As a distinctive intertidal ecosystem at the interface between terrestrial and marine realms, mangrove represents a pivotal buffer against the influx of microplastics (MPs) into the marine environment, which serves as a principal repository for MPs. To elucidate the inner differences in the temporal alterations in micro-morphology, physicochemical traits and bacterial communities of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polylactic acid (PLA), exposure experiments were conducted at the representative artificial and natural mangrove communities in Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve in Hainan Province. Results revealed that MPs cultured in the natural mangrove performed more pronounced collapses and substantial fluctuations in contact angle, crystallinity, and hydrophobicity in comparison to that in artificial mangrove environment. This suggests that the natural mangrove environment exposure might accelerate the MPs aging processes. Significant differences were observed between the diversity of MPs bacterial communities and sediments in artificial and natural mangrove (P<0.05). Firmicutes plays a dominate role in MPs exposed to natural mangrove communities, while Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum colonized on MPs in artificial mangrove environment. The pH level of natural mangrove sediments was the primary factor for bacterial colonization on “plastisphere” (P<0.01), whereas ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) of artificial mangrove habitats showed a highly significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with the microbial community of MPs. In summary, MPs in natural mangrove communities showed more pronounced alterations in the surface micromorphology and microbial community succession than that in artificial mangrove communities. The surfaces of the “plastisphere” in natural mangrove communities have a high level of bacterial community richness, and their ability to enrich microorganisms differs from that of the “plastisphere” in artificial mangrove environment. Results of the study provide a foundation for the dynamic changes in physicochemical properties and microbial communities of MPs, which is expected to contribute to further investigations in the potential risks of MPs.

China's forestry informatization has entered the stage of smart forestry，and the new generation of information technology plays an important role in the smart forestry. Based on the connotation and development path of smart forestry, this paper refines the system architecture of smart forestry, expounds the research status of key technologies in smart forestry, such as Internet of Things, 3S and BeiDou Navigation, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Mobile Internet, etc., analyzes its main problems, and discusses its development trend and research focus. It is showed that there are some problems in the research of the key technologies of smart forestry in China, such as incomplete infrastructure, high cost, inconsistent technical standards, weak information interconnection, unstable data quality, data mining not deep enough, insufficient technology integration and lack of professional and technical talents. It is suggested that the research focus of the key technologies in China’s smart forestry in the future will be on four aspects: forestry data mining and deep application, forestry cloud remote sensing big data research, forestry block data research, and the deep integration of forestry internet of things, cloud computing, and mobile internet.

Thioredoxin (TRX), a redox regulatory protein, plays an important role in plant resistance to abiotic stress. In this study, HbTRXo2, a thioredoxin gene, was cloned from rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) using RT-PCR. HbTRXo2 contained a coding region of 594 bp encoding a protein of 197 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point of HbTRXo2 was 21.90 kDa and 7.59, respectively. The conserved domain and phylogenetic analysis showed that HbTRXo2 had a conserved TRX domain and was clustered with other plant o-type thioredoxin, suggesting that HbTRXo2 belonged to o-type thioredoxin. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that HbTRXo2 gene was expressed in root, bark, latex, mature leaf, senescent leaf, new shoot, female flower and male flower tissues of rubber tree, with significantly higher expression level in latex than in other tissues. Compared with the healthy rubber trees, the expression of HbTRXo2 in the bark and latex of tapping panel dryness trees was significantly reduced. Under cold, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought, and oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and methyl violet (MV), the expression of HbTRXo2 gene was significantly up-regulated, indicating the involvement of HbTRXo2 in response to abiotic stress in rubber tree. To explore the function of HbTRXo2 in stress resistance, its yeast expression vector was constructed and transferred into Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSC1 to obtain the recombinant yeast INVSC1 (pYES2-HbTRXo2). The survival differences between the recombinant yeast INVSC1 (pYES2-HbTRXo2) and the control yeast INVSC1 (pYES2) transformed with pYES2 empty vector after H₂O₂, PEG, and low temperature stress treatments were compared, and the results showed that the survival rate of INVSc1 (pYES2-HbTRXo2) was significantly higher than that of INVSC1 (pYES2) after PEG and H₂O₂ treatments, while the survival rate of INVSc1 (pYES2-HbTRXo2) was significantly lower than that of INVSC1 (pYES2) after low temperature stress treatment, indicating that the recombinant yeast transformed with HbTRXo2 gene improved the resistance to drought and oxidative stresses, but decreased the resistance to low temperature stress. The results demonstrate that HbTRXo2 plays an important role in latex production and latex flow, as well as abiotic stress resistance in rubber tree. The study would provide important references for further elucidating the biological function of HbTRXo2 in rubber trees.

