During hot summers,heat stress significantly increases the incidence of postpartum uterine infections （e.g.,metritis,endometritis and pyometra）in dairy cows. Key contributing factors include pathogen proliferation in high temperatures,delayed uterine involution,immune suppression and negative energy balance.This paper systematically analyzed the pathogenesis,diagnostic methods,and preventive measures for postpartum metritis,aiming to reduce its incidence,improve reproductive performance,and minimize economic losses.The study provided theoretical and practical guidance for managing reproductive health in dairy herds during summer.

Endometritis is a common reproductive system disease in postpartum dairy cows, with its incidence significantly increasing during high-temperature and high-humidity summer conditions, severely affecting reproductive performance and farm economic efficiency. This paper reviewed the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenic factors, diagnostic methods, and comprehensive prevention and control measures of summer endometritis. Heat stress is the primary predisposing factor, as it suppresses immune function, delays uterine involution, and promotes pathogen proliferation, thereby significantly increasing infection risks. Major pathogenic bacteria include Escherichia coli,Trueperella pyogenes,Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. For diagnosis, combining clinical examination, laboratory testing, and ultrasonography improves accuracy. Prevention and control measures encompass environmental management （cooling, ventilation, maintaining dryness）, nutritional regulation （increasing dietary energy density, supplementing antioxidants）, postpartum care （retained placenta management, intrauterine infusion）, and scientific medication （antibiotics, hormonal therapy）. Implementing an integrated prevention strategy can effectively reduce endometritis incidence, enhance cow health, and improve farm profitability. This study aimed to provide scientific and practical management recommendations for dairy farmers to promote sustainable development in the dairy industry.

This paper delved into the application of Buserelin in timed artificial insemination （TAI） protocols for dairy cattle,while also elaborating on strategies for improving conception rates and its use in treating ovarian disorders. Additionally,a comparative analysis is conducted between Buserelin and Gonadorelin,highlighting their functional differences,mechanisms of action,and respective advantages in applicable scenarios thereby revealing the unique role and value of Buserelin in dairy cattle reproduction. Through extensive and rigorous field trial data,this study evaluated the practical efficacy of Buserelin. Furthermore it explored the potential impact of this product on early pregnancy embryo loss in dairy cows,integrating other reproductive technologies to mitigate the risk of early embryonic loss and enhance reproductive efficiency and economic benefits. By providing an in-depth analysis of Buserelin’s pharmacological mechanisms and empirical research on its practical application in dairy reproduction,this paper aimed to offer scientifically sound methods and strategies for efficient breeding in the dairy industry,promoting more scientific,efficient,and sustainable development in dairy farming.

Heat stress is a critical factor constraining economic efficiency in animal husbandry,particularly in the high-temperature and high-humidity environments of southern regions,where its adverse effects on dairy cow performance,milk yield,reproductive efficiency,and immune function are especially pronounced.Notably,the peak period of heat stress from July to September coincides with a surge in calving numbers,attributable to concentrated breeding activities following the previous year's heat stress period（October-December）and accumulated pregnancies due to reduced conception rates during heat stress. In this context,postpartum uterine care is essential for farm management：（1）it promotes uterine involution,restoring reproductive function and safeguarding fertility potential.（2）it reduces the incidence of retained fetal membranes,metritis,and other disorders,minimizing reproductive failures and production losses.（3）it optimizes reproductive efficiency,ensuring normal estrus-breeding-conception cycles. The dual stressors of heat and parturition further exacerbate uterine health risks,necessitating targeted involution management. From an economic perspective,scientific uterine care not only lowers treatment costs but also significantly enhances farm profitability by improving reproductive performance.

[Objective] Satisfaction research is widely applied in non-FMCG industries,particularly in retail,finance,and aviation services,yet it remains largely untapped in the FMCG sector.This study constructs a satisfaction index system for the liquid dairy product industry,aiming to provide insights and reference strategies for enhancing product satisfaction and refining consumer experiences. [Method] An online questionnaire survey was conducted using random and targeted sampling, along with sample augmentation method to collect data. Regression models and Shapley Value analysis are employed to identify important consumer experience touchpoints and indicators. [Result] A consumer satisfaction indicator system is developed,encompassing 4 secondary and 33 tertiary indicators,while considering market share in the assessment of brand/category importance. [Conclusion] The satisfaction scores measured by the indicator system align with market sales data.The analysis of MOTs driving overall satisfaction suggests that consumers’ current demands for liquid dairy products are primarily focused on the physical level.Therefore,Dairy company should prioritize attention to the purchase and usage experience, and then gradually meet the needs for emotional connection.

