Liver fibrosis is a critical pathological structural basis of a variety of chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis and nodular cirrhosis, while liver regeneration is the key mechanism for protecting liver against multiple injuries, promoting inflammation resolution and reversing liver fibrosis. When fibrosis occurs after liver injuries, the alternation of liver regeneration status in fibrosis usually plays an essential role in the outcome of diverse liver diseases. In this review, the differences between "homeostatic regeneration", "normal regeneration" and "aberrant regeneration" were identified in terms of the occurrence conditions, the basic state of the liver, the effects on liver repair, the types of cells involved and the pathogenesis. Emphatically, we not only summarize the differences of mechanisms between "aberrant regeneration" and "normal regeneration" in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, but also elucidate the features of "aberrant regeneration" in various liver fibrosis models, as well as the therapeutic strategies for the treatment of liver fibrosis based on "aberrant regeneration", expecting to provide evidence and clues for considering the risks and proposing possible solutions in clinical treatment of liver fibrosis.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disease, which is mainly characterized by hyperandrogenemia, rare or anovulation, and polycystic ovarian changes. PCOS is seriously harmful and its causes are complex, which has not yet been clarified. Studies have shown that non-coding RNAs play important roles in the development of PCOS, including the regulation of hormone metabolism and follicle development. Exosomes are natural nano-scale membrane vesicles that contain cell-specific proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biologically active molecules. Exosomes are important mediators for intercellular communication and new targets for disease diagnosis and treatment. Recent studies have shown that as an important component of follicle microenvironment, exosome is closely related to the pathogenesis of PCOS. Exosome and exosomal non-coding RNAs are expected to serve as potential new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for PCOS. In this review, we will summarize the function of exosome and exosomal non-coding RNA in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of PCOS.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. It is currently believed that PD is related to factors such as age, gender, family inheritance, gene mutation and environment. The pathogenesis of PD is complex and is related to dysfunction and loss of dopaminergic neurons, involving accumulation of α-synuclein, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive accumulation of neuromelanin. In many ways, various factors act both independently and through cross-promotion, resulting in an ongoing pattern of brain tissue damage and progressing PD pathology. This article reviews the recent research on the pathogenic factors and pathogenesis of PD and explores new ideas and potential targets for PD treatment and drug development.

In recent years, with rapid advances in chlorogenic acid (CGA) research, it has become widely used in medicine, the chemical industry and health care products, with the potential for broad application. CGA is a water-soluble phenolic natural product and is extensively distributed in a variety of plants. Numerous studies have shown that CGA has strong biological activities including antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and metabolic regulatory activities. This review summarizes the pharmacological effects as well as the underlying mechanisms of CGA, providing an important theoretical basis for further research on CGA drug targets and potential mechanisms.

The technology of lipid-drug conjugates is developed on the basis of prodrug principle, which overcomes some drawbacks of drugs via increasing the lipophilicity of hydrophilic or poorly soluble drugs to promote the absorption of drugs and enhance the curative effect. This article sums up the research progress of lipid-drug conjugates from the chemical synthesis methods of conjugates, the types of conjugates, the influence on biological activity of drugs, the application in nanoparticles for drug delivery and the mechanism of absorption and degradation.

The tumor contains abundant new vessels, which are unevenly distributed, irregular, and branch-disordered. Angiopoietin (Ang) and tyrosine kinase receptor Tie mediate stable maturation of angiogenesis. Ang1 mainly plays a role in promoting vascular stabilization, and Ang2 is highly expressed in vessels, which makes the structure and function of vessels abnormal. Leaked vessels provide opportunities for invasion and metastasis of circulating tumor cells. Targeting the Ang/Tie axis to correct the abnormal state of vessels and promote its normalization, combined with chemotherapy drugs or immunotherapy, play a synergistic effect against tumors. This article summarizes the role of Ang/Tie axis in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, and it aims to provide new ideas and strategies for clinical treatment of tumors.

Malignant tumor is a disease that severely threaten human health. Common chemotherapeutical drugs currently used in clinical practice have some problems in severe side effects and chemoresistance. In contrast, natural venom peptides and artificially designed targeting peptides have excellent biological activities and potential druggability due to their small molecular weights and high affinity to tumor tissues. Thus, the methods for the discovery of anti-tumor peptides have attracted much attention. In this paper, we summarized the types of anti-tumor peptides from recent literatures. Then, we systematically reviewed screening theories, methods and applications based on traditional chromatographic separation, peptidomics, phage display, phenotypic screening, and artificial intelligence. These strategies and technologies will provide a methodological reference for accelerating anti-tumor peptides research.