The CUT&Tag technology is a new method for protein-DNA interactions, which uses a novel pG-Tn5 transposase with ultra-high activity, to precisely target and cleave DNA sequences near the target protein under antibody guidance, thus enabling cDNA library construction and sequencing analysis. This technology is widely used in human and animal research, but due to the unique structure of plant cells, its application in plant research is relatively limited. In previous studies, we found histone acetylation can participate in the regulation of jasmonic acid induced secondary laticifer differentiation, but the molecular mechanism of histone acetylation modification regulating secondary laticifer differentiation has not been elucidated in rubber tree. In this article, we used the experimental system of secondary laticifer differentiation induced by cornetin (COR) in the vascular cambium by the CUT&Tag technology, and the high quality protoplasts of cambium cells were obtained by enzymolysis, and the Histone H3 acetylation modified antibody was used to identify in situ the region of histone acetylation modification during secondary laticifer differentiation. A cDNA library of cambium cells treatment by COR was successfully constructed using CUT&Tag technology in rubber tree bark. Quality inspection and sequencing analysis were conducted on the construction of cDNA libraries, and found that the quality of libraries were good. And GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of differential genes found the genes related to auxin, flavonoid metabolism, and protein ubiquitination were enriched. The results would provide an operational method for constructing cDNA libraries of plant tissues using CUT&Tag technology, and provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism of histone acetylation modification regulating secondary laticifer differentiation in rubber tree.

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is one of the important economic crops in subtropical areas. However, it is difficult to store litchi after picking and easy to browning, which is one of the biggest problems in the preservation process. WRKY family is a common transcription factor in plants, which mainly regulates physiological processes such as plant stress response and maturation. In order to research the effect of WRKY on the ripening and senescence process of litchi fruit after harvest, this study took Feiziao litchi as the experimental object, and cloned LcWRKY47 gene. The gene length was 1077 bp. The protein contains WRKY conserved domain. The secondary structure is dominated by random curling, accounting for 65.64%, and the tertiary structure is dominated by random curling and α-helix. Through motif analysis and multiple sequence alignment, LcWRKY47 protein was found to be a class II WRKY transcription factor. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LcWRKY47 in litchi was closely related to DlWRKY47 in longan, which are all classified as Sapindaceae. Subcellular localization experiments showed that LcWRKY47 protein was localized in the nucleus. RT-qPCR analysis showed that after treatment with 2 mmol/L oxalic acid, the expression of LcWRKY47 gene in the peel and pulp of litchi showed the same trend, which increased first and then decreased, and the expression level of LcWRKY47 gene in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group after storage, suggesting that this transcription factor plays a positive role in the regulation of oxalic acid in the ripening and senescence process of litchi fruit. Overexpression of LcWRKY47 gene showed that the expression level of LcWRKY47 in transgenic fruits was significantly higher than that in control fruits, and the senescence process and browning of transgenic litchi was significantly better than that in treatment group. In conclusion, LcWRKY47 transcription factor may play a regulatory role in the senescence and browning process of litchi.

