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Nitrite has been widely used in many fields, and its accurate detection is crucial due to the fact that excessive intake of nitrite is hazardous to human health. Traditional detection methods have disadvantages such as high cost and long detection time. Electrochemical sensors have become a research hotspot due to their advantages of low detection limit, rapid response and low cost. Herein, the research progress on electrochemical sensors modified with carbon nanomaterials in nitrite detection was reviewed. The unique advantages of carbon-based materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon dots, nanoporous carbon, metal-organic frameworks and biochar were emphatically analyzed, and their large specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and surface active sites significantly enhanced the electrocatalytic activity and electron transfer kinetics of the sensor. Functionalization strategies such as heteroatom doping, metal nanoparticle loading and polymer composite further endowed the material with specific recognition ability, making the detection limit generally reach the μmol level. Some sensors demonstrated good recovery rates and anti-interference capabilities in the detection of actual samples, such as water samples and food. However, these technologies are still facing challenges such as complex preparation processes, easy shedding of active materials, significant ionic interference in complex matrices, and insufficient long-term stability. Future research should focus on constructing multi-dimensional composite systems, developing controllable synthesis technologies such as in-situ growth and laser engraving, combining molecular imprinting techniques to enhance selectivity, and promoting cross-integration with artificial intelligence and sustainable materials to break through performance bottlenecks and provide efficient and reliable technical support for food safety monitoring and environmental pollution prevention and control.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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