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. A large number of preclinical studies have demonstrated that exogenous cell-based therapies such as mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can promote brain function recovery in the subacute phase of stroke. Emerging data indicate that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes play a key role in mediating tissue repair by participating in intercellular signal transduction and transferring biological information especially microRNA to recipient cells, which affects endo-genous recovery in ischemic brain tissue after injury. In this review we briefly describe the characteristics and biological functions of exosomes and exosomal microRNA, and discuss the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on ischemic stroke from different perspectives. Finally, we outline the potential clinical value of exosomes and challenges of translating these therapies into clinical trials.

The intestinal flora is a diverse microbial community living in the digestive tract of humans and animals. This microbial community can modify drugs in unpredictable ways, leading to changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs in vivo and affecting their clinical efficacy. Here we review drug metabolism mediated by intestinal flora from three aspects:prodrug activation, drug inactivation, and toxicity. The effect of the stable hypoxic environment on the composition and quantity of intestinal flora and the effect on drug metabolism are discussed. Understanding the influence of intestinal flora on drug metabolism is not only conducive to individualized medication, but also conducive to rational drug design, allowing us to predict and understand individual drug response and regulate the intestinal microbiome to improve drug efficacy, thus promoting personalized medicine.

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) has been used as a valuable traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2 000 years in China. Modern research has confirmed a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as regulating blood sugar, improving gastrointestinal inflammation, and regulating immunity. Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients of D.officinale. With the intensive studies of the pharmacological activities of D.officinale, evidence for the pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of D.officinale polysaccharides has increased dramatically. In this review, we summarized the latest progress in the pharmacological and mechanical studies of D.officinale polysaccharides, and based on the pharmacological efficacy and oral absorption and utilization characteristics of D.officinale polysaccharides, it is proposed that regulating the gut microbiota may be one of the key mechanisms for D.officinale to exert its beneficial effects. Research on the mechanism of D.officinale polysaccharides puts forward new research directions and prospects.

Dithiocarbamates and their derivatives with unique molecular structures possess diverse biological activities, which have become the research focus in the chemical and pharmaceutical fields in recent years. Here, we will review the structures, synthesis as well as biological activities of dithiocarbamates and their derivatives in anti-oxidation, anti-virus, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor and anti-Alzheimer's disease, and make a prospect for their development in the future.

Human pathogenic coronaviruses can be divided into seven types, namely HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Among them, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which are caused by the last three coronaviruses respectively, are enormous threats that challenge human health and social and economic development. Despite the huge investment in drug development for pathogenic coronaviruses, there is no specifically effective anti-coronavirus drug approved so far. In this review we systematically summarize 146 representative anti-coronavirus active compounds reported in the past 20 years and list 26 potential target proteins involved in the process of viral infection and replication. In addition, we predict the target proteins of those active compounds with unclear antiviral activity mechanisms. We hope that the information will be useful to accelerate the development of new anti-coronavirus drugs.

Drug-drug complexes play important roles in improving the physicochemical properties of drugs including the solubility, dissolution rate and stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In this paper, the design, synthesis, characterization, changes in physicochemical and pharmacologic properties, structural polymorphisms and the research and development pipelines of a variety of drug-drug cocrystals/salts synthesized based on the crystal engineering design are reviewed. This may provide theoretical support for the development of the new solid-state combinational drugs.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of resveratrol on the inflammatory factors, oxidative stress indexes and the related genes of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages induced by monosodium urate (MSU) and to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of acute gouty arthritis (AGA). Different concentrations of resveratrol were used to treat RAW264.7 cells for 5 hours, then MSU was added to stimulate them for 24 hours. The proliferation of RAW264.7 cells were detected by CCK-8 method. The level of tumor necrosis factor α secreted by cells were detected by ELISA method. The content of reaction oxygen species (ROS) in cells were detected by 2', 7'-dichlorodi-hydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe method. The contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonaldehyde (MDA) in cells were detected by the kits. The expression of Nrf2, Kelch like ECH related protein 1 (Keap1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), HO-1 mRNA were detected by real time PCR method. The results showed that resveratrol could inhibit the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells, significantly inhibit the TNF-α level of RAW264.7 cells induced by MSU, significantly inhibit the expression of ROS and MDA, and increase the expression of SOD in RAW264.7 cells induced by MSU. Resveratrol could reduce the expression of Keap1 mRNA in RAW264.7 cells induced by MSU, and increase the expression of Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1 mRNA. It is suggested that resveratrol can inhibit the inflammatory response of RAW264.7 macrophages induced by MSU, and improve the antioxidant capacity of macrophages by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway.

