In this paper, the characteristics of driver out of position and active and passive fusion damage caused by AES are studied by using finite element method for several typical collision conditions caused by automatic emergency steering (AES) intervention. The results show that AES can cause significant lateral displacement of the driver, and the out of position degree increases slightly with the increase of initial speed. High HIC15 and BrIC values are easily generated in oblique angle and side-to-side collision conditions due to high speed and hard contact. The risk of craniocerebral injury in side impact is greater, and the strain of liver and lung is greater than that of other internal organs. Overall, AES intervention results in more significant head, neck, and chest injuries in oblique and lateral near-end collision.

Most of the existing domain adaptive visual object detection algorithms are based on two-stage detector design and fail to exploit the semantic topological relationship between different elements in the image space, resulting in suboptimal cross-domain adaptation performance. Therefore, in this paper a domain adaptive visual object detection algorithm based on multi-granularity relationship reasoning is proposed. Firstly, a coarse-grained patch relationship reasoning module is proposed, which uses the coarse-grained patch graph structure to capture the topological relationship between the foreground and background and perform cross-domain adaptation on the foreground area. Then, a fine-grained semantic relationship reasoning module is designed to reason about the fine-grained semantic graph structure to enhance cross-domain multi-category semantic dependencies. Finally, a granularity-induced feature alignment module is proposed to adjust the weight of feature alignment according to the affinity of the nodes, thereby improving the adaptability of the detection model when facing overall scene changes. The experimental results on multiple cross-domain scenarios of autonomous driving verify the robustness and real-time performance of the proposed algorithm.

To enhance the passenger space and safety performance of electric vehicles, Cell to Body (CTB) technology is used to integrate batteries as structural components into the bottom of the vehicle body, which not only reduces the number of body components and connectors, but also helps to achieve the lightweight and range requirements of electric vehicles. Addressing potential collision safety issues and the risk of interrupted force transfer paths associated with the CTB structure, in this paper a frontal collision safety design process for vehicle bodies based on the CTB structure is proposed. The design method of "force decomposition-simulation analysis-test benchmarking" is adopted. Firstly, safety of the battery under frontal collision is ensured. Then, multi-level force transmission path is designed for optimization of vehicle body and the front structure of the vehicle is planned and designed based on the collision force value. The feasibility of the research method in this paper is verified through finite element simulation analysis and experiments, providing an effective design method for future vehicle body design and application.

Al-Si coated press hardening steels (PHS) with coating thicknesses ranging from 8 to 18 µm demonstrate enhanced toughness, drawing significant attention from the industry. However, there is limited evalua-tion of the resistance spot welding performance of Al-Si coated PHS with reduced coating thickness. This research compares the weldability of PHS with thin Al-Si coatings at strengths of 1 000, 1500, and 2 000 MPa. The results show that the weldability current range and mechanical properties of welds for all three grades of PHS meet industri-al production requirements. Further analysis reveals that the mechanical properties of the welds are closely linked to the strength and toughness of the martensite in the nugget. As the matrix strength increases, the strength (hardness) of the martensite in the nugget also rises, while toughness decreases. Consequently, the tensile-shear ultimate load increases with rising weld strength, whereas the cross-tensile ultimate load decreases as weld toughness diminishes.

In this article, the effect of adhesive type, substrate properties, and structural dimensions on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP)-aluminum alloy (AA5052) and BFRP-BFRP single lap adhesive joints is investigated. Using the response surface methodology (RSM), a predictive model is es-tablished to evaluate the impact of three process parameters (aluminum substrate thickness, overlap length, and the angle between the loading direction and the primary direction of the basalt fibers) on the mechanical performance of the joints. The results indicate that the strength and stiffness of the adhesive joints are influenced by the yield strength and stiffness of the bonded substrates. BFRP-BFRP adhesive joints exhibit higher peak load, whereas BFRP-AA5052 adhesive joints demonstrate greater overall stiffness. The use of brittle structural adhesives can sig-nificantly enhance the strength and fracture energy absorption of the adhesive joints, reaching up to 57.4% and 1 128.5%, respectively. The shear strength Y is introduced as an evaluation metric for assessing the adhesive strength utilization rate. A strength prediction model for Y is established based on RSM, resulting in a regression equation with good significance, and the optimal range for the process parameters is predicted. The analysis of the coupling effect of the process parameters based on the strength prediction model reveals a negative correlation be-tween fiber direction and joint strength, while overlap length and aluminum substrate thickness show a positive cor-relation with joint strength. Considering the joint strength, adhesive cost, and lightweight effect, it is recommended that the loading direction aligns with the primary direction of the fibers, with the overlap length controlled within the range of 20 mm to 25 mm, and the aluminum substrate thickness within the range of 2 mm to 2.5 mm. This study provides theoretical and data support for the application of BFRP-AA5052 adhesive structures in transportation equipment.

