Early Embryonic Death （EED） in dairy cows is a critical issue limiting reproductive efficiency in the dairy industry,with an incidence rate as high as 20%~30%,significantly affecting conception rates. This paper systematically elaborated on the definition,classification,and mechanisms of EED,analyzing influencing factors from multiple perspectives,including the embryo itself,maternal factors,paternal contributions,and environmental conditions. It also detailed pregnancy diagnosis techniques and characteristics of embryonic loss at various stages. A series of precise prevention and control strategies are proposed,such as optimizing feeding management,improving reproductive technologies,enhancing health management,and establishing monitoring systems,aiming to reduce embryonic loss and improve reproductive efficiency. This study provided theoretical and practical guidance for the dairy farming industry.

Early embryonic loss in dairy cows is a key factor affecting reproductive efficiency,primarily occurring within 42 days after fertilization,with a loss rate as high as 40%~60%. This paper systematically elaborated on the definition,occurrence patterns,and influencing factors of early embryonic loss,including embryo quality,maternal physiological status,and environmental management. Embryonic loss is closely associated with genetic defects,gamete quality,endocrine disorders,diseases,and heat stress. In response to these factors,this paper proposed comprehensive preventive measures,such as optimizing genetic selection,strengthening nutritional management,disease prevention and control,and reproductive technology interventions. Through scientific management,the rate of early embryonic loss can be effectively reduced,thereby improving the economic efficiency of dairy farming.

Early embryonic death in dairy cows is a critical issue constraining reproductive efficiency on farms,with a prevalence rate of 20%~30% in Chinese dairy herds and annual economic losses exceeding tens of millions of yuan. This paper systematically analyzed the multifactorial interaction mechanisms leading to early embryonic death,including physiological,nutritional,pathogenic,and management-related factors. To address these causes,the study proposes an integrated prevention strategy comprising precision nutritional regulation,optimized reproductive management,enhanced disease control,and the application of new technologies.Practical implementation at a large-scale dairy farm demonstrated that these comprehensive measures significantly reduced embryonic mortality and improved economic outcomes. The research provided scientific evidence and practical techniques for reducing reproductive costs and enhancing production efficiency,offering significant implications for promoting sustainable development in the dairy industry.

[Objective] Early embryonic mortality（EEM）is a critical bottleneck issue affecting reproductive efficiency and production profitability in large-scale dairy farms. [Method] This study systematically analyzed the influencing factors of EEM in a large-scale dairy farm in Xinjiang from 2022 to 2023 by examining reproductive management records,clinical observations,laboratory testing,and feeding management data. Based on the findings,targeted comprehensive prevention measures were proposed to improve reproductive efficiency in large-scale dairy farms. [Result] The annual average incidence of EEM in the farm during 2022-2023 was 28.75%,with environmental factors accounting for 29.77%,reproductive and genetic factors for 27.64%,reproductive technical factors for 18.34%,nutritional factors for 17.34%,management factors for 5.40%,and disease factors for 1.51%. These were identified as the primary causes of high EEM incidence. [Conclusion] Based on the investigation,this study proposed an integrated prevention strategy encompassing digitalized environmental control optimization,forage safety inspection,precise nutritional regulation,postpartum uterine health program optimization,double-Ovsynch timed artificial insemination,genomic selection,disease biosecurity,and management optimization. By applying this strategy in 2024,the farm reduced EEM incidence to 18.45%,significantly improving herd reproductive performance and farm profitability. This study provides a basis and reference for reducing EEM in large-scale dairy farms in Xinjiang and nationwide.

This paper reviewed the effects of heat stress on dairy cow reproductive performance and corresponding countermeasures. Heat stress can lead to reduced conception and pregnancy rates,ovulation failure,increased risks of abortion and ovarian cysts,prolonged anestrus periods,decreased milk production,and cumulative damage. Its impact on reproduction includes weakened estrus activity and impaired oocyte and embryo development. To address these issues,measures such as embryo transfer （fresh embryo transfer in summer yields higher conception rates than artificial insemination）,ovulation synchronization techniques （improving conception rates）,reducing embryonic loss （e.g.,administering buserelin after breeding）,preventing and treating metritis （postpartum health protocols）,and managing ovarian disorders （e.g.,using Dinoprostone,buserelin,etc.） can be implemented. Additionally,comprehensive approaches such as heat stress mitigation and nutritional adjustments are essential to enhance dairy cow reproductive efficiency during heat stress.

