Hippophae rhamnoides L. is a high-quality medicinal and edible plant with rich nutritional values and a wide range of biological activities. It has been used to improve hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, liver injury and prevent cardiovascular diseases. Sea buckthorn polysaccharides (SBPs) are one of the most important bioactive components of Hippophae rhamnoides L.. The preperation methods of SBPs include hot water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and flash extraction. Different preperation methods lead to different configurations and biological activities of SBPs. Furthermore, these biological activities are related to the chemical structure of SBPs, including the relative molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond and three-dimensional structure. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that SBPs possess various activities, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant activity, as well as the regulation of blood sugar and lipid metabolism disorder, which will exhibit excellent development value in functional food and medicament. However, few studies on the structure-function relationship of SBPs have been reported. In this paper, the preperation methods, structure characterization, pharmacological activities and the utilization of SBPs were systematically reviewed, the structure-activity relationship and application prospect were discussed, which will provide a theoretical basis for a further research and development and utilization of SBPs.

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are a serious threat to human health. However, due to the existence of blood-brain barrier (BBB), there is a lack of effective technology to deliver drugs to the brain, which seriously affects the success rate of drug development related to CNS diseases, resulting in treatment results that are often unsatisfactory. Therefore, a new technology is urgently needed to solve the above problems. Brain targeted peptide-drug conjugates, which consist of a brain targeted peptide, a linker, and a payload, have become a promising CNS drug by enabling bioactive molecules to cross the BBB and reach the brain parenchyma by using biologically relevant endogenous transport mechanisms. In this review, the types and characteristics of brain targeting peptides, linkers, and payloads are briefly introduced, and some common brain targeting peptide-drug conjugates are listed, as well as the challenges faced by such drugs and the improvement methods, in order to provide ideas for the design and development of drugs for CNS diseases.

OBJECTIVE To systematically study the micro-characteristics and microscopic characteristics of 9 commercially available Epimedium leaves, summarize more exclusive and practical features and provide reference for effective identification of Epimedii Folium on market. METHODS Using the character identification, micro-character identification, microscopic identification and combining with the technique of depth synthesis, high definition feature images of 9 species of Epimedium leaves were obtained. Some of the feature maps were extracted digitally and analyzed by SPSS 26.0 software. RESULTS The micro-characteristics of petiole hair, leaf margin spines, nipple and hairs on lower surface, parenchyma number on the base of leaf main vein transverse section, cuticle on the surface of leaf, as well as the microscopical characters of upper epidermal cell wave depth, non-glandular hair and nipple surface morphology, all of that can be regarded as specific features of 9 species of Epimedium leaves in classification and identification. There was statistically significant difference in the angle of thorns at the edge of leaves, the proportion of wave depth in upper epidermal cells and the density of nipple among all samples (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Nine kinds of Epimedium leaves could be distinguished through the micro-characteristics and micro-identification methods. The quantitative analysis and statistical analysis of micro-property will make up for the deficiency of traditional experience identification by subjective factors. The results of this study will provide a reference for the circulation, inspection, clinical medication and standard drafting and so on.

OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide (AMP) in improving chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression in mice by integrating metabolomics technology and gut microbiota analysis. METHODS CUMS depression mouse model was established. Low, medium and high dose AMP treatment were given at 0.062 5, 0.125, 0.250 g·kg^-1, respectively, fluoxetine was given at the dosage of 0.015 g·kg^-1, control group and model group were given 0.9% saline solution, and all groups were given at 5 mL·kg^-1·d^-1 of drug. The content of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) in the brain of mice was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the CUMS depression model was tested by combining sucrose preference test (SPT) results. The 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing technology was used to analyze the gut microbiota in the feces of mice in each group. LC-MS technology was used to perform non-targeted metabolomics determination of mouse serum. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the sucrose preference rate of CUMS model mice was significantly lower, and the content of 5-HT in the brain of mice was significantly reduced (P<0.01), indicating that the CUMS depression model was successfully established. After AMP treatment, the sucrose preference rate and 5-HT content of mice in each group increased (P<0.01), the gut microbiota of CUMS mice had a regulatory effect, serum metabolites were significantly changed, and 58 metabolites were significantly adjusted. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the changes in gut microbiota were significantly associated with the changes in metabolite levels. CONCLUSION AMP exerts intervention effects on CUMS depression model mice by regulating the stability of gut microbiota, upregulating the F-B ratio, and thereby regulating metabolic pathways.