Taking into account of factors such as core magnetic saturation，torque fluctuation，and component flexibility，an electromechanical coupling dynamic model for the switched reluctance motor-planetary gear electric drive system suitable for unsteady state conditions is established，with translational and angular displacements as generalized coordinates，which is validated through experiments. Through simulation analysis，the dynamic characteristics of the system under acceleration and variable load conditions are studied. The results show that under acceleration conditions，the speed at which the electric drive system is most prone to resonance is 3 900 r/min，at which multiple excitation frequencies cross the natural frequency of the system. Among them，the vibration energy generated by the excitation of the 15th order natural frequency at the gear mesh frequency is the largest，and the vibration energy is mainly concentrated in the θ_y direction of the planet carrier. At the moment of sudden load change，the system produces low-order free vibration dominated by the 5th order natural frequency，with vibration energy mainly concentrated in the θ_x and θ_y directions of the inner gear ring and gear housing.

With the increasing power levels and integration of electric vehicles, the thermal load of power modules is rising rapidly, which puts higher demand on the thermal management technology of power modules. The topology optimization design of power module liquid cooled plates is becoming a key technology for achieving high heat flux density heat dissipation due to its high heat transfer and low-pressure drop loss characteristics. In this paper, based on the density topology method, a topology optimization design model is constructed for the flow channel structure of the power module liquid cooling plate. Through the coupling of multiple physical fields of flow and heat transfer; multi-objective topology optimization design for the flow channel of the liquid cooling plate is carried out. The results show that the topology-optimized liquid cooling plate design presents a multi-level biomimetic flow channel structure, which significantly reduces pressure drop loss and improves heat dissipation capacity. Compared to the traditional finned liquid cooling plate structure of the benchmark, the pressure drop loss of the flow channel structure after topology optimization is reduced by 72.8%, with a maximum temperature reduction of 33.28 K, which provides a new design idea for high-performance liquid cooling plates of automotive electronic control power modules.

In order to realize the estimation of tire mechanical characteristics and the identification of tire models that do not rely on the physical sample of tires, and to accelerate satisfying the technical and accuracy requirements of tire virtual delivery, in this paper, based on the finite element software ABAQUS, a method for simulating the tire camber-turn-slip combined condition is proposed, and the influence of camber on the turn-slip is analyzed. Firstly, the tire finite element model is constructed, and the simulation accuracy of the model is verified by the bench test data, and simulation methods of tire camber-turn-slip combined using implicit solver is proposed. Secondly, According to the spin turn condition under the special case of turn-slip, the influence of the inclination angle on the spin turn aligning moment is analyzed. Finally, the camber-turn-slip conditions of tires with different load are simulated, and the influence of camber on the lateral force, aligning moment stiffness region and the whole area of the turn-slip mechanical characteristics are analyzed. It is concluded that the camber has a significant nonlinearity on the stiffness area of the lateral force and aligning moment, and affect the curve features of the decay rate of the lateral force, the curvature of the transition zone of the aligning moment and so on.

Torsional vibration of power system is a hot and difficult problem in NVH field of extended range electric vehicles. In order to investigate the torsional vibration characteristics of the range extender under electromechanical coupling, taking a diesel engine range extender as the research object, systematic quantification of the shaft system is carried out and a torsional vibration mechanical model of the eight-degree-of-freedom shafting system is established. A non-contact measurement method is used to conduct torsional vibration tests on the range extender platform to verify the accuracy of the model. The method of obtaining shafting structure parameters, electromagnetic parameters and excitation torque is discussed. The coupling calculation of the range-extender shafting is carried out and the comparison analysis with the original machine is made. It is concluded that the addition of the motor rotor system will reduce the natural frequency of shafting by 27.6Hz and the maximum amplitude by about 21%. The resonant speed is shifted forward by about 200 r/min on the basis of the original machine, and a natural frequency is increased in the first 12 steps. The influence of electromagnetic parameters on torsional vibration characteristics of shafting is analyzed according to the particularity of range extender working condition. The results show that the electromagnetic damping is linearly and negatively correlated with torsional vibration amplitude, but it does not change the natural frequency and resonant speed of shafting. The electromagnetic stiffness has no obvious effect on the amplitude of torsional vibration, and mainly affects the size of zero frequency, which will lead to low frequen-

With the aim of improving vehicle ride comfort, in this paper a fractional-order skyhook control strategy based on the fractional order calculus theory is proposed. Firstly, a fractional-order skyhook vehicle suspension dynamic model is established to derive analytical expressions for the fractional-order skyhook damping force and fractional-order skyhook inertial force. Subsequently, particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to optimize the key parameters of the suspension. In order to solve the problem that fractional-order force cannot be realized physically, a vehicle ISD (inerter-spring-damper) suspension with mechatronic inerter is chosen as the controlled model. A model reference adaptive controller based on fractional-order skyhook is designed to track the mechanical performance output of the fractional-order suspension. Dynamic performance analyses of fractional-order skyhook inerter suspension and fractional-order skyhook damper suspension is conducted from both frequency-domain and time-domain perspectives. Simulation results show that fractional-order skyhook ISD suspension has more significant advantages in reinforcing ride comfort than integer-order skyhook ISD suspension. Under random road input, the root-mean-square value of vehicle body acceleration of fractional-order skyhook damper suspension decreases by 18.3%, while the fractional-order skyhook ISD suspension decreases by 20.6%. The bench test results demonstrate that the vehicle ISD suspension based on fractional-order skyhook further enhances ride comfort, offering new insights for the design of vehicle ISD suspension.