Dairy goats and sheep are one of the earliest domestic animals domesticated by humans in the world,and they are important components of dairy livestock,mainly distributed in Asia,Africa,Europe and other regions. Dairy goats and sheep provide humans with high-quality milk and products for human beings,and their derivatives also have important cultural and economic value. European dairy goats and sheep occupy an important position in the global dairy market,and their breed,technology,management and marketing set a benchmark for the global dairy goats and sheep industry. This review systematically analyzed the development status of dairy goats and sheep industry in Europe,and combed the experiences of European countries in variety improvement,production management and market sales of dairy goats and sheep,in order to provide implications for the development of dairy goats and sheep industry in China.

30 Carbon Peak,60 Carbon Neutrality is an important goal for achieving ecological civilization in our country.As a part of animal husbandry,the dairy industry not only provides high-quality milk to residents but also generates a large amount of greenhouse gases such as methane （CH₄）and nitrous（N₂O）.Under the impetus of the dual Carbon Goals ,the dairy industry is inevitably turning to a low carbon,green,and high-quality development path.This paper elaborated on the importance of green development in the dairy industry,effective ways to promote green development in the dairy industry,and took Dongying City as example to analyze the measures taken by Dongying City to promote green farming and the results achieved,laying a foundation for the high-quality development of the dairy industry.

[Objective] This experiment aimed to study the preventive and therapeutic effects of the new calcium supplement pills on postpartum hypocalcemia in dairy cows. [Method] Thirty-four healthy multiparous dairy cows of more than two litters were selected and randomly divided into two groups,with 17 cows in each group. The cows in the experimental group （EG group） were given the new calcium supplement pills,while the cows in the control group （CG group） were given the commonly used calcium supplement. Tail-root venous blood samples were collected at four time points （0 hours postpartum,2 hours after the first administration of calcium supplement,12 hours after the first administration of calcium supplement,and 2~4 hours after the second administration of calcium supplement） to determine the content of blood mineral elements,blood gas indicators,and blood biochemical indicators. The average milk production and the incidence of metabolic diseases within 30 days postpartum were also recorded. [Result] The results showed that：1）After administration of two calcium supplements,the postpartum blood ionic calcium （iCa） content of all dairy cows at the four time points increased. Moreover,after the two administration of calcium supplements in the EG group,the increase in blood calcium was significantly better than that in the CG group. 12 hours after the first administration,the iCa content in the EG group was significantly higher than that in the CG group （P<0.05）. Two - four hours after the second administration of calcium supplements,the contents of sodium ions （Na⁺） and potassium ions （K⁺） in the blood of all dairy cows were significantly higher than those at 0 hours postpartum （P<0.05）. 2） The blood acid-base balance index of dairy cows in the EG group was significantly higher than that in the CG group 12 hours after the first administration of calcium supplement （P<0.05）. The comparison results of blood gas indicators at different time points showed that 12 hours after the first administration of calcium supplement and 2~4 hours after the second administration of calcium supplement in the EG group of dairy cows,the blood acid-base balance index and bicarbonate （HCO₃^-） in the blood were significantly higher than those at 0 hours after delivery and 2 hours after the first administration of calcium supplement （P<0.05）. The total carbon dioxide （TCO₂） content in the blood of dairy cows in the EG group 12 hours after the first administration of calcium supplement and 2~4 hours after the second administration of calcium supplement was significantly higher than that in the EG group 0 hours after delivery （P<0.05）. 3） After postpartum administration of two calcium supplements to dairy cows,the contents of blood glucose （Glu）,hematocrit （Hct）,and hemoglobin （Hb） in both the EG group and the CG group showed a downward trend. Moreover,in the CG group,2~4 hours after the second administration of calcium supplements,the contents of hematocrit （Hct）,blood glucose（Glu）,and hemoglobin （Hb） were significantly lower than those at 0 hours postpartum （P<0.05）. 4） The average milk production of dairy cows in the EG group was significantly higher than that in the CG group （P<0.05）,and the incidence of postpartum diseases in EG dairy cows was lower than that in the CG group. [Conclusion] To sum up,postpartum administration of the new calcium supplement pills to dairy cows can rapidly increase blood calcium concentration and reduce the incidence of postpartum hypocalcemia. Compared with the postpartum calcium rods commonly used in domestic pastures at present,its effect of increasing blood calcium is more significant. This pill helps maintain electrolyte,acid-base balance and energy metabolism homeostasis,thereby reducing the negative impact of calving stress on the production performance of dairy cows and providing a new option for the management of perinatal hypocalcemia in dairy cows.

