energy metabolism pathways. Regional differences were observed in functions such as nitrite reduction, ammonification and nitrogen respiration. In the samples from Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, the abundance values of chemoheterotrophy and fermentation functions showed a positive correlation with the total acid content, both being the highest. In contrast, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture were characterized by higher abundance values of nitrate reduction function and higher nitrite content.Meanwhile, in Qujing and Kunming areas, the abundance values of nitrite ammonification and nitrogen respiration functions were higher, and their nitrite content showed a negative correlation with these functions, being significantly lower than that in other regions.

This study reveals the community differences, diversity and potential functions of lactic acid bacteria in pickled vegetables from different regions of Yunnan Province, providing a theoretical basis for the subsequent screening of functional strains and the development and utilization of regional characteristic lactic acid bacteria resources.

To evaluate the pollution characteristics of heavy metals in vegetables from Qingpu District, Shanghai and analyze the risk of dietary intake.

A total of 809 vegetable samples from 6 major vegetable categories were continuously collected over 3 years from 2022 to 2024. The content of total arsenic, total mercury, lead and cadmium were determined by microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The pollution levels were assessed using the single-factor pollution index (P_i) and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index (P_N). The health risks of dietary intake were evaluated using the target hazard quotient(THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ).

The detection rate of heavy metals in 809 vegetable samples was 80.2%. The detection rates of the 4 kinds of heavy metals ranked in descending order: cadmium>total arsenic>lead>total mercury, their average content were ranked as lead (0.0408 mg/kg)>cadmium (0.0182 mg/kg)>total arsenic (0.0123 mg/kg)>total mercury (0.0013 mg/kg). All samples complied with the limits specified in GB 2762—2022 National food safety standard-Contaminant limits in food, with all P_i<1. The P_N of different vegetable categories was all less than 0.7, and the order was solanaceous vegetables=onion and garlic vegetables>cucurbit vegetables>aquatic vegetables>leafy vegetables>cabbage vegetables. The single heavy metal THQ from high to low was total arsenic>cadmium>lead>total mercury. Overall, the order of TTHQ for different vegetable categories was leafy vegetables>cucurbit vegetables>cabbage vegetables>onion and garlic vegetables>aquatic vegetables>solanaceous vegetables. The TTHQ for both adults and children was less than 1.

The vegetables produced in Qingpu District of Shanghai are not contaminated by total arsenic, total mercury, lead and cadmium, and are at a safe level. There is no significant health risk to the study population from dietary intake of these 4 kinds of heavy metals in vegetables.

To systematically evaluate the pesticide residue levels in fresh Zingiber officinale Roscoe in a region of North China in 2025.

A total of 117 batches of seasonal fresh Zingiber officinale Roscoe were collected from a region in North China. After sample pretreatment, high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and gas chromatography were used to simultaneously detect residues of 33 kinds of commonly used insecticides, fungicides and plant growth regulators.

The overall detection rate of the 33 kinds of pesticides was 41.88%, with residues mainly occurring at low concentrations. The pesticide residue levels in all samples did not exceed the limits specified in GB 2763—2026 National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits of pesticides in food. Chlorpyrifos was detected in only 1 batch with a residue level of 0.018 mg/kg, while clothianidin was detected in 34 batches with a maximum residue of 0.190 mg/kg; both were close to the limit value of 0.2 mg/kg but remained within safe limits. Meanwhile, multiple residue occurrence was common, with 23.08% of samples containing 2 or more kinds of pesticides, up to a maximum of 5, but all detected values complied with national limit standards.

The overall level of pesticide residues in Zingiber officinale Roscoe in this region is safe and controllable.None of the 117 batches exceeds national safety limits. To continuously ensure the quality and safety of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, it is recommended to establish further risk assessments targeting key pesticides and combined exposure to scientifically guide prevention and control.

To establish a method for determination of cyhalofop-butyl and its main metabolite cyhalofop acid residues in a variety of plant-derived foods by QuEChERS-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The acetonitrile contain 1% formic acid was used as the extraction solution, and the QuEChERS dispersion solid phase extraction method was used for purification. Electrospray ion source was used for mass spectrometry. Data were collected simultaneously under multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive and negative ion switching.

Under optimized conditions, the limit of quantitation of cyhalofop acid could reach 0.01 mg/kg, while that of cyhalofop-butyl could reach 0.02 mg/kg. The linear relationship between the 2 kinds of target substances and their mass concentrations ranges from 0.05 to 2.00 mg/L, with correlation coefficients (r²) all greater than 0.99. In 3 kinds of spiked levels of 10 kinds of plant-derived matrices including brown rice, wheat, soybeans, peanuts, apples, peaches, tomatoes, cucumbers, spinach and tea, the average recovery rate ranged from 68.7% to 106.7%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.6% to 14.3%.