To screen active components of Desmodium styracifolium in protecting calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) -induced human proximaltubular epithelial cell (HK-2) damage model, and furtherly explore its mechanism of action, total flavonoids of Desmodium styracifolium (TFDS) and eight flavonoids (schaftoside, isoschaftoside, vicenin-2, isovitexin, isoorientin, apigenin, luteolin and genistein) were tested by COM-induced HK-2 damage model. MTT assay was used to detect the effects of different components on the cell viability of COM-induced HK-2 damage model. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in the cell supernatant and the activity level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of cell were detected by the kit. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, HMGB1 in HK-2 of different groups. Compared with the model group, the cell activity was significantly increased after 24 h co-culture with TFDS and four flavonoids (isoorientin, apigenin, genistein and luteolin). These active components can reduce the LDH leakage and ROS in cell supernatant and increase the activity of SOD, with regulating the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, HMGB1. TFDS, apigenin, isoorientin, luteolin and genistein can protect COM-induced HK-2 cell damage, including enhancing cell viability, protecting cell membrane integrity and enhancing oxidative stress, and regulate the expression of proteins related to NLRP3 inflammasome.

C17 is a small molecule containing 2, 4-diaminoquinazoline and aryl piperazine. Docking was used to compare the affinity of C17 for five dopamine receptor (DR) subtypes. Pancreatic cancer SW1990 and PANC-1 cell lines were used in in vitro and in vivo studies. The effect of C17 on the expression level of D1DR was investigated by immunofluorescence. A cytotoxicity assay, clone formation assay and flow cytometry were used to investigate the ability of C17 to inhibit on cell survival, clone formation, and to suppress cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). The ability to suppress tumorigenesis was investigated by inoculating nude mice with SW1990 cells pre-treated with different concentrations of C17. Finally, the anti-tumor efficacy and safety of C17 and its combination with the multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib (SUN) were evaluated in SW1990 xenograft mice. Our results demonstrate that C17 is most likely to bind to D1DR among the five DR subtypes. D1DR expression was increased in C17-treated cells, which could be reversed by SCH23390, a D1DR-specific antagonist. The IC₅₀ values of C17 on the survival of SW1990 and PANC-1 cells were 12.56 and 10.56 μmol·L^-1, respectively. C17 could suppress clone formation ability, CSC frequency and in vivo tumorigenesis in a dose-dependent manner. In the SW1990 xenograft model, 50 mg·kg^-1 of C17 could weakly inhibit the tumor growth, and the tumor volume with 50 mg·kg^-1 of C17 in combination with 10 mg·kg^-1 of SUN group was smaller than that in SUN 10 mg·kg^-1, SUN 20 mg·kg^-1 group and gemcitabine (GEM) group. In addition, body weight, blood test, and organ index results showed good safety with all dosing regimens. All animal experiments were in strict accordance with the regulations of the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University. C17 may be a promising candidate for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

We investigated the ability of 3-bromopyruvic acid to increase the sensitivity of tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7/TR cells to tamoxifen and to explore the underlying mechanism. 4-Hydroxy tamoxifen (4-OHT) is the active form of tamoxifen in vivo and was used in this study. The effect of 3-bromopyruvic acid on the viability of MCF-7/TR cells was measured by MTT assay and the morphology of MCF-7/TR cells was observed with an inverted microscope. The results show that 3-bromopyruvic acid at 40 μmol·L^-1 has no significant effect on the viability of MCF-7/TR cells, and this concentration was used in the subsequent experiments:3-bromopyruvic acid significantly increased the inhibitory effect of 4-OHT on the viability of MCF-7/TR cells, with a reversal-fold of 1.91, as determined by MTT assay; the lactate level, determined with a lactate detection kit, and the expression levels of GLUT1, HK2, and LDHA in MCF-7/TR cells as measured by immunoblotting were significantly higher than in MCF-7 cells; and compared with 4-OHT treatment alone, the combination treatment of 3-bromopyruvic acid and 4-OHT significantly reduced the lactate level and the expression of GLUT1, HK2, LDHA in MCF-7/TR cells. The above results show that 3-bromopyruvic acid increases the sensitivity of MCF-7/TR cells to tamoxifen, and the mechanism is related to the inhibition of aerobic glycolysis.