[Objective] This study investigated the effects of a compound probiotic preparation on milk production performance, rumen fermentation status, and serum metabolic parameters in dairy cows, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for improving production efficiency and health management. [Method] Sixty dairy cows with similar parity, milk yield, and body condition were randomly divided into four groups: a control group （Group A）,a low-dose group（Group B）,a medium-dose group（Group C）,and a high-dose group（Group D）.Group A received the basal diet, while Groups B,C,and D received the basal diet supplemented with 4 g/d, 8 g/d, and 16 g/d of the compound probiotic preparation, respectively.The trial lasted 42 days, during which milk yield, milk quality, rumen fermentation status, and serum parameters were monitored and analyzed. [Results] Cows in the medium-dose（C）and high-dose （D）groups showed significantly increased milk yield and improved milk quality. Rumen fermentation health was effectively improved. Serum glucose levels were regulated, and both Total Antioxidant Capacity （T-AOC） and Superoxide Dismutase （SOD） activity increased significantly. [Conclusion] The compound probiotic preparation significantly enhanced milk production performance, improved rumen fermentation status, and regulated metabolic health in dairy cows, demonstrating promising application potential.

[Objective] In order to understand the prevalence of Brucellosis in dairy animals in Yanggu County,Shandong Province. [Method] serological surveillance and investigation of 9 198 non-immune serum samples collected from 718 large-scale cow and dairy goat farms and free-range households in the county from 2020 to 2023 were carried out for four consecutive years.Brucellosis was detected by the combination of primary screening of rose bengal plate agglutination test and confirmed by tube agglutination test.SPSS 22 was used to analyze the relevant monitoring indicators,and the positive field group was traced and the epidemic situation was disposed. [Result] The results showed that the positive rate of cow and dairy goat Brucellosis in Yanggu County from 2020 to 2023 was 1.95%,and the individual positive rate was 0.60%.From 2020 to 2023,the positive rates of field groups were 2.04%,3.01%,1.91% and 1.08%（P<0.05）,and the positive rates of individuals were 0.46%,1.01%,0.91% and 0.35%,respectively.The positive rates of large-scale farms and free-range households were 1.67% and 2.09%,respectively（P<0.05）.The individual positive rates of large-scale farms and free-range farmers were 0.53% and 0.65%,respectively. [Conclusion] The results showed that the prevalence of brucellosis in cattle and sheep in Yanggu County was low,but there was still a risk of spreading.It is necessary to strengthen continuous monitoring and implement various prevention and control measures.

[Objective] In order to understand the distribution of Staphylococcus aureus（S.aureus） and its drug resistance genes from dairy goat mastitis. [Method] 178 milk samples were collected from some dairy goat farms in Liaocheng city,Shandong Province,and S.aureus was isolated and identified by bacterial culture,plasma coagulase test and PCR biological technology,and the drug resistance of the isolated strains was further analyzed. [Result] 23 strains of S.aureus were identified,and the detection rate was 12.92%.The results of drug sensitivity test showed that the isolated strains were resistant to penicillin,doxycycline,streptomycin,clarithromycin and tetracycline.PCR detection of drug resistance genes showed that 10 kinds of drug resistance genes were detected,including β-lactam drug resistance gene mecA,macrolide drug resistance genes ermA,ermB,ermC,tetracycline drug resistance gene tet,aminoglycoside drug resistance genes AAC（6'）-1A,APH（2''）-1B,ant（4',4''）.β-lactam resistance gene mecA, macrolide resistance genes ermA, ermB, ermC, tetracycline resistance gene tet, aminoglycoside resistance genes aac（6'）-Ⅰa, aph（2''）-Ⅰb, ant（4',4''）, aph（3'）-III, and sulfonamide resistance gene sul1 had average carriage rates of 30.43%, 31.88%, 43.48%, 21.73%, and 8.70%, respectively.All strains carried at least 2 kinds of drug resistance genes and up to 7 kinds of drug resistance genes,with the largest number of strains carrying 4~5 kinds of drug resistance genes. [Conclusion] The results suggested that there was a risk of S.aureus epidemic transmission in Liaocheng city dairy goat farms,Shandong Province,and the strains showed different degrees of drug resistance,and the drug resistance gene carrying rate was high,which should be paid attention to and strengthened monitoring and prevention.