This method features simple sample pretreatment. Its accuracy and precision meet the requirements for residue analysis. It can effectively eliminate interferences from complex matrices, satisfy the simultaneous confirmation and quantification of cyhalofop-butyl and its metabolite cyhalofop acid in plant-derived foods, and is suitable for routine monitoring and risk assessment of cyhalofop-butyl and its metabolite in large batches of plant-derived foods.

To establish a method for determination of 48 kinds of pesticide and veterinary drug residues in crayfish by pass-through purification coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).

The samples were first extracted using a 80% acetonitrile solution, and then cleaned-up by hydrophilic-lipophilic column in a pass-through mode and filtered through a filter, then separated employing an C₁₈ column. The mass spectrometer operated with electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode and quantified by matrix-matched external standard curve method.

The results demonstrated that all the analytes had satisfactory linearity in the range of 1–100 ng/mL with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.997. The limits of detection and the limits of quantitation were in the ranges of 0.02–0.20 and 0.05–0.50 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries at 3 spiked levels with 6 parallel determinations ranged between 70.2%–105.8%, with the relative standard deviations no more than 3.3%, which met the requirements of trace analysis. The 36 samples from major producing areas were analyzed, revealing a drug detection rate of 20.8%. The positive results showed high consistency when retested against standard methods.

This method is simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate, effectively reducing matrix interference from the complex composition of crayfish. It satisfies the screening requirements for pesticide and veterinary drug residues in crayfish under the rice-crayfish integrated farming model, providing a crucial technical tool for quality safety control and risk assessment.

To explore the effective extraction of internal and external morphological features of Citrullus lanatus seeds and the identification of their varieties by applying terahertz (THz) mapping technology.

A total of 120 seeds from 3 common Citrullus lanatus varieties, “Ruixin”, “Langchao 1” and “Xiangxiu”, were selected as experimental samples, and THz transmission spectral images were collected. First, a method based on Sym6 wavelet transform was used for spectral denoising and image correction. Subsequently, correlation coefficient imaging was employed to reconstruct THz pseudo-color images of the seed coat and kernel, and the DeepLab V3+semantic segmentation model was applied to achieve precise segmentation of tissue regions. From the segmented images, 9 morphological parameters were extracted from each of the seed coat and kernel, resulting in a total of 18 phenotypic features, which were used to construct a seed coat feature set, a kernel feature set and an integrated feature set. Variety identification was performed using 3 kinds of machine learning models: extreme learning machine (ELM), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM).

The coefficients of determination between THz imaging measurements and manual measurements for the seed major axis and minor axis reached 0.830 and 0.916, respectively, verifying the high accuracy and reliability of THz technology. In terms of variety identification, the integrated feature set combined with the RF model achieved the best identification performance on the test set, with an average accuracy of 88.0%, showed significant improvement compared to models based on single-tissue features.

This study demonstrates that the THz spectral-based method enables non-destructive and accurate measurement of phenotypic traits in Citrullus lanatusv seeds and effective variety identification, providing a new technical approach for the evaluation of Citrullus lanatus germplasm resources and breeding research.

To investigate a detection method based on near-infrared hyperspectral imaging combined with decision tree algorithm and minimum noise fraction transform (MNF).

Hyperspectral images of seaweed samples containing impurities were acquired using a GaiaSorter-N17E system (spectral range: 900–1700 nm).Following radiometric calibration, MNF was applied for dimensionality reduction and noise removal to extract feature bands. Subsequently, a decision tree classification model was constructed for impurity identification.

Significant spectral differences were observed among different impurities in the near-infrared region. The first several MNF bands contained the main information and effectively highlighted impurity characteristics. The decision tree model clearly distinguished seaweed from sand, wood, charcoal and plastic rope, demonstrating excellent performance in identifying fine plastic rope. The method achieved a high overall classification accuracy of 92.8% and a fast processing speed of approximately 1.6 s per image without requiring extensive training samples.

This method provides effective technical support for automated impurity detection in seaweed and holds significant potential for application in food industry quality monitoring.

To establish a rapid and high-throughput qualitative method for analysis of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS).