This study was designed to investigate the effect and mechanism of astragaloside IV (ASIV) on mitochondrial morphology and function of rat cardiomyocytes under hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. H9c2 cells were divided into control group, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) group, and H/R + ASIV group. Cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage were measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and LDH assay kit, respectively. Oxidative stress levels, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were analyzed by commercial kits. Intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected by dihydroethidium (DHE) and MitoSOX. Changes of the mitochondrial membrane potential were detected using the fluorescent probe JC-1. Opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore was examined via calcein acetoxymethyl ester (calcein-AM). Apoptosis was assessed using terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay kit. To detect protein expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), mitofusin1 (Mfn1), Mfn2, Bax, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and cleaved cysteine-aspartic protease (caspase)-3, Western blot analysis was carried out. Compared with the control group, ASIV (100 μmol·L^-1) significantly improved H/R induced cell injury, LDH leakage, decrease of SOD activity, and GSH content, increase of MDA content and ROS content, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, ROS production activation, mitochondrial fission/fusion imbalance, and cell apoptosis. In addition, the effect of ASIV against H/R injury was also verified on primary rat cardiomyocytes. The animal welfare and experimental process follow the rules of Animal Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University. In conclusion, ASIV may play a protective role in mitochondria by regulating morphological dynamic stability and mitochondrial function, inhibiting excessive synthesis of ROS, improving the internal environment of oxidative stress, reducing cell apoptosis, and thereby protecting against cardiomyocytes' hypoxia/reoxygenation injury.

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a popular target for cancer therapy. In this research, 3 nanobodies with high specificity and endocytosis activity against EpCAM were developed, which provides a basis for the study of immunotoxin based on EpCAM. In our preliminary experiments, we have immunized a camel with EpCAM-Fc antigen and constructed a high-quality phage display library. Seventeen nanobodies with different complementarity determining region (CDR) 3 sequences have been screened after 3 rounds of biopanning by phage display technology. The animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Fudan University School of Pharmacy. After purification, 7 nanobodies showed high cell binding activity by fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) identification. Furthermore, 3 nanobodies presented high endocytosis activity based on FACS and laser confocal microscopy, which also showed high affinity to EpCAM measured by ForteBio. According to this study, we aimed to provide a novel alternative approach to the EpCAM-targeted therapy and to provide guidance for the study of nanobody based immunotoxins for other targets.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease involving eosinophils, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and other inflammatory cells and immune components. Chinese medicine has unique advantages in the treatment of asthma. In this study an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model in rats was used to verify the effect of the total sesquiterpenoids of Flos Farfarae (F.F.S) on asthma. The results show that the F.F.S has anti-asthmatic effects. Metabolomic analysis showed that 25 metabolites were changed in asthmatic rats, and 18 of them could be attributed to F.F.S. F.F.S. can block the over-activation of p65 NF-κB, preventing the transmission of pro-inflammatory factor signals to cells. F.F.S. thus could reduce the over-activation of inflammatory cells, inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors and further alleviating asthma inflammation. This study lays a foundation for further new drug research. The mechanism of F.F.S. on asthma needs further investigation.

We separated and purified five chemical constituents of dried ginger by Diaion HP-20, Sephadex LH-20, silica gel and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Five gingerols were identified by physicochemical properties and MS and NMR spectroscopy techniques:4-(2-butyl-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (1), 4-(2-hexyl-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (2), 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)tridecane-3, 5-diol (3), [10]-gingerdiol (4) and 1-[1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl)-3-oxodecan-5-yl]pyrrolidin-2-one (5a, 5b). Compounds 1-3, 5a, 5b are new compounds.

Tumor immune therapy has been remarkably successful in recent years and several kinds of PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1) antibody drugs have been approved by the FDA for treatment of advanced malignant neoplasms. However, as biomacromolecules these antibody drugs have certain drawbacks such as high cost, injection-only administration and immunogenicity; thus, we turned to small molecules that have lower immune risks and better modifiability. Considering the structural diversity of natural products, we chose to investigate the active components in Panax ginseng, a famous and highly valued traditional Chinese medicine. Nine compounds were separated and identified in this research using a HPLC-coupled MS system, and 3 PD-1 binding compounds were identified using the SPR method. The PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory ability of ginsenoside Rg₁, as a representative ginsenoside, was verified by cytopharmacological methods. This research provides a new method for the identification of immune blockade inhibitors in natural products.

