Objective To investigate the protective effects of paeonol (PAE) on autophagy in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) induced by overexpression of α-synuclein (α-Syn), and to explore its related mechanism. Methods SH-SY5Y cells served as control group, while those induced with A53T-α-Syn mutation were used as model group. Additional groups included PAE (150 μg/ml) group, 3-MA (1 mmol/L) group, and PAE(150 μg/ml)+3-MA (1 mmol/L) group. Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 method, cell morphology was observed under an optical microscope, and protein expressions of α-Syn, LC3-Ⅱ, p62, Beclin-1, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and p-Bcl-2 were determined by Western blotting. Results Compared with control group, model control exhibited decreased cell survival (P<0.01), increased α-Syn expression (P<0.001), reduced expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1 (P<0.01, P<0.05), elevated autophagy substrate protein p62 (P<0.05), and decreased expression of autophagy pathway-related proteins p-JNK and Bcl-2 (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with model group, PAE group showed increased cell survival (P<0.01), decreased α‑Syn and p62 protein expression (P<0.01, P<0.05), and increased expression of LC3-Ⅱ, Beclin-1, p-JNK and Bcl-2 (P<0.05). Compared with PAE group, 3-MA+PAE group demonstrated increased α-Syn expression (P<0.05). Conclusions PAE could attenuate the injury of SH-SY5Y cells induced by A53T-α-Syn and eliminate over-expressed α‑Syn by activating autophagy pathway, which may be associated with the upregulation of JNK/Bcl-2 mediated autophagy pathway.

Objective To report the diagnosis, treatment, and verification process of a patient with sex development disorder whose chromosomal karyotype and genetic test results are inconsistent, and conduct a literature review to improve the understanding of the mosaic status of sexual development disorders. Methods A 14-year-old patient presented with primary amenorrhea on April 3, 2020, at the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, exhibiting female sexual characteristics. The patient underwent ultrasonic/magnetic resonance imaging of gonads, assessment of gonadal axis function, chromosomal karyotype, and molecular genetic testing, as well as pelvic exploration, malignant gonads resection, and hormone replacement therapy, resulting in drug-induced menstruation. During the diagnosis and treatment, it was found that the patient's chromosomal karyotype analysis was inconsistent with the molecular genetic test results. Subsequently, samples from the three germ layer cells were taken, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect the sex chromosomes in each germ layer cell. XY probes were used to label the gonadal pathological sections to explore the distribution differences of the Y chromosome in the gonads, and changes in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels before and after surgery were compared. Databases such as Wanfang and PubMed were searched to summarize relevant cohort study literature and understand the current status of research on this disease. Results The patient's body exhibited a significant differences between the 45,X and 46,XY cell lines in different germ layers and within the same layer tissues. The proportion of 45,X in buccal mucosal cells derived from the ectoderm was 30% (6/20), in peripheral blood lymphocytes derived from the mesoderm was 9.7% (11/114), and in bladder shed cells derived from endoderm was 20.4% (22/108). The gonadal pathological sections labeled with XY probes indicated a mosaic state with a reduced Y-chromosome; where the epididymal structure area had a 45,X cell line mosaic of 50.0%, and the malignant area had a normal "Y" content. After gonadal resection, AMH levels significantly dropped from 7.28 pmol/L to <0.07 pmol/L. Literature review revealed that patients with 45,X/46,XY have a complex phenotype spectrum, most with features of Turner syndrome, and female phenotypes are at risk of gonadal tumors. Conclusions In the diagnosis of difficult cases of sex development disorders, when performing peripheral blood karyotype testing, the number of counted cells and analyzed cells should be increased as much as possible, and multi-germ layer cell sampling should be performed. Gonads with a high "Y" mosaic rate are more prone to malignancy in the abdominal cavity. Detecting AMH levels can distinguish cryptorchidism and anorchidism in sexual development disorders with Y chromosomes.