Based on the advantages of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS with high separation efficiency and high resolution, the mass spectrometer detection conditions (including the ion detection mode, ion source temperature and collision energy) were optimized. The mass spectral fragmentation patterns and characteristic fragment ions of triterpenoids were summarized, and a standard spectral library of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum was constructed. Meanwhile, sample spiking verification experiments were introduced. Combined with the retention time and accurate mass-to-charge ratio information of spiked samples, actual samples and reference standards, the rapid identification of triterpenoids was realized.

After optimization, the mass spectrometry detection was employed electrospray ionization in negative-ion mode, with an ion source temperature of 450 ℃, a voltage of –4500 V and a collision energy of 45 V. Combined with standard substance comparison and triterpenoid cleavage rules, a total of 32 kinds of triterpenoid components and 5 kinds of unknown triterpenoid components were identified.

This analytical method has excellent separation performance, high sensitivity and strong specificity. It enables rapid qualitative identification and preliminary structural elucidation of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum. It is applicable to the chemical composition characterization and quality control of Ganoderma lucidum and also provides a methodological reference for further research of triterpenoid active substances.

To establish rapid prediction models for multiple nutritional component indexes in nanostructured lycopene liquid beverages by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with chemometrics.

NIRS coupled with partial least squares regression (PLSR) was adopted, and a combined pretreatment optimization strategy was proposed. Rapid quantitative analysis models were constructed separately for key indexes including lycopene, soluble solids, acidity and moisture content in 3 types of samples: lycopene liquid stock solution, nanostructured mannan-modified lycopene liquid beverage and nanostructured dextran-modified lycopene liquid beverage. Model performance was comprehensively evaluated byroot mean square error (RMSE), residual predictive deviation (RPD) and relative error ratio (RER).

After optimized by combined pretreatment, the multi-index quantitative models of the 3 kinds of nanostructured lycopene liquid beverages all showed favorable predictive performance. The model of lycopene liquid stock solution was the best overall, with the test set RMSE of 0.9279, RPD of 5.3659 and RER of 18.3682; the test set RPD of the model for nanostructured mannan-modified samples were 4.7333, respectively; the test set RPD of the model for nanostructured dextran-modified samples were 3.4823, respectively. All models had RPD greater than 3.0, with high prediction accuracy and strong stability, which could realize the simultaneous and rapid quantification of lycopene, soluble solids, acidity and moisture content.

In summary, NIRS combined with chemometrics can effectively detect multiple key indexes in nanostructured lycopene liquid beverages, meet the demand for rapid detection in actual production, and provide efficient technical support for the quality control of such products.

To conduct non-targeted screening and risk assessment of non-volatile migrants from food contact paper-based composite materials.

Liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was adopted to comprehensively screen the migration behaviors of non-volatile substances from 2 typical food contact paper-based composites (paper/aluminum/plastic and paper/plastic) under different migration conditions. Risk assessment was performed to assess the safety risks of the detected migrants. Principal component analysis (PCA) was further applied to compare the differences in migration substances between the 2 types of materials.

A total of 38 kinds of non-volatile migrants, including sizing agents, antioxidants and lubricants, were identified from the 2 types of materials in acidic food simulants and high alcohol-containing food simulants. Risk assessment results indicated that 5 kinds of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing agents migrating from paper/plastic composite films in 95% ethanol posed potential health risks, suggesting that further refined risk evaluation was required. PCA revealed distinguishable differences in the composition of migrants between the 2 kinds of paper-based composites under 95% ethanol migration conditions. The number and migration levels of migrants released from paper/plastic composite films were overall higher than those from paper/aluminum/plastic composites.

The comprehensive migration data demonstrated that the barrier performance of paper/plastic composites against hazardous substances in paper substrates is inferior to that of paper/aluminum/plastic composites. Special attention should be paid to the migration risk of AKD sizing agents when packaging high-fat or alcoholic foodstuffs. It is proposed that relevant risks can be reduced by optimizing the sizing process, strengthening the quality screening of raw paper materials, adjusting or increasing the thickness of the barrier layer and defining the application scope.

To establish an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 25 kinds of elements in Apium graveolens powder using microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), and evaluate the practical application capability of the method through quality control assessment (test samples) conducted by the national food safety risk monitoring.

The samples were subjected to microwave digestion treatment and measured using the ICP-MS method in collision reaction cell mode, with matrix interference corrected by online internal standard. The linear range, limit of detection, precision and accuracy of the method were investigated. Utilizing the quality control assessment results of Pb, Cd, Hg and Ni from each participating laboratory, the proficiency was evaluated using the Z-score method.