With the intensification of competition in the dairy industry and the diversification of consumer demand, dairy enterprises are facing challenges such as high raw material costs and stringent quality control, and the importance of cost refinement and control in the context of industry-finance integration has become more and more prominent. Based on the literature,this paper analyzed the existing problems of cost management in dairy enterprises and explored the strategies of cost refinement and control under the framework of industry-finance integration. The study aimed to provide dairy enterprises with ideas and paths for cost refinement and control,and help enterprises implement efficient cost control.

In order to promote the high-quality development of the dairy industry,improve the efficiency of dairy cows farming,and assist in the carbon emission reduction of livestock industry,Based on the IPCC method,This paper calculated the carbon emissions and carbon emissions intensity of dairy cows farming in Dongying City from 2014 to 2023.The results showed that from 2014 to 2023,the overall trend of carbon emissions from dairy cows farming in Dongying City was consistent with the number of dairy cows farming,showing a fluctuating increase．However,with the improvement in milk yield per cow,the carbon emissions per unit of milk showed a downward trend,with a decrease of 46.84% over the ten years．In the process of dairy cows farming,intestinal fermentation carbon accounts for 68.85% and manure management carbon accounts for 31.15%;the carbon emitted as CH₄ accounts for 85.05% and the carbon emitted as N₂O accounts for 14.95%.This paper proposed recommendations for carbon emission reduction, including continuously strengthening the breeding of high-yielding dairy cattle varieties to improve milk production per cow; optimizing dairy cow feed formulations to enhance intestinal fermentation efficiency and reduce CH₄ emissions from enteric fermentation; and turning waste into resources by improving the utilization of livestock and poultry waste and enhancing manure management practices.

[Objective] To enrich forage resources for dairy cows and explore the effects of feeding ensiled sweet sorghum to dairy cows. [Method] The effects of ensiled sweet sorghum on dairy cows were analyzed in terms of milk yield performance and milk quality. [Result] Under the same dry matter intake conditions, the average cumulative milk yield and daily milk yield per cow in the experimental group were 1 049.99 kg and 17.50 kg, respectively, representing increases of 65.79 kg and 1.10 kg compared to the control group. Notably, the average daily cumulative milk yields at 45 d and 60 d showed significant differences （P<0.05） compared to the control group at the same periods. No significant differences were observed in milk fat, milk protein, non-fat solids content, or relative density. [Conclusion] During the trial period, feeding ensiled sweet sorghum contributed to an increase in milk yield, with no significant short-term impact on milk quality. However, long-term effects require further study. Ensiled sweet sorghum, as a high-quality roughage, is suitable for promotion in dairy farming.

[Objective] To investigate the changes in milk production and composition throughout the lactation cycle of fully housed Bactrian camels in Hami City. [Method] 105 fully housed Bactrian camels were selected for the experiment.The milk production and composition from April to March of the following year were measured and analyzed. [Result] （1）Changes in milk production：After giving birth to lambs,the milk production of female camels gradually increased.The highest milk production in July reached 4.62 kg/d,and then gradually decreased.The lowest milk production in March of the following year was 2.43 kg/d.The milk production in summer（June August） was significantly higher than other seasons.（2）Milk composition analysis：The fat content of milk is 3.27%~5.77%,and it is significantly higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer.The milk protein content ranges from 3.81% to 4.48%,and the lactose content ranges from 5.08% to 6.33%,reaching its lowest point in winter.（3）Correlation analysis of milk production and milk composition：Milk production is significantly negatively correlated with milk fat rate（P<0.05）,significantly positively correlated with lactose rate（P<0.05）,and positively correlated with fat free solids rate,milk protein rate,and ash content rate（P>0.05）.The milk fat content is significantly negatively correlated with the fat free solids,ash content,and lactose content（P<0.01）,and significantly negatively correlated with the milk protein content（P<0.05）.The non fat milk solids content is significantly positively correlated with the milk protein content,ash content,and lactose content（P<0.01）,and the milk protein content is significantly positively correlated with the ash content and lactose content（P<0.01）.The ash content is significantly positively correlated with the lactose content（P<0.01）. [Conclusion] The postpartum milk production of camels gradually increases,reaching its peak at 3~5 months,and then gradually decreases thereafter.The changes in milk composition are closely related to management,milk production,and feeding level.