Common abomasum diseases in dairy cows include abomasum food accumulation,abomasum gastritis,abomasum displacement,etc.The loss of appetite and rumination of sick dairy cows cause abomasum,epigastrium secret knot and rumen gas,which seriously affects production performance and service life.In order to improve the prevention and treatment effect of common abomasum diseases in dairy cows,this paper summarized the causes,clinical symptoms,diagnosis and treatment methods of these diseases,in order to help the healthy breeding of dairy cows in pasture.

[Objective] To identify the main pathogenic bacteria causing clinical mastitis in dairy cows at a large-scale farm in Xinjiang and determine their antibiotic resistance profiles,providing a scientific basis for targeted prevention and control strategies. [Method] Aseptically collected milk samples from 15 cows with clinical mastitis were subjected to bacterial isolation and purification,morphological observation,physiological and biochemical identification,and 16S rRNA molecular characterization. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated strains was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer （K-B） disk diffusion method against 12 commonly used antibiotics. [Result] A total of 21 bacterial strains were isolated,including Escherichia coli （11 strains,52.38%）,Staphylococcus aureus （7 strains,33.33%）,and Streptococcus spp. （3 strains,14.28%）. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that E. coli exhibited complete resistance to amoxicillin and clindamycin but moderate sensitivity to gentamicin and enrofloxacin. S. aureus was resistant to polymyxin but highly sensitive to most other antibiotics. Streptococcus spp. showed high sensitivity to tetracycline and enrofloxacin. Mixed bacterial susceptibility testing indicated that enrofloxacin,ofloxacin,and tetracycline were the most effective treatments. [Conclusion] Clinical mastitis in this farm was primarily caused by mixed infections of E. coli,S. aureus,and Streptococcus spp. The recommended treatment regimen includes enrofloxacin,ofloxacin,and tetracycline,complemented by comprehensive measures such as regular screening for subclinical mastitis,environmental management improvements,and strict disinfection protocols to effectively control the occurrence and spread of mastitis.

Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen causing mastitis in dairy cows. Its virulence factors and antibiotic resistance have significant impacts on host health and dairy product production. Virulence factors such as biofilms, enterotoxins, and hemolysins can promote the colonization and persistent infection of pathogens in the breast, while the antibacterial resistance genes carried further increase the difficulty of treatment. With the advancement of molecular biology and genomics techniques, the interaction between virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus and the mechanism of antibacterial resistance has gradually been revealed. This paper summarizes the research progress in recent years on the virulence factors and antibacterial resistance genes of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis, analyzes the synergy between the two and their impact on the infection process, and explores the regulatory effect of antibacterial drugs on the virulence and drug resistance of pathogens, aiming to provide theoretical support for the precise prevention and control of bovine mastitis and the rational use of antibacterial drugs.

Bovine tuberculosis （BT） is a chronic wasting disease primarily caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex（MTBC）,with a particularly high susceptibility among dairy cows. It is a zoonotic disease that poses a significant threat to human health and the livestock industry,and has been designated as a disease to be eradicated by many developed countries. Despite significant progress in the diagnosis and treatment of bovine tuberculosis,it continues to pose a serious threat to global cattle health. Early detection of epidemics remains a major challenge for public health surveillance worldwide. Establishing an early warning system based on statistical data can assist in the early detection of bovine tuberculosis and has become an important method for controlling its spread. This paper reviewed the current status of bovine tuberculosis,common detection methods,and early warning systems,with the aim of providing references for comprehensive prevention and control of the disease.

The long-distance delivery and artificial insemination technology for fresh goat semen significantly enhances the breeding value and mating efficiency of elite male goats while effectively preventing the spread of diseases. From 2019 to 2024,Qianyang County promoted this technology across the region,led by the Saanen dairy goat breeding farm,by establishing a professional technical team and setting up 32 artificial insemination stations. Over five years,a total of 123 900 dairy goats were artificially inseminated,resulting in 118 000 successful pregnancies,with an overall conception rate exceeding 95%. This reduced the breeding stock of male goats by 90%,saving 9.86 million yuan in breeding costs. Additionally,196 300 kids were born during this period,generating an added output value of 47.11 million yuan. By innovating key techniques such as instrument sterilization,semen collection and testing,dilution and preservation,low-temperature long-distance delivery,and standardized insemination,the technology not only lowered breeding costs but also accelerated herd improvement,driving dual enhancements in both the quality and quantity of dairy goats in the county.