The 25 kinds of elements exhibited good linear relationships within their respective concentration ranges, with r no less than 0.999. The limits of detection ranged from 0.0001 mg/kg to 0.4000 mg/kg, while the limits of quantitation spanned from 0.00029 mg/kg to 1.40000 mg/kg. For the Apium graveolens leaf reference material, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6 parallel measurements ranged from 0.4% to 9.9%, and all measured values fell within the uncertainty range. The assessment |Z| values for our laboratory were as follows: Pb: 2, Cd: 0.11, Hg: 0.86 and Ni: 0. All received satisfactory evaluations. Compared to other participating laboratories, our laboratory’s lead Z value was at the borderline, while the |Z| absolute values of cadmium, mercury and nickel were all less than 1, indicating excellent performance.

This method has high sensitivity, good accuracy and good reproducibility, and can meet the requirements of simultaneous determination of multiple elements in Apium graveolens and other substrates. The method has known limitations for the determination of aluminum, and it needs hydrofluoric acid assisted digestion to determine total aluminum. This method provides reliable technical support for food safety monitoring.

To explore the effects of classification methods on the structural characteristics and antioxidant activity of Antarctic krill chitin.

Taking Antarctic krill chitin as the research object, the structure of Antarctic krill chitin was characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis, and its antioxidant activity was evaluated.

The source and classification of Antarctic krill meal affected the yield of chitin. It was found that in the infrared spectrum of chitin extracted from Antarctic krill meal B, C and E, the amide I band split into 2 separation peaks, while the amide II band appeared at 1558 cm^–1. The results of thermal stability analysis showed that the degradation of the extracted chitin structure could be divided into 3 stages. In the first stage, it was found that all of them would lose weight at a temperature below 100 ℃; in the second stage, the degradation started at 239 ℃, and the maximum loss occurred above 400 ℃; in the third stage, almost complete denaturation of chitin was observed at 550 ℃. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the X-ray diffraction spectrum of Antarctic krill chitin had 2 sharp peaks and 4 weak peaks, the main peaks (2θ) were around 9° and 19°, and the weak peaks were around 12°, 23° and 39°.

The results demonstrates that the antioxidant activity of Antarctic krill chitin with different sources and particle sizes is different, and the antioxidant activity shows a dose-dependent relationship. The research shows that Antarctic krill chitin and its derivatives have good functional characteristics, and it is expected that it will have a wider application fields and application prospect.

To evaluate the genotoxicity and in vitro hypolipidemic activity of docosahexaenoic acid-eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil from Schizochytrium (DHA-EPA SO) (DHA content: 37.33%±0.15%; EPA content: 5.82%±0.03%), clarify its safety and functional properties.

Using the bacterial reverse mutation assay, mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test and mouse spermatocyte chromosome aberration test, the genotoxicity of DHA-EPA SO was systematically evaluated. Using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes as the cell model, the in vitro hypolipidemic activity of DHA-EPA SO was investigated via qualitative observation by oil red O staining, quantitative analysis of optical density value, and determination of intracellular triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) content.

Within the test dose range, DHA-EPA SO presented negative results in 3 genotoxicity assays. In the bacterial reverse mutation assay, the number of revertant colonies of each strain did not exceed twice that of the negative control group; the micronucleus rate of mouse bone marrow erythrocytes and the chromosome aberration rate of mouse spermatocytes showed no significant differences compared with the control groups (P>0.05), indicating no mutagenicity or genetic damage risk of DHA-EPA SO. The in vitro hypolipidemic tests demonstrated that DHA-EPA SO could effectively inhibit lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and reduce intracellular TG and TC content, exerting the optimal hypolipidemic effect at a mass concentration of 12.50 μg/mL, while the hypolipidemic activity was attenuated with increased doses.

DHA-EPA SO has no genotoxicity and exhibits significant in vitro hypolipidemic activity, which endows it with broad application prospects in the field of functional foods and health products.

To extract and prepare highly active hypoglycemic polysaccharides from Auricularia heimuer and evaluate their activity.

The enzymatic hydrolysis process was optimized through single-factor and orthogonal experiments to obtain the optimal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. After deproteinization of the crude polysaccharides used the trichloromethane-n-butanol method, the polysaccharides were purified successively through a diethylaminoethyl cellulose 52 anion exchange packing column and a high-resolution sephacryl S-200 gel column. The refined Auricularia heimuer polysaccharide component (AAPS4s) was obtained.

Under the optimal conditions, the inhibition rate of crude polysaccharides on α-glucosidase was 76.38%±0.94%. The content of AAPS4s polysaccharide was 95.63%±1.46%, and the inhibitory rates against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were 72.56%±2.12% and 41.90%±0.87, respectively. The inhibitory type was mixed; the scavenging rates of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals, hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions were 57.39%±0.73%, 64.99%±2.65% and 38.41%±2.80%, respectively.