This paper assessed the application potential of artificial intelligence（AI）and sensor technology in the dairy cattle farming industry,with a focus on analyzing the innovative applications of the Internet of Things （IoT）in long-distance livestock transportation, especially the progress in livestock identification and census. These technologies have significantly enhanced the precise traceability during transportation,particularly in monitoring the behavioral patterns of dairy cows and real-time weight changes. By applying these technologies,animal welfare has been improved,supply chain errors have been reduced,productivity has been increased,and market access has been expanded,thereby strengthening global competitiveness. However,the adoption of these technologies faces challenges such as individualized management,economic analysis,data security,privacy protection,technological adaptability,personnel training,and sustainability,and these challenges are closely related to ethical issues such as animal welfare,data abuse,and environmental impact. This study present a successful framework for technological integration and emphasized the importance of continuous learning and adaptation. The potential of AI and sensor technology in advancing the dairy cattle farming industry towards a more sustainable and efficient future is becoming increasingly evident.

In the development of animal husbandry, cold stress during winter is a critical issue constraining the healthy production of dairy cows.Cold stress leads to reduced feed intake, as well as significant declines in milk yield, reproductive performance, and overall health status.This paper analyzed the impacts of cold stress from dimensions such as milk production, behavior, and reproductive performance, and proposed comprehensive mitigation measures, including physical insulation （such as optimizing barn structure and increasing bedding）, nutritional regulation （such as supplementing high-energy feed）, and environmental control.These strategies provided technical references for ensuring the healthy and efficient production of dairy cows during winter.

In order to clarify and understand the immune mechanism of sheep mammary gland,this paper introduces the main tissues and immune substances involved in the immune defense of mammary gland,including breast papilla,mammary epithelial cells,white blood cells,immunoglobulin,complement system and chemical antibacterial agents,and describes the cooperation and interaction between them.The nipple of the breast papilla provides the initial protection for the breast.Mammary epithelial cells synthesize antibacterial proteins and white blood cells produce various inflammatory mediators（cytokines or chemokines）,engulf bacteria and recognize antigenic structures.In the mammary gland,four immunoglobulins（IgG1,IgG2,IgM and IgA） play an important role in combating bacterial pathogens.The complement system is a collection of proteins that participate in the inflammatory process through a variety of ways.Chemical antibacterial agents such as lactoferrin,lysozyme and lactoperoxidase contribute to the defense of breast fluid.

[Objective] To investigate the effects of compound Chinese herbal additives on lactation performance and milk composition of dairy goats. [Method] 40 healthy and disease-free dairy goats of 2 years old with similar parity were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups,which were set as the control group,the low-dose compound Chinese herbal medicine group,the medium-dose compound Chinese herbal medicine group and the high-dose compound Chinese herbal medicine group. There were 2 replicates in each group,and 5 goats in each replicate.The basic diet+0 g/（d·goat）,basic diet+10 g/（d·goat） and basic diet+15 g/（d· animal） of the compound Chinese herbal medicine additives were respectively fed, and the experiment lasted for 30 days. [Result] With the increase of the addition dosage of compound Chinese herbal medicines,the feed intake and milk-to-feed ratio of dairy goats tended to increase（P>0.05）.Compared with the control group,the milk production of dairy goats in the medium-dose and high-dose compound Chinese herbal medicine groups increased significantly（P<0.05）,increasing by 6.86% and 8.73%,respectively. Compared with the control group,the milk fat rate and milk protein rate of medium-dose and high-dose compound Chinese herbal medicine groups were significantly increased（P<0.05）,increasing by 4.09%,5.18% and 3.35%,4.83% respectively. The lactose rate and dry milk matter of dairy goat milk in each experimental group showed an increasing trend（P>0.05）. [Conclusion] Adding compound Chinese herbal additives to the diets could effectively improve the lactation performance of dairy goats and the quality of milk components,and under the conditions of this experiment,the best effect was achieved when the addition dose of compound Chinese herbal was 15 g/（d·goat）.