The Golgi apparatus (GA), an essential membrane organelle in eukaryotes positioned between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, is responsible for transporting and modifying proteins and lipids generated by the endoplasmic reticulum. The homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum and GA plays a crucial role in regulating cellular life. When GA is unable to bear the load of protein or lipid processing and transportation, it enters a state of stress. Cells sense this and activate Golgi-related quality control mechanisms. By regulating the structure and function of GA, it provides important protection for the cell or induces programmed cell death, known as the GA stress response. Understanding the mechanisms and outcomes of cellular GA stress is of great significance for exploring Golgi dynamics and its impact on human diseases. This review summarizes the structure and function of GA under physiological conditions, the phenomenon of GA stress under pathological conditions, and the role of GA in infectious diseases, aiming to provide a basis for the clinical study of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Diagnosis and treatment of digestive tract tumors is not optimistic with high incidence and mortality. Early diagnosis is conducive to improving the survival rate and quality of life of the patients. A variety of endoscopic imaging techniques have been applied in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as a non-invasive and high-resolution imaging technique with unique advantages in staging and diagnosis of superficial digestive tract tumors. The complexity of massive image processing has also been effectively addressed with the development of artificial intelligence (AI), and AI-assisted OCT imaging, especially in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors, has shown good prospects. This review summarizes the principle and development of OCT, and discusses the potential of AI-assisted OCT for deep learning in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease, which poses a major challenge particularly among the elderly population due to its high incidence and high disability. Imaging examination has been used commonly to diagnose KOA. However, it faces imitations in predicting disease progression due to the lack of prior information and constraints in manpower and time. With the rapid evolution of big data and computational technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) is progressively integrating into various healthcare domains. Therefore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare holds promise for revolutionizing KOA diagnosis and treatment. AI-assisted diagnostic models have demonstrated the potential to automate diagnosis, classify disease severity, and predict disease progression with improved efficiency and accuracy. In addition, these models provide personalized diagnosis and treatment options, as well as accurate disease progression risk assessment. Despite these promising outcomes, challenges such as high costs associated with data annotation and limitations in model generalization capabilities persist. This paper reviews recent advancements in AI applications and summarizes the potential value of utilizing AI applications for KOA. To further enhance the utilization of AI in KOA management to overcome current limitations, future efforts should focus on standardizing clinical sample databases, optimizing AI algorithms, and enhancing external verification sets.

Abdominal war trauma is a common and high-risk type of injury in the modern battlefield, with rapid changes in condition and a high mortality rate. There is an urgent need for emerging medical technologies to improve the efficiency and success rate of first aid for military casualties. With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), 5G, and other emerging technologies, the concept of intelligent medical treatment is gradually forming and can assist in the diagnosis and treatment of abdominal trauma. This paper reviews the characteristics of abdominal war trauma in modern wars, discusses the application of intelligent medical treatment for abdominal war trauma and its drawbacks to be solved, aiming to provide reference for research related to abdominal war trauma.

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a disease characterized by reduced cardiac output leading to inadequate end-organ perfusion and remains a significant issue in cardiovascular medicine. Despite significant therapeutic advancements in recent years, the mortality rate associated with CS remains high. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has emerged as an innovative therapeutic strategy, capable of maintaining hemodynamic stability and ensuring systemic perfusion of vital organs, thereby effectively improving patient prognosis and lowering mortality rates. This review summarizes the latest research progress on commonly used MCS devices, both domestically and internationally, covering aspects of CS overview, left and right heart assist, bicardial and total heart assist, as well as the selection and limitations of MCS devices. We provide an overview of the types of MCS devices currently available and their indications for use, aiming to offer better clinical guidance to physicians and enhance the treatment level of CS.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a prevalent clinical degenerative disease that currently can only be treated through conservative and surgical treatments, which only alleviate symptoms and are not significantly effective. In recent years, nanoparticles have been widely studied in the biomedical field due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, extended body circulation, sustained and controlled release, and precise drug targeting. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have the potential to deliver a range of therapeutic agents including proteins, drugs, genes, and cells, thereby promoting tissue and cell repair and regeneration, which offers hope for IDD treatment. However, there are still challenges in translating experimental data into practical therapies applicable to humans. This review summarizes recent research progress on drug delivery systems for IDD treatment based on nanoparticles and provides insights and prospects for the challenges faced by nanoparticles, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical translation of nanoparticle-based treatment for IDD.