This study successfully obtains the highly active Auricularia heimuer polysaccharide component AAPS4s with clear activity. This component regulates digestive enzyme activity in a mixed inhibitory mode to exert in vitro hypoglycemic effects and possesses good antioxidant activity, laying a foundation for the development and industrial application of Auricularia heimuer hypoglycemic functional products.

To investigate the regulatory mechanism of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 on the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in mice with radiation-induced oral mucositis, as well as its anti-inflammatory effect.

The experiment established a radiation-induced oral mucositis model in mice by irradiating their head and neck with X-rays. The levels of oxidative stress-related biochemical indicators and inflammatory-related cytokines in the mice’s serum were measured using kits. Subsequently, the messenger RNA(mRNA) and protein expressions in the mice’s oral tissues were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot methods.

Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 reduced the oral mucositis score in mice with radiation-induced oral mucositis. Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 also increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) in the serum of mice with radiation-induced oral mucositis and reduced the levels of NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Further experiments showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 could up-regulate the mRNA expression of SOD1 (Cu/Zn-SOD), CAT, glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) and inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα) in the oral tissues of mice with radiation-induced oral mucositis and down-regulate the mRNA expression of heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), NF-κB subunit p65 (NF-κB p65), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NF-κB1 (NF-κB p50/p105). At the same time, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 also down-regulated the protein expression of NF-κB p65 in the oral tissues of mice with radiation-induced oral mucositis and up-regulated the protein expression of IκBα.

The experimental results confirmes that Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 has the effect of alleviating radiation-induced oral mucositis under laboratory conditions, and it is closely related to its regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

To develop a method for the detection of dexamethasone (DMS) in milk by colloidal gold lateral flow assay (CG-LFA).

In this study, active groups were introduced from the hydroxyl groups of DMS to prepare haptens, and complete antigens were prepared by coupling carrier proteins. After animal immunization and cell fusion screening, 3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)—mAb 2H1, mAb 1B6 and mAb 2B6—were produced. Finally, the CG-labeled antibodies were immobilized as probes using electrostatic adsorption, establishing a colloidal gold method for detecting DMS in milk.

After evaluation, mAb 1B6 was selected as the optimal antibody to establish CG-LFA, with a cut-off value of 0.20 ng/mL and a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 0.07 ng/mL. Moreover, the cross-reactivity with 3 kinds of structurally similar betamethasone(BTM), fluorohydrocortisone (FDC) and hydrocortisone (HDC) ranged from 3.9% to 13.4%, and there was no cross-reactivity with the other common hormones. The recoveries of real samples spiked with DMS were in the range of 92.4%–102.8%, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.05 μg/kg.

The DMS established in this study is characterized by simplicity of operation and high sensitivity, which is capable of meeting the requirements for rapid on-site detection of DMS in milk.

To develop an intelligent method for determining the storage time of chicken patties that balances prediction accuracy and model interpretability.

Cooked chicken patties stored at 4 °C were selected as the research object. Multi-dimensional quality data were collected across storage 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 d, including moisture-related properties, color difference, texture characteristics, electronic nose response signals and sensory evaluation scores. Principal component analysis was employed for data dimensionality reduction and visualization. A back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) classification model was then constructed to predict storage time.To enhance model transparency, the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) framework was introduced to quantify the contribution of each input feature to the model’s predictive outcomes.

During storage, the moisture content of chicken patties decreased significantly (P<0.05), while water activity showed an upward trend. The lightness value (L^*)increased significantly and the redness value (a^*) decreased from –0.09 to –0.25. Texture properties exhibited an overall significant decline: hardness differed significantly among samples with different storage durations (P<0.05), and chewiness decreased by 59.62%. Sensory scores generally decreased with extended storage but showed limited discriminative power for samples from adjacent storage days. The BP-ANN model achieved an overall prediction accuracy of 0.985, a recall of 0.975, and a mean absolute error of 0.246 d. SHAP analysis revealed that the redness value(a^*), E-nose sensor signal S3 and adhesiveness were the 3 core features driving the model’s decisions.

The integration of the BP-ANN model and SHAP method not only enables accurate discrimination of chicken patties across different storage times but also elucidates the underlying decision-making logic. This approach provides a reliable and interpretable technical tool for shelf-life prediction and quality analysis of meat products.

To optimize the processing technology of red mud roasted eggs and analyze their volatile flavor compounds.