We utilized a multi-step derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of common amino acid enantiomers, combined with deuterated hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, to identify nine trace D-amino acids in thymalfasin. We optimized the conditions for multi-step derivatization, the volume of reagent for redissolving samples, and the conditions for chromatography and mass spectrometry with isopropanol and trifluoroacetic anhydride as derivatization reagents, and validated the procedure, including sensitivity, linear range, precision, accuracy and recovery. Sixteen pairs of D/L-amino acids and glycine derivatives were separated within 29 min, with the limit of quantification as low as 0.09-2.79 μmol·L^-1. Nine amino acid derivatives of thymalfasin showed a good linear relationship within the concentration range examined (r²>0.992 3). The precision results showed that RSD values were less than 10.90%. Accuracy test results of a reference substance ranged from 76.69% to 128.18%. Average recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 70.41% to 125.39%. For the nine D-amino acids assayed, D-Asp and D-Glu content in six batches of thymalfasin were highest, ranging 0.41%-0.49% and 0.25%-0.33%, respectively, with others less than 0.25%. The method is sensitive, efficient and reliable, available for seventeen common amino acids and their enantiomers, and works well with simultaneous determination of nine trace D-amino acids in thymalfasin, providing a reference for the comprehensive control of racemic peptide impurities in this synthetic polypeptide drug.

To establish a method for the determination of polymer impurities in cefixime raw materials and preparations, a cefixime degradation solution containing polymer impurities was prepared by forced polymerization. Polymer impurities in the degradation solution were separated and identified by high performance gel chromatography and the column switching-LC-MSⁿ method. A new RP-HPLC method for cefixime polymer was established and validated with a Phenomenex Gemini-C18 column using a mobile phase gradient elution of 0.5% formic acid-water solution and 0.5% formic acid-acetonitrile solution. The results showed that when using this high performance gel chromatography method some small molecular weight impurities were co-eluted with the polymers, resulting in a poor specificity and poor quantitative accuracy. But when using the RP-HPLC method, three polymer impurities were detected with good specificity, sensitivity and robustness, including two cefixime dimers, and dehydrate dimer. Therefore, the described RP-HPLC method is suitable for the quality control of polymer impurities in cefixime, and cefixime degradation solution can be used as suitable solution for analysis of cefixime polymers.

A high performance liquid chromatography charged aerosol detector (HPLC-CAD) method was established for the simultaneous determination of five saponins (notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1, Ginsenoside Rd) in Yaobitong capsule, providing a method for quality control. The sample was extracted with methanol and chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters Xbridge Phenol column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) using acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1. The column temperature was 30℃ and the injection volume was 10 μL. The nebulizer temperature of CAD was 35℃ and the air pressure was 60.2 psi, the filtration was 3.6 s, and the collection frequency was 5 Hz. Notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rd showed a good linear relationship in the range of 16.96-203.5 μg·mL^-1 (R²=0.999 3), 54.46-653.5 μg·mL^-1 (R²=0.999 3), 10.96-131.5 μg·mL^-1 (R²=0.999 6), 51.50-618.0 μg·mL^-1 (R²=0.999 0), 15.94-191.3 μg·mL^-1 (R²=0.999 4), respectively. The average recoveries were 98.96%, 100.8%, 94.76%, 100.1%, 103.1%, and RSDs were 0.87%, 1.46%, 1.85%, 2.06%, 0.96% (n=6), respectively. The proposed method is accurate, simple and reliable, and can be used for the determination of five saponins in Yaobitong capsule.

K-values of 56 batches of 7 types of povidone were measured by microfluidic rheometry and with a Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. The K-values of the two methods were tested by SPSS software and the results showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods (P > 0.05). Taking K-values measured with the Ubbelohde capillary viscometer (K_u) as the abscissa and K-values measured by microfluidic rheometry (K_m) as the ordinate a linear equation was calculated:K_m=0.893 9K_u + 4.617 6, R²=0.986 2, with good linearity, indicating that the microfluidic rheometer method can replace the Ubbelohde capillary viscometer in determining K-values of povidone. The microfluidic rheometer method has the benefits of less sample consumption, faster determination, and is more accurate, and it can be used with high-throughput automatic acquisition, which provides a more convenient method for the determination of K-values of different types of povidone. The weight-average molecular weights (M_w) of each type of povidone were measured by gel permeation chromatography-multi angle laser light scattering (GPC-MALLS), and the relationship between M_w and K_m was lgM_w=-0.000 4 K_m² + 0.072 7 K_m + 2.791, R² =0.990 1. The fitting relationship was good, and M_w could be calculated by K_m by the equation.

