In order to improve the physicochemical properties of puerarin and enhance its water solubility, membrane permeability and bioavailability, puerarin nanoparticles were prepared by subcritical water-anti-solvent method, and characterized by SEM, DSC, and FTIR. The effect of different factors for preparation of puerarin nanoparticles on the particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of puerarin nanoparticles were evaluated via nanoparticle size and Zeta potential analyzer. The in vitro and in vivo properties of puerarin nanoparticles were analyzed through in vitro release and transdermal experiments. The results showed that under the optimal process conditions of liquid-material ratio (mL∶g) 220∶1, subcritical water temperature 125 ℃, extraction time 20 min, volume ratio of subcritical water to anti-solvent (ultrapure water containing stabilizer) 1∶1, and lactose with a mass fraction of 0.08% as stabilizer, the prepared puerarin nanoparticles exhibited an average particle size of 89.94 nm, a yield of 94.01%. The puerarin nanoparticles gel had a cumulative release rate of 90.0% within 12 h and up to 96.7% within 48 h with the release process conforming to the first-order release model, and a cumulative permeability of 1323.64 μg/cm² at 12 h. Its pharmacokinetic parameters were improved compared with those of puerarin, with the half-life prolonged and the peak mass fraction decreased.

The shell nacre protein was extracted from the nacre layer in the Pinctada martensti shell by a combined technology of acidification-high pressure, with the extraction process optimized through single-factor and response surface experiments using the protein extraction rate as index. The protease hydrolysis products of the shell nacre protein were then prepared, and evaluated for its amino acid composition, anti-inflammatory activity as well as skin repair activity. The results showed that under the optimal extraction conditions of hydrochloric acid concentration 0.18 mol/L, alkali material-liquid ratio (g∶mL) 1∶4.9, mass fraction of NaOH solution 1.00%, extraction temperature 65 ℃, extraction time 3 h, acid precipitation pH 3.5 and resting time 32 h, the extraction rate of shell nacre protein was 17.31%±0.84%. The enzymatic hydrolysate of the shell nacre protein produced via bromelain hydrolysis for 3 h showed no cytotoxicity and was beneficial to the macrophage proliferation. The inhibitory rate of the hydrolysate with a concentration of 800 μg/mL on NO release reached up to 51.85%±1.39%. Meanwhile, the hydrolysate exhibited activities of inhibition against the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α, and up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 release, thus demonstrating good anti-inflammatory performance. The enzymatic hydrolysate of the shell nacre contained 17 kinds of amino acids. Among them, the total relative content of 8 kinds of essential amino acids for the human body was 32.626%, the total relative content of 7 kinds of hydrophobic amino acids was 34.513%, while that of 3 kinds of positively charged amino acids was 16.173%. The shell nacre active peptides could significantly improve cell proliferation and cell migration of fibroblasts L929, and improve cell viability induced by H₂O₂, inhibit ROS production, and exhibit good skin repair activity.

To investigate the influence of distillation time on the extraction yield, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., essential oil from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. growing in Guangxi with the 0~10, 10~30, 30~60, and 60~360 min distillation were obtained through hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC-MS for chemical composition, and evaluated via 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine free radical (DPPH•) and diammonium 2,2'-azino-bis(3-thylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cationic free radical (ABTS⁺•) scavenging assay for the antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the essential oil collected at 0~10, 10~30, 30~60 and 60~360 min distillation periods exhibited an extraction rate of 0.14%±0.01%, 0.18%±0.01%, 0.20%±0.02%, and 0.57%±0.03%, respectively, while displayed same main components belonging to sesquiterpenoids, including patchouli alcohol, patchoulone, α-bulnesene and seychellene. Among them, patchouli alcohol was of the highest relative content, with the relative content in the four distillation periods of 49.22%, 50.82%, 50.47%, and 39.07%, respectively. The median inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of essential oils for DPPH•were 21.75, 12.45, 12.03, and 3.54 g/L, while those for ABTS⁺• were 13.91, 8.62, 8.00, and 3.02 g/L, respectively. The essential oil from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth collected at 60~360 min exhibited the strongest DPPH• and ABTS⁺• scavenging capacities among the four distillation periods, while that collected at 0~10 min showed the weakest.