This study adopted the mud-immersion method, used potassium chloride (KCl) to partially replace sodium chloride (NaCl) and red mud as an auxiliary material. The salt-mud concentration was controlled, and the pickling process was optimized through an orthogonal experiment to develop novel red mud roasted eggs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS)were utilized to determine the volatile flavor compounds of the products.

The results showed that when the liquor addition was 0.6%, the KCl replacement was 7%, and the salt-mud concentration was 51%, the obtained products exhibited moderate saltiness, a high yolk oil exudation rate and the best sensory quality. GC-MS detection revealed that the relative contents of esters, alcohols and ketones increased after pickling, while the aldehyde components changed. Among them, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol and furans were the primary flavor contributors. Furthermore, GC-IMS results demonstrated that before pickling, alcohols and straight-chain aldehydes were dominant, presenting a fresh and fruity fragrance; after pickling, esters and branched-chain aldehydes increased, which enhanced the ester and roasted aromas, resulting in a richer flavor profile.

The red mud pickling and roasting process effectively promotes lipid oxidation and the Maillard reaction within the eggs, which transforms the flavor from a light fragrance to a complex flavor. This study not only improves the defects of traditional salted eggs, such as high salt content and unstable quality, but also provides a valuable theoretical reference for the development and promotion of low-sodium and characteristic flavor egg products.

To establish an accurate, sensitive and anti-interferential method for the determination of low-content total anthraquinones in health wine with complex matrix.

Based on the spectrophotometry method specified in 2020 Edition of the technical guiding principles for inspection and evaluation of physicochemical and hygienic indicators of health food, the sample pretreatment was optimized by adjusting sample weight, performing full-volume extraction, reducing the constant volume and adopting centrifugal purification to minimize matrix interference and enhance detection sensitivity. The optimized method was verified using the high performance liquid chromatography method under the item of Polygoni multiflori Radix in the 2025 edition of the Chinese pharmacopoeia as the reference method, and the consistency of the results was evaluated by Bland-Altman analysis.

The optimized method exhibited good linearity in the range of 0–0.0162 mg/mL with a determination coefficient of 0.99998.The limit of detection was 0.009 mg/100 g, and the limit of quantitation was 0.026 mg/100 g. The average spiked recovery at 3 concentration levels was 98.94%, with a relative standard deviation of 1.58%. The 10 batches of samples were determined by the optimized spectrophotometry and the high performance liquid chromatography reference method. The Bland-Altman consistency analysis indicated that the detection results of the 2 methods exhibited consistent trends.

The method is simple, sensitive, robust against matrix interference and accurate. It is suitable for the rapid determination and quality control of low-content total anthraquinones in health wine with complex matrix.

To establish a method for simultaneous detection of 7 kinds of important foodborne pathogens, including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibriocholerae, Salmonella, Staphylococcusaureus, Escherichiacoli O157, Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni by high-throughput and rapid detection method based on Luminex xMAP liquid-phase microarray technology.

Specific genes of the 7 kinds of pathogens, namely TLH, gspD, invA, nuc, rfbE/eae, hlyA and hipO, were selected as detection targets, and specific primers tagged with TAG sequence and biotin were designed and synthesized. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification system and suspension array hybridization conditions were optimized, and the specificity, sensitivity and repeatability of the method were systematically evaluated. A total of 172 clinically isolated strains were used for practical application verification.

All 7 kinds of target pathogens showed specific amplification without cross-reaction with non-target strains. Double log linear regression analysis of median fluorescence intensity values of the 7 kinds of pathogens at concentrations ranging from 10¹ to 10⁵ CFU/mL, showed an extremely significant positive correlation between bacterial concentration and median fluorescence intensity value (R²>0.994, P<0.001), with a slight species-specific slope. The quantitative limits of detection of PCR was 10² CFU/mL, and the qualitative limit of detection was close to 10¹ CFU/mL. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of the 7 kinds of pathogens at low, medium and high concentrations were 0.9%–4.6%, 0.4%–2.3% and 0.1%–0.8% respectively; the inter-assay CV were 1.5%–4.8%, 0.2%–1.7% and 0.1%–0.9% respectively, indicating excellent intra-assay precision and inter-assay stability.The total coincidence rate of detection for 172 clinically isolated strains was 96.5%. Modified Kappa consistency test showed that the overall Kappa coefficient was 0.928 (P<0.001), and the Kappa value of each pathogen was no less than 0.8, proving that the method had reliable positive detection consistency without systematic deviation, and could meet the accuracy requirements of clinical detection and food safety monitoring.