Mango is a typical respiration leap fruit, with vigorous postharvest metabolism and very sensitive to ethylene.CTR1 is a negative regulator of the ethylene signaling pathway and plays a central role in the ethylene signaling pathway. In order to study the possible role of mango CTR1 expression pattern in mango postharvest storage, a CTR gene (MiCTR1) was screened from the Tainung No.1) mango transcriptome database, and its encoded gene was used using biological methods. The protein was sequenced and analyzed, and the expression pattern of MiCTR1 gene during mango ripening and under 1-MCP treatment was analyzed. The results showed that the length of the open reading frame of MiCTR1 was 1551 bp, encoding 516 amino acids, The molecular formula of the predicted protein was C₂₅₀₃H₃₉₃₂N₇₁₂O₇₉₇S₂₆, the total atomic number was 7970, and the weight of the protein was 57.58 kDa, the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) was 5.72, the fat coefficient was 70.78, and the overall average hydrophilicity was -0.596, with 111 phosphorylation sites, and the phosphorylation modification of serine was the main one, supplemented by threonine, had no transmembrane structure and no signal peptide. Subcellular prediction analysis showed that it was located in the nucleus. Protein domain prediction MiCTR1 protein contained a conserved PB1 domain located at amino acid sequence 189-285. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MiCTR1 was closely related to Prunus dulcis, Prunus persica, Prunus avium, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus mume. The results of fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that the relative expression of MiCTR1 increased during the ripening process of mango, and 1-MCP down-regulated its expression. In this study, the MiCTR1 gene was cloned in mango and its biological analysis was analyzed, and its expression pattern during postharvest storage was analyzed, which would provide a basis for the molecular mechanism of mango ripening.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important tropical fruit in Hainan province. Ethylene plays a vital role in the ripening process of mango. ERF transcription factors are key downstream components of the ethylene signaling pathway, and as one of the largest families of transcription factors, they play a role in regulating signal transduction and physiological responses. To investigate the impact of ERF transcription factors on the coloration of postharvest mango peels, this study focused on the Guifei mango as the research subject. Through PCR cloning, the MiERF3 gene was obtained, and bioinformatics methods were used to analyze its basic physicochemical characteristics, conserved domains, protein structure, and evolutionary relationships. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) technology was then employed to analyze the specific expression of the MiERF3 gene in different tissues of mango and during postharvest storage periods. The results indicated that MiERF3 was 717 bp in length, encoding 238 amino acids. The protein had a molecular formula of C₁₁₃₀H₁₇₆₃N₃₃₉O₃₅₅S₉, a molecular weight of 26.066 kDa, and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.62, with 30 positively charged residues and 27 negatively charged residues. The protein exhibited hydrophilic properties and a structurally unstable nature. MiERF3 protein had no a signal peptide and transmembrane region, with threonine being the primary site for phosphorylation modification. It contained an AP2 conserved domain, and its secondary structure was primarily composed of 61.67% random curl, along with 27.75% α-helix, 3.96% β-fold, and 6.61% extended chain. The three-dimensional structural model of MiERF3 contained three β-fold and one α-helix, consistent with the characteristics of the AP2 structural domain. Multi-sequence alignment and motif analysis suggested that MiERF3 belonged to the ERF subfamily. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the protein most closely related to MiERF3 was PvERF3-like from Pistacia vera, a plant belonging to the same family as mango. Onion subcellular localization and transcriptional self-activation assays showed that MiERF3 was localized in the nucleus and had transcriptional self-activating activity. Quantitative real-time fluorescence analysis showed that the expression of MiERF3 varied among different mango tissues, with the highest expression observed in the sunny side peel of mango fruit. During storage, the expression of MiERF3 showed a clear trend of initial increase followed by decrease, suspecting that MiERF3 may play a positive regulatory role in the process of fruit ripening and color change. This study would provide a theoretical basis for revealing the regulatory role of ERF transcription factors in postharvest ripening and senescence of mango.