Inspired by nitroreductase and the electron transfer process of its metabolite nitroaromatic or nitroheterocyclic compounds, dye 2,7-dichlorofluorescein, which was ring-opened through solvent-assisted ligand incorporation to form carboxylic acid ligand groups, was loaded into the channels of iron-porphyrin metal-organic framework PCN-222(Fe) for synthesis of DCF@PCN-222(Fe). The DCF@PCN-222(Fe) was characterized by ¹HNMR, XRD, SEM, EDX, UV-Vis, fluorescence spectrometer and XPS, and evaluated for its electrochemical properties via cyclic voltammetry (CV). With DCF@PCN-222(Fe) photo-catalyzing nitrobenzene reduction to aniline as a model reaction, the reaction conditions were optimized, the nitroaromatic hydrocarbon substrate was expanded and the cycling stability of the catalyst was evaluated. The results showed that DCF@PCN-222(Fe) still maintained the PCN-222(Fe) parent framework with a molar ratio of DCF to iron porphyrin ligand 1.6∶1, with its formula speculated as C₈₀H_46.4Cl_4.2FeN₄O_22.4Zr₃ and a relative molecular mass of 1878.47. DCF@PCN-222(Fe) exhibited UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence emission peaks at the same positions as DCF (532 and 556 nm, respectively), indicating electron transfer within the framework which can simulate the electron transfer process of nitroreductase. Under light irradiation, excited DCF transferred electrons to the iron-porphyrin center, from which the generated low-valent iron center transferred electrons to other electron acceptors, enabling the efficient reduction of nitrobenzene substrates. Under the optimal reaction conditions of room temperature, with 532 nm LED as light source, 2.5 μmol DCF@PCN-222(Fe) as photocatalyst, 1 mL methanol as solvent, catalytic reduction of 0.1 mmol nitrobenzene for 2 h, the aniline yield was 82% and reduced to 77% when the catalyst was used continuously for three times. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the reduction of nitrobenzene substrates with different para substituents catalyzed by DCF@PCN-222(Fe) showed yields from 64% to 91%.

Silicon-based anodes are very promising anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity, low working voltage, and high natural abundance. However, practical implementation is severely hindered by intrinsic drawbacks including significant volume expansion, low electrical conductivity, and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films, collectively leading to poor cycling stability. Herein, the fundamental principles governing volume expansion and SEI formation in silicon anodes were reviewed, followed by in-depth discussion on the expansion mechanism. The dual failure modes (mechanical and chemical instability) was analyzed, while the detrimental consequences of cycling degradation was expounded. The modification research on silicon-based anodes in recent years were elaborated from the perspective of multi-dimensional nano-silicon structure design, including the design, preparation, advantages and disadvantages of 0D (silicon nanoparticles, silicon quantum dots, etc.), 1D (silicon nanowires and silicon nanotubes), 2D (silicon nanosheets, silicene), and 3D (porous silicon, silicon nanosponges) nano-silicon materials, as well as the differences in structure, performance and application of other silicon-based anode materials (pure Si anode, SiO_X anodes, Si/C composite anodes). Finally, the critical needs for innovative technologies, fundamental understanding in mechanism, in-situ characterization, and synergistic modification strategies were emphasized. Future research directions and application prospects for high-performance silicon anodes were outlined.

The complexity of industrial wastewater and the diversity of emerging pollutants have imposed higher demands on adsorption materials. Biochar has been widely used in pollutants adsorption due to its renewability and modifiability. However, it is difficult for biochar with only the basic properties to meet practical requirements, with modification becoming the breakthrough strategy. Herein, the activation modification approaches for biochar (including chemical modification, metal/non-metal doping, surfactant modification, and plasma modification) and the regulatory mechanisms on pollutant adsorption performance were systematically reviewed. The adsorption efficiencies of modified and activated biochar toward novel pollutants in industrial wastewater, such as dyes, heavy metals, fluoride, antibiotics, microplastics, and phenolic compounds was specifically analyzed, followed by clarification on the synergistic effects between pore structure optimization and surface chemical modification. Furthermore, technological bottlenecks in regeneration processes and green solutions were discussed. Finally, the future development directions of biochar in pollutant adsorption application were prospected and should be focused on implementing collaborative modification strategies to achieve targeted pollutant removal, developing coupled systems to achieve adsorption enrichment and in-situ pollutant degradation, and developing green and low-carbon preparation technology to reduce carbon emissions.