In order to study the serotyping,phylogenetic clustering and virulence gene distribution of Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cow manure with diarrhea in dairy cows,147 fresh feces of dairy cows with diarrhea symptoms were collected from some dairy farms in Shandong Province.The isolated strain was confirmed to be pathogenic Escherichia coli by routine bacterial isolation and culture,biochemical test and PCR amplification of bacterial 16S rDNA molecular biology technology.The serotype,phylogenetic clustering and virulence gene of the isolated strain were further detected,and the distribution of virulence gene in the phylogenetic clustering was analyzed.The results showed that 62 strains of Escherichia coli were identified and 9 pathogenic serotypes were identified.Among them,intestinal invasion（EIEC）,intestinal pathogenicity（EPEC）,and enterotoxigenic（ETEC） E.coli serotypes accounted for 17.74%,24.19%,and 19.35%,respectively.The dominant serotyping were O125∶K70（B15） and O124∶K72.18 strains belonged to group A,12 strains belonged to group B1,15 strains belonged to group B2,9 strains belonged to group D,and 8 strains could not determine the phylogenetic clustering.The distribution rates of virulence genes ibeB,mat and fimC were high,which were 100.00%,95.16% and 91.94%,respectively.At least 4 virulence gene and 9 virulence gene combinations were distributed in all strains.The correlation analysis between virulence gene and phylogenetic clustering showed that the distribution rate of ibeB in the four groups was 100%,and 17 virulence gene were detected in group B1.The results showed that the serotyping and phylogenetic clustering of pathogenic Escherichia coli in dairy cow with diarrhea in some areas of Shandong Province were diverse,carrying a variety of virulence gene,which should be paid attention to and strengthened monitoring and prevention and control.

Metabolic imbalance in early lactation dairy cows often leads to abnormal oestrus or lack of oestrus,which seriously affects reproductive efficiency. This study compared the metabolic and reproductive function differences between cows in estrus and anestrus through literature analysis. The results showed that cows in estrus had enhanced blood glucose（4.2~5.6 mmol/L）,lipid （triglyceride elevation of 12%~18%）and protein metabolism,and active ovarian activity（LH peak 15~20 IU/L）,and the conception rate reached 55%~60%,while cows in anestrus had a negative energy balance （glucose<3.8 mmol/L,NEFA>1.2 mmol/L） and mineral deficiency （blood calcium<1.2 mmol/L）,which resulted in abnormal estrus. Mineral deficiencies （blood calcium<2.2 mmol/L） resulted in ovarian quiescence （follicle diameter <10 mm） and reduced hormone levels （FSH<5 IU/L）. Reproductive performance was significantly improved by dietary addition of per rumen fat （7%~8%） and GnRH combined with PGF2α treatment. This study provides a theoretical basis for nutritional and reproductive management of early lactation cows.

The dairy industry is an indispensable part of building a healthy China and a stronger nation. National dairy core breeding farms serve as key entities in the dairy cattle breeding system,and their management standards directly influence the genetic progress of herds. This paper reviewed the selection criteria for national dairy core breeding farms and the current breeding status of the 26 designated farms. Additionally,specific measures are proposed to strengthen breed registration,performance testing,and genetic evaluation,aiming to provide references for dairy cattle breeding professionals.

Summer cow metritis is a major reproductive disorder in dairy farming,with its incidence and severity significantly increasing under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions. The disease is primarily caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as Fusobacterium spp.,Bacteroides spp.,Trueperella pyogenes and Escherichia coli,which proliferate more aggressively and invade the uterus under heat stress. The pathogenesis involves three key aspects：（1）exogenous infection,where pathogens directly invade through the open cervix during parturition;（2）endogenous infection,where metabolic disorders（e.g.,ketosis,ruminal acidosis）in the peripartum period compromise the intestinal barrier,allowing pathogens to migrate to the uterus via blood circulation;and（3）hormonal imbalance,where a sharp decline in postpartum estrogen levels suppresses immune function.Clinical manifestations include endometrial inflammation and purulent lochia discharge. The disease can be categorized into clinical endometritis （CE）and subclinical endometritis （SE）. While SE is asymptomatic,it poses greater harm,significantly reducing conception rates—some studies report a decline of over 50%. Epidemiological studies indicate that first-calving cows have a higher incidence than multiparous cows,with retained placenta,stillbirth,and dystocia being major contributing factors.In regions with hot and humid summers—such as Tianjin,southern Shaanxi,inland Shandong and Henan—heat stress reduces feed intak,weakens immunity,and promotes pathogen proliferation,leading to a higher incidence of metritis compared to other seasons. Prevention and control strategies should focus on environmental management,nutritional optimization and biosecurity measures.

[Objective] In response to the high incidence of dairy cow endometritis in hot and humid summer environments and the challenge of antibiotic resistance in traditional treatments,this study systematically evaluated the application effect of cloprostenol sodium combined with anionic salt diet in the prevention and control of endometritis,aiming to provide scientific strategies for dairy farms. [Method] From June to August 202,160 Holstein cows in a large-scale dairy farm of Shandong were randomly divided into four groups: conventional treatment group （antibiotics + uterine lavage）,cloprostenol sodium treatment group （conventional treatment + cloprostenol sodium）,cloprostenol sodium + nutrition group （conventional treatment + cloprostenol sodium + anionic salt diet）,and control group. The differences in endometritis incidence,treatment efficacy,reproductive performance,and blood biochemical indicators were compared and analyzed. [Result] The combination of cloprostenol sodium and anionic salt diet reduced the incidence of endometritis by 27.3%,increased the cure rate to 95.0%,shortened uterine involution time by 20.7%,advanced the first estrus time by 23.7%,improved conception rate by 14.7 percentage points,and significantly enhanced antioxidant capacity and calcium metabolism. [Conclusion] This comprehensive approach demonstrated significant economic benefits （net profit + 230 RMB per cow） and provided a safe and efficient alternative for the prevention and control of dairy cow endometritis in summer.