We prepared moxifloxacin (MXF) loaded nanoparticles by nano-precipitation/self-assembly method, then compared the antibacterial activity of MXF and MXF loaded nanoparticles, and investigated the antibacterial mechanism of MXF loaded nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. The physicochemical properties such as particle size and zeta potential were investigated by laser particle size analyzer. The in vitro release characteristics were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effect of nanoparticles on HBE cells viability was investigated by CCK-8 assay. In addition, the in vitro antibacterial activity was investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, biofilm formation assays and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation, then the antibacterial mechanism was initially explored. The particle size measurement showed that the nanoparticles had a size of 332.5 ±2.7 nm, a polymer dispersion index (PDI) of 0.125 ±0.053, a zeta potential of -24.3 ±1.7 mV, and a uniform particle size distribution, drug loading content was (6.02 ±1.27)%, encapsulation efficiency was (16.69 ±1.17)%. The TEM results show that the nanoparticles have a spheroidal structure, and the particle size and distribution are consistent with the particle size measurement results. The nanoparticles can be effectively and rapidly released in phosphate buffer saline (PBS), releasing about 70% in 24 h, and releasing 87% in 72 h, and almost completely releasing the MXF at 120 h. At the same time, compared with moxifloxacin free drug, its MIC value is 8 μg·mL^-1, which is 1/2 of MXF solution, and can significantly inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms. It has well antibacterial activity in vitro and can be targeted to the surface of bacteria to exert its efficacy and improve the antibacterial effect. The moxifloxacin nanoparticles prepared in this study has a uniform particle size distribution, well drug release performance and antibacterial effect, and provides new ideas and strategies for the treatment of bacterial lung infection and the development of new antibacterial nanoformulations.

The fruit of Lycium barbarum L. (FLB) is a food and medicinal herb. Identifying suitable production regions for this plant would be beneficial to its cultivation and production. In this study, the Maxent model was used to identify ecologically suitable regions for the growth of L. barbarum L. In addition, based on its chemical composition, the suitable regions for production were identified by literature analysis and chemometrics. The results show that suitable regions for L. barbarum L. culture are mainly distributed in the northwest of China; suitable regions for the production of medicinal FLB were mainly concentrated in the district of Ningxia, Baiyin, Jiuquan and Zhangye of Gansu, and parts district in west of Inner Mongolia. All are the traditional production regions for FLB, which is consistent with the good quality of FLB produced in Ganzhou in ancient times, and the genuine medicinal materials of FLB produced in Zhongning of Ningxia today. The suitable regions for edible FLB were mainly distributed in northwest of Qinghai, Jiuquan and Zhangye of Gansu, as well as Aksu and Kizi sukirgiz of Xinjiang. The fruit type index of FLB in these regions is large, and the content of fructose and glucose in the fruit is high, which satisfies the edible commodity property. The study results lay a foundation for realizing the regional distribution and development of L. barbarum based on its different uses.

In recent years, the number of clinical trials of stem cell products has increased, and the research and development technology and evaluation system have developed rapidly. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cellular products are in the phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ stage of clinical trials. Related products include hPSC-derived neurons, retinal pigment epithelial cells, pancreatic beta cells, etc. They are generally used for the repair and replacement of functional cells related to degenerative diseases and genetic diseases via local transplantation. So far, no similar products have been officially approved on market. As hPSC possesses multi-directional differentiation potential and the ability to form teratoma in vivo, compared with other stem cell products, hPSC-derived cellular products have relatively higher risk of tumorigenicity, longer differentiation induction cycle, more complex production process, together with the rapidly updating quality characterization methods, which pose challenges to the scientific evaluation of their human applications. Based on the problems in the recent review and communication of clinical trial applications of stem cell products, and with reference to the relevant technical guidelines, this paper proposes the chemistry, manufacturing, and controls review considerations on the manufacturing process and quality study of hPSC-derived cellular products. We hope to improve the communications between developers and regulators.