MinD is involved in the fine regulation of plastid division and plays a key role in maintaining plastid morphology. Previous laboratory research found that the MeMinD protein is involved in the division of cassava plastids, but the related proteins that work in conjunction with MeMinD to regulate the division of cassava plastids have not been clearly identified. This study constructed the pGBKT7-MeMinD vector and, through yeast two-hybrid library screening, a total of 8 candidate interacting proteins of MeMinD were obtained; after point-to-point verification using the yeast two-hybrid system, it was found that the nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase 2 (MeNAPRT2) interacts with MeMinD. The results of this study would provide new information for further analysis of the mechanism of MeMinD's participation in the regulation of cassava plastid splitting.

Understanding the expression regulation mechanisms of enzymes related to starch synthesis in cassava can significantly advance the molecular breeding for high yield and high starch content. Prior research has uncovered that the auxin-responsive gene, MeSAUR1, upregulates the expression of MeAGPS1a, a gene encoding the small subunit of the key starch-synthesizing enzyme, AGPase. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified a Yippee protein family member, MeYippee1, as a candidate interacting protein with MeSAUR1. In this study, the coding region of the MeYippee1 gene from cassava variety SC8 was cloned. The gene was 321 bp in the coding region, lacking introns, encoding a protein of 106 amino acids, with four predicted phosphorylation sites. Expression analysis in different tissues and organs revealed that MeYippee1 was most highly expressed in axillary buds, followed by fibrous roots, storage roots, and mature leaves, while expression levels were lower in stems and petioles, and the lowest in apical buds and young leaves. Expression analysis during the different developmental stages of the storage root showed that MeYippee1 expression was primarily during the formation phase of the storage roots. Further point-to-point yeast two-hybrid verification indicated an interactive relationship between MeYippee1 and MeSAUR1 proteins. The results would provide new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the positive regulation of MeAGPS1a expression by MeSAUR1.

Cytoplasmic invertase (CIN) irreversibly hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose and plays an important role in the development of roots in various model plants. Presently, there is no research on the CIN gene family in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) and the role of IbCINs in the development of storage roots of sweetpotato remains to be elucidated. This study systematically identified the types and quantities of IbCIN gene family. Physicochemical properties, chromosome localization, phylogeny, gene structure and conserved motifs, promoter cis elements of IbCINs were also analyzed. Simultaneously, through the expression analysis of IbCINs in different tissues and different types of roots, and the activity analysis of CIN in different types of roots, several candidate CIN genes were identified that play an important role in the development of storage roots of sweetpotato. A total of 12 IbCIN genes (IbCIN1-12) were identified from the genome of sweetpotato, distributing on 8 chromosomes. The number of amino acids of IbCIN-encoded protein was 417-825 aa, the molecular weightwas 46.60-93.75 kDa, and the isoelectric point was 4.83-7.17. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that IbCINs could be divided into three groups, α1, α2 and β groups, comprising 1, 3 and 8 members, respectively. α1 and α2 members were very conservative in conserved motifs and gene structures, while β memberswere less conservative, which indicating that β group may have more diverse function than the other two groups, allowing β members to participate in more biological processes. In addition, phylogenetic analysis also revealed that IbCIN1, IbCIN7, IbCIN10 and IbCIN12 were closely related to CIN genes related to root development in Arabidopsis and cassava, suggesting that the four genes may play important roles in the development of non-storage root of sweetpotato. The analysis of the expression levels of IbCINs in different tissue (young leaves, mature leaves, stems, flowers, 60 d storage roots) and different types of roots (white fiber roots, red fiber roots, pencil roots and 60 d storage roots) showed that IbCIN4, IbCIN8 and IbCIN11 had the highest expression levels in storage roots, and simultaneously the CIN activity in storage roots was significantly higher than that in non-storage roots. Thus, it can be speculated that the three genes may play an important role in the development of storage roots of sweetpotato. Bioinformatics analysis further revealed that IbCIN4, IbCIN8 and IbCIN11 may jointly promote the development of storage roots via different mechanisms, including facilitating sucrose transport to and subsequent degradation in storage roots, attenuating photoperiod response and signal transduction of gibberellin. This study could lay a foundation for further research on the function of IbCIN genes through transgenic technology.