Cottonseed,as a high-quality protein source,has the advantages of wide availability,rich nutrition and low price,and its application in China's livestock and poultry production is becoming more and more widespread. However,if cottonseed （meal） is not used properly in the diet,it is easy to cause gossypol poisoning in animals.For dairy cows,the migration of gossypol into milk not only involves the metabolism of gossypol by ruminants but also the quality and safety of dairy products,thus it should be given due attention.Based on this,the paper conducted a safety assessment of gossypol residues in raw milk by adding cottonseed to the diet on raw milk. The amount of free gossypol ingested by the human body through drinking milk was 0.002 3 mg/kg·d,which is far below the limit value of 0.086 mg/kg·d for free gossypol intake through vegetable oil in the GB 2716-2018 National Food Safety Standard for Vegetable Oils.

Pseudomonas spp. is one of the most common genera of cryophilic bacteria in raw milk,and in order to explore the main factors affecting the kinetic parameters of Pseudomonas spp.,this study carried out a meta-analysis by quantitatively integrating the kinetic parameters of microorganisms and quantifying the variability of the strains.By statistically analyzing the growth parameters of more than 750 Pseudomonas spp. under different conditions and predicting their minimum growth temperatures（Tmin） based on the square root model,the results showed that the overall Tmin value of Pseudomonas spp. was -4.06 ℃,with the Tmin of strains 1248 and E52 in the culture medium being -5.38 ℃ and -6.36 ℃,respectively.In a low-temperature environment,the high initial inoculum size （Y₀,log CFU/mL） in UHT milk significantly shortened the growth retardation period,allowing the microorganisms to enter the logarithmic growth period（λ） more quickly even at lower temperatures.The distribution of maximum specific growth rate（μmax） under the combined effect of temperature,pH value, activity water（Aw） and NaCl concentration ranged from 0.04 h^-1 to 1.63 h^-1.In addition,NaCl concentration（1.0% to 7.5%） had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of Pseudomonas spp..This study provided important reference basis for the safety,production optimisation and quality control during the production of milk and dairy products.

[Objective] To develop a high calcium,low fat and nutrient-rich tremella yogurt,and analyze its flavor and quality. [Method] The preparation process of tremella yogurt was optimized by single-factor test and orthogonal test,and the texture characteristics,acidity,total sugar content,protein content,fat concentration,calcium ion concentration,number of lactic acid bacteria and Escherichia coli of tremella yogurt under the optimal conditions were analyzed. [Result] The optimal formula of tremella yogurt was 20% of tremella pulp,14% of skimmed milk powder,6% of sucrose and 0.4% of stabilizer. The sensory score of the finished product was the highest when fermented at 41 ℃ for 8 h with this formula. Its texture characteristics detection viscosity was 4 430 mPa•s,hardness was 108 g,acidity was 82.48 °T,total sugar content was 10.92%,fat concentration was 1.782 g/100 mL,calcium ion concentration was 7.84 mg/100 mL,protein content was 22 mg/mL,and the number of lactic acid bacteria was 1.6×10⁸ CFU/mL and the number of Escherichia coli was 0. [Conclusion] This product has reduced the fat content within a certain range while retaining the nutritional value of calcium and protein,etc. It also innovated the taste while preserving the special flavor of yogurt.

Against the backdrop of deepening global economic integration and the vigorous development of China's dairy industry,foreign capital mergers and acquisitions （M&As） in China have shown a sustained active trend. While foreign investment injects capital momentum into the dairy industry,the accompanying monopoly risks such as abuse of market dominance and distortion of competition order cannot be ignored. Taking China's dairy industry as the research field,this paper systematically analyzed the monopoly hazards in foreign capital M&As and the practical necessity of antitrust regulation. Combining the mature international experience of the EU,the United States and other countries,it put forward targeted suggestions from the dimensions of improving the legal system and optimizing the review mechanism,so as to provide theoretical support and practical reference for building an antitrust regulation system with both industry adaptability and national economic security protection function.