The Luminex xMAP liquid-phase microarray assay established in this study has the advantages of high specificity, high sensitivity, high throughput, rapidity and stability. It can realize simultaneous screening of 7 kinds of foodborne pathogens, and is suitable for food safety monitoring, emergency disposal of food poisoning and rapid clinical detection.

To establish a method for the determination of vitamin B₁ in fresh fruit matrix by ultra performance liquid chromatography and optimize the derivatization and extraction conditions.

Vitamin B₁ in fruit samples was derivatized with alkaline potassium ferricyanide and then extracted using n-butanol. Chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm). The mobile phase consisted of 50 mmol/L sodium acetate solution and acetonitrile with gradient elution. The flow rate was set at 0.25 mL/min, and the column temperature was maintained at 40 ℃. The excitation and emission wavelengths were 375 nm and 435 nm, respectively, and the injection volume was 1 μL. Qualitative analysis was conducted based on chromatographic retention time, and quantitative detection was carried out via external standard method with standard curve.

Under the best conditions, vitamin B₁ showed a good linear relationship with peak area within the mass concentration range of 0.05–1.00 μg/mL, the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.9998, and the limit of quantitation and limit of detection were 0.80 mg/kg and 0.30 mg/kg, respectively. The accuracy and precision of the method were investigated by using different kinds of fruits as the substrate with low, medium and high concentration levels. The average recovery of vitamin B₁ was 79.6%–112.0%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 4.7%.

The established method is applied to the determination of vitamin B₁ in various fruit samples. This method features simple and rapid sample pretreatment, high accuracy and favorable precision, and is suitable for the rapid determination of vitamin B₁ in large batches of fruit samples.

To investigate the current usage status of neonicotinoid pesticides in cold vegetable cultivation in Ningxia Region, and evaluate their residue levels and safety in vegetable samples.

Through investigation and understanding of the active ingredients, formulations and control targets of neonicotinoid pesticides, the current application status in cold vegetable cultivation was grasped. Vegetable samples were collected to detect neonicotinoid pesticide residues, and the detection rates, over-limit rates and distribution characteristics were analyzed.Combined with residents’ dietary intake, health risks were evaluated using the index of food safety method and the hazard risk coefficient model.

The investigation identified that the main active ingredients of the local used drugs from 2023 to 2025 were 5 kinds of single or mixed agents: imidacloprid, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam and clothianidin. The detection results were highly consistent with the active ingredients of neonicotinoid pesticides actually in use. The detection of 5516 cold vegetable samples revealed an overall detection rate of 21.68% for neonicotinoid pesticides, with an over-standard rate of 0.13%. Thiamethoxam and acetamiprid exhibited relatively high detection rates. Detection rates varied among different of vegetables. The detection rate of solanaceous vegetables(32.15%) was the highest, followed by perennial and legume vegetables. The detection rates of sprout vegetables, edible fungi and onion garlic were relatively low. From 2023 to 2025, the detection rate and over-standard rate of neonicotinoid pesticides in Ningxia’s cold vegetables continued to decline. The detection rate in Yinchuan and Guyuan was higher than in the other 3 cities, and these rates were significantly higher in summer and autumn compared to spring and winter. The safety index of all detected neonicotinoid pesticides was less than 1, and the risk coefficient was less than 1.5, indicating a low risk to consumer health and acceptability.

The overall risk of nicotinoid pesticide residues in cold vegetables in Ningxia is relatively low. However, the detection rates of certain vegetables (such as solanaceous vegetables) and specific pesticides (such as thiamethoxam) are relatively high. Consequently, it remains essential to enhance guidance for farmers on the safe use of pesticides , thereby further mitigating the risk of pesticide residues.

To analyze the residual status of 7 kinds of antibiotic veterinary drugs in commercially available animal-derived prepared dishes collected from 7 districts of Beijing in 2024, and assess the dietary exposure risks induced by veterinary drug residues via consumption of animal-derived prepared dishes.

A total of 160 samples of commercially available animal-derived prepared dishes were collected from 7 districts in Beijing, and the residual concentrations of 7 kinds of antibiotic veterinary drugs were determined. The mean values, maximum values, P₅₀, P₇₅ and P_97.5 were calculated. Combined with the recommended intakes of livestock, poultry and aquatic products for different age groups specified in the Dietary guidelines for Chinese residents (2022) and the consumption data of livestock, poultry and aquatic products among Beijing residents, the point estimation method was adopted to conduct dietary exposure risk assessment.

