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The complexity of industrial wastewater and the diversity of emerging pollutants have imposed higher demands on adsorption materials. Biochar has been widely used in pollutants adsorption due to its renewability and modifiability. However, it is difficult for biochar with only the basic properties to meet practical requirements, with modification becoming the breakthrough strategy. Herein, the activation modification approaches for biochar (including chemical modification, metal/non-metal doping, surfactant modification, and plasma modification) and the regulatory mechanisms on pollutant adsorption performance were systematically reviewed. The adsorption efficiencies of modified and activated biochar toward novel pollutants in industrial wastewater, such as dyes, heavy metals, fluoride, antibiotics, microplastics, and phenolic compounds was specifically analyzed, followed by clarification on the synergistic effects between pore structure optimization and surface chemical modification. Furthermore, technological bottlenecks in regeneration processes and green solutions were discussed. Finally, the future development directions of biochar in pollutant adsorption application were prospected and should be focused on implementing collaborative modification strategies to achieve targeted pollutant removal, developing coupled systems to achieve adsorption enrichment and in-situ pollutant degradation, and developing green and low-carbon preparation technology to reduce carbon emissions.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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