Malnutrition is a significant risk factor for the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and monitoring the nutritional status of CKD patients is crucial for delaying disease progression and improving patient prognosis. Currently, there is a scarcity of studies on malnutrition in CKD, and a unified standard for nutritional assessment in CKD is still lacking. Clinical evaluation must be conducted according to the condition of patients, combined with multiple indicators. Nutritional screening and assessment scales are the common nutritional assessment methods; however, due to limitations in the applicable populations, the applicability of some scales for the CKD population requires further verification. Additionally, anthropometric indicators, body composition analysis, and clinical laboratory indicators can also reflect human nutritional status, each with its respective advantages and limitations. This review summarizes the research status and clinical application characteristics of various nutritional assessment methods in CKD patients, aiming to provide references for the clinical assessment of malnutrition in CKD.

Objective To explore the changing patterns of electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography in healthy young people during their descent from high altitude to the plain. Methods A prospective cohort study was carried out. Fifty-five healthy young volunteers who had migrated to an altitude of 4800-5500 m on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau within one year were recruited as the plateau-migration group. ECG examinations were performed at an altitude of 3700 m (first time), on the 5th day after returning to 1300 m (second time), and on the 15th day after returning to 1300 m (third time). Echocardiography was conducted at 3700 m and on the 5th day after returning to 1300 m. A plain control group of 55 healthy youngsters from the plains (1300 m) was matched. The results of ECG and echocardiography between the two groups were compared. Results Intragroup analysis of the plateau-migration group revealed that compared with the first ECG results, the number of normal ECGs decreased in the second and third ECG results (P<0.05), and the proportions of sinus rhythm irregularity, sinus bradycardia, and U-wave appearance increased (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in abnormal ECG results between the second and third ECGs (P>0.05). Compared with plain control group, there was no significant difference in the abnormal results of the first ECG of plateau-migration group (P>0.05). In the second and third ECG results, the number of normal ECGs was significantly reduced, and the proportions of sinus bradycardia, sinus rhythm irregularity, and U-wave appearance were significantly increased compared with plain control group (P<0.001). Intragroup analysis of plateau-migration group revealed that compared with the first ECG, the heart rate decreased in the second and third ECGs (P<0.05 or <0.001). Compared with plain control group, in the first ECG of plateau-migration group, the PR interval was significantly prolonged, the QTc interval was shortened, and the QRS axis degree was increased (P<0.05). In the second ECG, the heart rate significantly decreased, the PR interval was prolonged, and the QTc interval was shortened (P<0.05). In the third ECG, the heart rate decreased, the PR interval was prolonged, the QTc interval was shortened, and the QRS axis degrees was increased (P<0.05). The QRS axis of the first, second, and third ECGs of plateau-migration group was statistically significantly different from that of plain control group (P<0.001). Intragroup analysis of plateau-migration group showed that compared with the first echocardiogram, the left ventricular end-systole diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and left atrial anteroposterior diameter all significantly increased in the second echocardiogram (P<0.001). Compared with plain control group, in the first echocardiogram of plateau-migration group, the left ventricular end-systole diameter and right atrial transection diameter significantly decreased, the right ventricular transection diameter significantly increased, and the left ventricular fractional shortening rate (FS) significantly decreased (P<0.05); In the second echocardiogram, the left atrial anteroposterior diameter, right atrial transverse diameter, and right ventricular transverse diameter all significantly increased, and FS increased (P<0.05). Conclusions In healthy young people returning from high altitude to the plain, as the altitude decreased, the heart rate significantly drops. The number of people with frontal QRS axis right deviation significantly reduces. The number of normal ECGs significantly decreases, while the numbers of people with sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmias, and U-wave appearance significantly increase. During high-altitude stay, the left ventricular systolic and diastolic function is affected to some extent.