[Objective] This study investigated changes in milk production performance, milk composition traits, and reproductive hormones during estrus in dairy cows. [Method] Thirty-six healthy Holstein cows were selected. Milk yield, body temperature, milk fat, milk protein, lactose, and somatic cell count were recorded during the proestrus, estrus, and metestrus stages. Concurrently, changes in progesterone, estradiol, and prolactin levels were recorded. [Result] During the estrus phase, milk yield decreased, while milk fat and total solids content increased. Progesterone levels decreased, whereas estradiol and prolactin levels increased. [Conclusion] Significant changes in milk production performance and milk composition traits occurred during estrus, particularly the decreased milk yield and increased milk fat and total solids content. These findings indicated significant physiological fluctuations in cows during estrus. Furthermore, the changes in reproductive hormones were closely associated with these alterations in production performance, providing a basis for further optimization of dairy cow management practices.

[Objective] To meet the demand for rapid and accurate quantitative determination of lactoferrin content in a large number of samples during dairy processing a detection and correction model for lactoferrin content in milk was established by combining mid-infrared spectroscopy with chemometric. [Method] Taking 108 milk samples as the research objects,the lactoferrin content was measured by high performance liquid chromatography,and the spectral data of the milk samples were collected. To investigate the effects of preprocessing methods such as normalization first derivative second derivative standard normal variable transformation multiple scattering correction and wavelet transform on the prediction accuracy of partial least squares PLS quantitative model lactoferrin. [Result] The first derivative and the standard normal variable transformation were the optimal preprocessing methods for spectral data. The determination coefficient of the model correction set was 0.941 7, and the root mean square error of the correction was 1.142. The root mean square error of prediction was 1.187 which had good prediction ability. [Conclusion] The results of this study are of great significance for quality control and production efficiency optimization in dairy production proces.

Chlorate and perchlorate,as persistent environmental pollutant,have become one of the hot issues in the field of international food safety in recent years.According to research reports,chlorate and perchlorate are widely found in the environment,agricultural products and food.Chlorate and perchlorate in milk and dairy products are one of the foods with high levels of human exposure.This paper introduced the sources and pollution status of chlorate and perchlorate in milk and dairy products,and elaborated and summarized the current progress of chlorate and perchlorate detection technologies in detail,with the aim of providing references for the establishment of chlorate and perchloric acid detection methods,the formulation of standards and the setting of pollution limits for chlorate and perchlorate in milk and dairy products in the future.

[Objective] The contents of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in liquid milk were determined by optimizing the liquid chromatography method in the first step of “GB 5009.28-2016 National Food Safety Standard - Determination of Benzoic Acid, Sorbic Acid and Sodium Saccharin in Foods”,and the extraction effect of the optimized method was verified. [Method] The applicability of this optimized method was verified by monitoring the recovery rate detection,precision detection and repeatability detection,and the data was accumulated. [Result] The optimized method had a higher extraction effect,the precision meets the requirements,and the recovery rate was closer to the true value. [Conclusion] The optimized method was more adequate for the extraction of benzoic acid and sorbic acid.It could be used as anauxiliary in the daily detection of complex matrix samples.

[Objective] A new type of Arabica-flavored coffee beverage with stable quality was developed using fresh buffalo milk and cold-brew freeze-dried Arabica coffee powder as the primary ingredients,supplemented with erythritol,light cream and food additives as auxiliary ingredients. [Method] The optimal single-factor level was screened out through single-factor experiments. On this basis,orthogonal experiments and sensory evaluation methods were used to optimize the preparation process of Arabica-flavored buffalo milk coffee beverage,obtaining the best preparation process ratio. The optimal preparation process parameters were determined based on the mass of 100 g of the final product. [Result] The addition amount of fresh buffalo milk was 45.00%,cold-brew freeze-dried Arabica coffee powder was 0.55%,light cream was 1.70%,erythritol was 3.50%,food additives（mono- and diglycerides fatty acid esters,sodium stearoyl lactylate,sucrose fatty acid esters,carrageenan,sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium carbonate）was 0.20%,and edible salt was 0.03%.The Arabica-flavored buffalo milk coffee beverage had a rich and layered taste,with a mild acidity, saltiness and bitterness,and a mellow and smooth aftertaste.The texture remained stable during shelf life,providing a reference for the industrial production of Arabica-flavored buffalo milk coffee beverages. [Conclusion] Based on single-factor experiments,orthogonal experiments and sensory evaluation data,this study identified the key factors affecting the quality of Arabica-flavored buffalo milk coffee beverages and the preparation process parameters. The development and research of this product have expanded the variety of buffalo milk coffee beverages,and it has a broad and promising market prospects.