OBJECTIVE To prepare a “sandwich” oral film (composed ofthe backing layer, sustained release layer, and adhesion layer) containing triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of oral ulcers. METHODS Triamcinolone acetonide oral film was prepared by a tape casting process using ethyl cellulose (EC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and polyacrylic acid (PAA) as carrier materials. Taking the appearance, thickness, uniformity, adhesion, and mechanical strength of the film as indicators, the formulation of the backing layer, sustained release layer, and adhesion layer was optimized by a single factor study. The film's physicochemical properties and drug release in vitro were compared with the commercially available formulation Taisho^®. RESULTS The drug loading of the resulting triamcinolone acetonide three-layer oral film was 96.0%, and the film had good uniformity, mechanical strength, and adhesion. The designed oral film had a release curve similarity factor f₂ of 54.25 when compared to the commercially available formulation of Taisho^®. CONCLUSION The quality of triamcinolone acetonide oral film prepared by the tape casting process is consistent with that of Taisho^®. Moreover, the technology of this film is simple and feasible, with the potential for industrial conversion.

OBJECTIVE To prepare tetrahydropalmatine gel emulsion with Bletilla striata polysaccharide, and investigate its stability and dissolution characteristics in vitro. METHODS The nascent soap method combined with high pressure homogenization method were used to prepare tetrahydropalmatine gel emulsion. Using the particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) as evaluation indexes, the single factor response surface method was used to screen the optimal prescription, and the biological properties of tetrahydropalmatine gel emulsion were investigated. RESULTS The optimum formula was m(Bletilla striata polysaccharide)-m(konjac gum)=50∶1, triethanolamine mass fraction of 0.8%, stearic acid mass fraction of 2.0%. The gel emulsion of tetrahydropalmatine was milky white, fine, uniform and glossy, and had good moisturizing, coating and stability properties. The average particle size and PDI value were about (1.56±0.04) μm, (0.434±0.03), and the cumulative transmittance of the gel emulsion for 24 h was (915.23±85.55) μg·cm^-2. CONCLUSION The tetrahydropalmatine gel emulsion prepared in this experiment has good appearance, moisture retention, coating and stability, and good transdermal absorption rate. The research results can provide reference for the further development and utilization of tetrahydropalmatine.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the chemical components of Longzuan Tongbi Granules, a classical prescription of Zhuang medicine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS The MS/MS data were collected in positive and negative ion mode after gradient elution of the test solution using an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) and a mobile phase system consisting of 0.1% formic acid water (A)-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile (B). RESULTS A total of 113 compounds, including 64 alkaloids, 20 flavonoids, 12 organic acids, 8 coumarins, 5 lignans and 4 others, were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry data analysis, reference substance and database comparison, while referring to the mass fragmentation patterns of relevant components reported in the literature, and of which 109 secondary metabolites were attributed for recognition. CONCLUSION The material basis of Longzuan Tongbi Granules is rich, represented by alkaloids, and Toddalia asiatica is the important “main drug”. This information can provide a scientific basis for the pharmacodynamic mechanism study and rational clinical use of this formula.

OBJECTIVE To establish the fingerprint and content determination method of Impatientis Pritzelii Rhizoma to improve the quality control method of Tujia ethnomedicinal herb Impatientis Pritzelii Rhizoma. METHODS The fingerprint was established by UPLC with ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ column. Phlorizin content assay was performed by HPLC with Eclipse XDB-C₁₈ column. The mobile phases for both methods were composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid with different gradient elution procedures. The detection wavelength was set at 283 nm. The comparative study was carried out between Impatientis Pritzelii Rhizoma and its adulterants (such as the roots and rhizomes of Impatiens pinfanensis, I. uliginosa, I. siculifer and I. noli-tangere). RESULTS Nine main chromatographic peaks in the fingerprint could be served as the characteristic peaks of Impatientis Pritzelii Rhizoma, four of which were corresponding to catechin, epicatechin, scopolamine and phlorizin, respectively. The established fingerprint could reflect the distribution of the chemical components of Impatientis Pritzelii Rhizoma, which was distinguished from four adulterants. Phlorizin was found and determined in Impatientis Pritzelii Rhizoma for the first time. The contents in 16 batches of Impatientis Pritzelii Rhizoma ranged from 0.007% to 0.085%, while no phloridin was found in the adulterants. CONCLUSION The established methods for the fingerprint and phlorizin content determination of Impatientis Pritzelii Rhizoma are specific, accurate and effective, which could be used for its quality control.