With the increasingly severe global water shortage problem, finding alternative freshwater resources needs to be addressed urgently. Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technology, a method for obtaining water from the atmosphere, holds great potential in alleviation on the global water shortage problem. The main methods of collecting water from the atmosphere include fog collection, condensation-based AWH, membrane-assisted AWH, and adsorption-based AWH. Herein, the principles of different water collection methods and their respective advantages as well as disadvantages were discussed. The characteristics of different types of adsorbents in adsorption-based AWH technology were compared, and the research progress on composite adsorbents was specifically introduced. At the same time, the optimization and regulation strategies in the processes of water absorption, storage/transportation, and water release were systematically expounded. Finally, the development trends in improving the performance of water collection materials, optimizing water quality, innovating preparation technologies, and expanding intelligent applications were prospected, with the aim to provide useful references and inspirations for further development and application of adsorbents.

Nitrite has been widely used in many fields, and its accurate detection is crucial due to the fact that excessive intake of nitrite is hazardous to human health. Traditional detection methods have disadvantages such as high cost and long detection time. Electrochemical sensors have become a research hotspot due to their advantages of low detection limit, rapid response and low cost. Herein, the research progress on electrochemical sensors modified with carbon nanomaterials in nitrite detection was reviewed. The unique advantages of carbon-based materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon dots, nanoporous carbon, metal-organic frameworks and biochar were emphatically analyzed, and their large specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and surface active sites significantly enhanced the electrocatalytic activity and electron transfer kinetics of the sensor. Functionalization strategies such as heteroatom doping, metal nanoparticle loading and polymer composite further endowed the material with specific recognition ability, making the detection limit generally reach the μmol level. Some sensors demonstrated good recovery rates and anti-interference capabilities in the detection of actual samples, such as water samples and food. However, these technologies are still facing challenges such as complex preparation processes, easy shedding of active materials, significant ionic interference in complex matrices, and insufficient long-term stability. Future research should focus on constructing multi-dimensional composite systems, developing controllable synthesis technologies such as in-situ growth and laser engraving, combining molecular imprinting techniques to enhance selectivity, and promoting cross-integration with artificial intelligence and sustainable materials to break through performance bottlenecks and provide efficient and reliable technical support for food safety monitoring and environmental pollution prevention and control.

A series of Cr³⁺ doped BiVO₄ (Cr-BiVO₄) and palygorskite (PGS)/Cr-BiVO₄ composite materials were prepared by hydrothermal method using Bi(NO₃)₃•5H₂O, NH₄VO₃, Cr₂O₃ and PGS as raw materials, and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and UV-Vis for analyses on structure, composition, morphology and optical performance. The thermochromic behavior of the composite materials was evaluated, with the color change mechanism speculated. The results indicated that the doping of Cr³⁺and PGS showed no effect on the monoclinic phase of BiVO₄ but widened the absorption range of the material in the visible light region. The maximum absorption edge of 30% Cr-BiVO₄ with a Cr³⁺ doping content (based on the mass of BiVO₄, the same below) redshifted from 536 nm to 634 nm and the absorbance was enhanced. Both Cr-BiVO₄ and PGS/Cr-BiVO₄ displayed reversible thermochromic properties at 20~500 ℃. Compared with that of BiVO₄ (from bright yellow to red, r.t.~300 ℃), the color changing temperature of 30% Cr-BiVO₄ decreased 100 ℃ and achieved reversible change between dark orange and red at r.t.~200 ℃. 30% Cr-BiVO₄ could repeat reversible thermochromic behavior more than 12 times at 20~500 ℃. Meanwhile, the water-based coating from 20% PGS/30% Cr-BiVO₄ composite materials prepared with 20% mass fraction of PGS exhibited reversible thermochromic between orange yellow to red. The phase transition between the monoclinic and tetragonal phases of BiVO₄ in the composite material was the fundamental cause for its reversible thermochromic property.

Electrically conductive adhesive, a special functional adhesive, has been widely used in the fields of integrated circuit bonding, light-emitting diode manufacturing, chip packaging, and solar panel production due to its excellent line resolution, environmental friendliness, and simple operation process. In recent years, with the rapid development of electronic products, 5G, artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies, preparation of high-performance electrically conductive adhesives has become a key research direction and industry development trend in the field of electronic materials today. Herein, the basic composition, types as well as advantages and disadvantages of electrically conductive adhesives were reviewed, followed by introduction on the conductive mechanism. The improvement strategies for the mechanical bonding performance of electrically conductive adhesives were then elaborated for the aspects of modified resin matrix and doped nanomaterials, while strategies for electrical conductivity enhancement were summarized from regulation on the type, size and morphology of conductive fillers, nanoparticle addition, surface modification of conductive fillers, doping of low-melting-point alloys and optimization of curing conditions. Finally, the current development status and the existing problems of domestic conductive adhesives were pointed out and their future development trends were discussed.