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Silicon-based anodes are very promising anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity, low working voltage, and high natural abundance. However, practical implementation is severely hindered by intrinsic drawbacks including significant volume expansion, low electrical conductivity, and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films, collectively leading to poor cycling stability. Herein, the fundamental principles governing volume expansion and SEI formation in silicon anodes were reviewed, followed by in-depth discussion on the expansion mechanism. The dual failure modes (mechanical and chemical instability) was analyzed, while the detrimental consequences of cycling degradation was expounded. The modification research on silicon-based anodes in recent years were elaborated from the perspective of multi-dimensional nano-silicon structure design, including the design, preparation, advantages and disadvantages of 0D (silicon nanoparticles, silicon quantum dots, etc.), 1D (silicon nanowires and silicon nanotubes), 2D (silicon nanosheets, silicene), and 3D (porous silicon, silicon nanosponges) nano-silicon materials, as well as the differences in structure, performance and application of other silicon-based anode materials (pure Si anode, SiOX anodes, Si/C composite anodes). Finally, the critical needs for innovative technologies, fundamental understanding in mechanism, in-situ characterization, and synergistic modification strategies were emphasized. Future research directions and application prospects for high-performance silicon anodes were outlined.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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