OBJECTIVE To establish a high performance liquid chromatography-refractive index detector method for the determination of main potential carbohydrate residues fructose and sucrose concentration in dextran 40 raw materials from different of production processes, analyze the differences in carbohydrate residues in dextran 40 produced by different manufactures, and provide a reference for the quality evaluation of related drugs and the formulation or edit of national drug standards. METHODS Isocratic elution was performed on a ZORBAX-NH₂ column. Mobile phase consisted of 75% acetonitrile and 25% water at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1. RID was used as detector. The detector temperature and column temperature was maintained at 40 ℃ and the injection volume was 50 μL. RESULTS Sucrose was not detected in all batches of dextran 40. Fructose residue could only be detected in dextran 40 which using alcohol precipitation production process, and the content was 0.005%-0.14%. No fructose residue was detected in the dextran 40 of manufacturer B using membrane filtration method. CONCLUSION The HPLC-RID method is established to determine the content of fructose and sucrose in dextran 40. The method has strong specificity, high sensitivity, good stability and simple operation. The amount of fructose residual in dextran 40 produced by different processes varies greatly. The fructose residual in the raw material of dextran 40 obtained by membrane filtration is significantly lower than that by alcohol precipitation, it is necessary to control the fructose residue in the quality standard.

OBJECTIVE To discuss the rationality of the current methods for examining viable bacterial count and contaminating bacteria in the standard of Bacillus cereus tablets, and optimize the two methods. METHODS The factors that affect the method for viable bacterial count were compared and analyzed, such as medium, diluent, dilution ratio, and pre-treatment, then the optimal experimental conditions were selected. The microbial limit test in the current standard was replaced with the contaminating bacteria test under the general chapter for probiotic in Chinese Pharmacopoeia part III, and its suitability was studied. RESULTS The optimized method for determination of viable bacterial count could more effectively recover Bacillus cereus in the sample, and the results were significantly higher than the current standard method. The use of a new method for detecting non-pathogenic bacteria can discover potential risks in the sample, and its suitability investigation results basically met the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. CONCLUSION The new methods are suitable for the determination of viable bacterial count and detection of contaminating bacteria in Bacillus cereus tablets. The current standards for the determination of viable bacterial count and microbial limit testing cannot effectively monitor product quality risks. It is recommended to revise the methods. This can not only more effectively regulate products, but also better assist manufacturers in improving product quality.

OBJECTIVE To investigate adverse event signals associated with ofatumumab and rituximab in the treatment of multiple sclerosis(MS), provide more evidences for the clinical safe medication based on the U.S. food and drug administration's adverse event reporting system(FAERS) data. METHODS Postmarking adverse event reports of ofatumumab and rituximab were extracted to form an analysis dataset. Disproportionality analysis combined with bayesian confidence propagation neural nework (BCPNN) was conducted for adverse event signal monitoring. Adverse events meeting threshold conditions were selected and summarized for analysis. RESULTS The ofatumumab group collected a total of 72 310 adverse event reports, of which 325 showed positive signals, covering 24 system organ classes (SOCs), involving “infections and infestations” “nervous system disorders” and “musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders”. The rituximab group collected 23 203 adverse event reports, with 311 showing positive signals, covering 25 SOC, involving “injury, poisoning and procedural complications” “infections and infestations” and “nervous system disorders”. Except for “gastrointestinal disorders” and “eye disorders”, both drugs exhibited significant differences in each SOC. CONCLUSION There are substantial differences in the risk of adverse events between ofatumumab and rituximab in the treatment of MS. Therefore, medication monitoring is required during the treatment. Due to the limitations of real-world studies for quantitative analysis, the above conclusions need to be validated through large-scale cohort studies.

OBJECTIVE To ensure the scientificalness and rationality of proficiency testing and measurement audit projects in the field of authenticity identification of Chinese material medica and decoction pieces, and to provide new ideas for high quality development in this field. METHODS The key technical points were analyzed in the proficiency testing and measurement audit projects of authenticity identification of Chinese material medica and decoction pieces. RESULTS Proficiency testing and measurement audit projects of authenticity identification of Chinese material medica and decoction pieces are insufficient, which cannot meet the needs of market supervision. CONCLUSION Proficiency testing providers should seriously summarize and think about the key technical points in the proficiency testing and measurement audit projects of authenticity identification of Chinese material medica and decoction pieces. By improving capabilities and service, actively organizing proficiency testing projects, and establishing measurement audit sample bank, proficiency testing providers can constantly improve the quality of the proficiency testing and measurement audit projects in the field of authenticity identification of Chinese material medica and decoction pieces, and the shortcomings of external quality control in this field will be complemented which can promote the high quality development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and TCM industry.