Lomefloxacin and norfloxacin were not detected. Enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin and doxycycline were detected at varying levels, with detection rates of 18.8%, 5.6%, 3.2%, 0.6% and 31.2%, respectively. The dietary exposure levels of enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and ofloxacin via animal-derived prepared dishes for populations of different age groups ranged from 0.0007 to 0.3312 μg/(kg·BW). The risk quotients calculated based on mean and maximum residues were between 0.0001 and 0.0534, and the hazard indices ranged from 0.0017 to 0.0051.

The health risks from intake of the 7 kinds of antibiotic veterinary drugs through animal-derived prepared dishes are low for populations of different age groups in Beijing.

To investigate the distribution characteristics and migration rules of pesticide residues in different parts of Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’, and establish a rapid pesticide residue detection method suitable for the matrix of Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’.

A pesticide residue detection method combining QuEChERS pretreatment with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was established and verified. This method was applied to analyze the differences in residual content of 10 kinds of common pesticides in the peel and pulp of Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ from 4 research bases, and detect the pesticide residue status in the whole fruit, peel and pulp from 40 actual production bases. Meanwhile, the migration capacity of the 10 kinds of pesticides was classified via K-means cluster analysis.

The established method showed a good linear relationship in the mass concentration range of 0.01–0.50 mg/L (r²≥0.99215), with the spiked recovery rate of 80.0%–110.0% and the relative standard deviation of 0.6%–6.3%. Pesticide residues in Citrus reticulata‘Chachi’ presented significant differences in different parts, and both the detected types and concentrations followed the gradient rule of “peel>whole fruit>pulp”, with the average residual concentration in peel being 2.7 times that in pulp. In addition, the migration capacity of pesticides with different chemical properties could be divided into 3 levels(high, medium and low). The pesticide residue content in the whole fruit, peel and pulp of samples from 40 actual production bases did not exceed the the limit requirements of GB 2763—2026 National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food.

The QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS detection method established in this study is accurate and reliable, which can serve as an exclusive technical means for the detection of pesticide residues in Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’. The clarified distribution and migration rules of pesticide residues in Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ provide direct scientific basis for the scientific selection and rational application of pesticides in the planting process of Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’, and have important practical significance for the quality and safety control of the Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ industry.

To investigate the comprehensive effects of multiple factors including time, temperature, bacterial strains, initial contamination levels and types of packaged drinking water on the viability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water.

Different types of commercially available packaged drinking water samples were artificially contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from various sources at different levels.The concentration changes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water under different temperature conditions were continuously monitored using the membrane filtration method and plate count method, and the comprehensive effected of relevant factors on the viability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water were analyzed.

In natural mineral water for drinking, the trends of Pseudomonas aeruginosa concentration over time at different temperatures exhibited essential differences. When the initial contamination level was approximately 70 CFU/mL, at 23 ℃ and 30 ℃, the bacterial concentration increased exponentially from the 3rd to 4th day. At 30 °C, the concentration reached 10⁶ CFU/mL on the 3rd day. At 15 ℃, the proliferation was delayed until the 5th to 6th day, with the concentration reaching 10⁶ CFU/mL on the 9th day. In contrast, at 8 ℃, the bacterial concentration showed a continuous slow decline, although it remained detectable (3 CFU/mL) until the 12th day. In purified water for drinking and other drinking water, the concentration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa generally showed a decreasing trend at different temperatures, but the decay rates differed significantly. When the initial contamination level was approximately 70 CFU/mL, in purified water for drinking, Pseudomonas aeruginosa decayed fastest at 8 ℃ and 30 ℃, becoming undetectable (0 CFU/mL)on the 3rd day. At 15 ℃, the decay rate was the slowest, with the concentration falling below the detection limit on the 5th day. At 23 ℃, the decay rate was intermediated between the above two, with the concentration becoming undetectable on the 4th day. In other drinking water, at 30 ℃, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited the fastest decay, becoming undetectable (0 CFU/mL) on the 3rd day. At 15 ℃ and 23 ℃, the decay rate was moderate, with the concentration falling below the detection limit on the 5th day. At 8 ℃, the decay rate was the slowest, with the concentration becoming undetectable on the 7th day. Under identical test conditions, including temperature and type of packaged drinking water, the effects of differences in strain and initial contamination level on the trends of Pseudomonas aeruginosa concentration were generally consistent.

The combined effects of factors including time, temperature and type of packaged drinking water on the viability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are extremely significant.Nevertheless, despite differences in bacterial strains and initial contamination levels, the changing trends of Pseudomonas aeruginosa viability are generally consistent. The findings of this study will provide more scientific evidence for risk prevention and control in the production, processing, quality control and market consumption stages of packaged drinking water.