Fungal toxins are a class of toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi under specific environmental conditions, with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenesis, and mutagenicity. These toxins can enter the food chain by contaminating agricultural products such as grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and their processed products, posing a serious threat to human health. Therefore, developing efficient and sensitive detection techniques for fungal toxins in food is particularly important. This article provided a systematic review of common fungal toxin detection technologies in food, focusing on the technical characteristics of different detection technologies in sensitivity, specificity, multi-component synchronous detection, and on-site rapid screening, analyzed the key technical bottlenecks such as complex food matrix interference elimination, precise quantification of trace toxins, and development of detection standard substances, providing reference for in-depth research in this field and the updating and optimization of national and other levels of detection standards, in order to further improve the accuracy and efficiency of fungal toxin detection in food and provide strong support for food safety assurance.

Objective To study the effects of different concentrations of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and phytic acid (PA) on the physiology and storage quality of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.. Methods Based on the optimal concentration of 1-MCP and PA alone, the study was carried out under the conditions of room temperature (20±1) ℃ and relative humidity (80%-90%), and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. without preservative treatment were used as the control, the full factorial composite experiments of 0.8 μL/L and 1 μL/L 1-MCP and 0.05% and 0.1% PA were carried out, and measured the mass loss rate, hardness, soluble solids content (SSC), ethylene release, peroxidase (POD) activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging rate, and sensory evaluation of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. during the storage period. Results The 1 μL/L 1-MCP+0.1% PA treatment group had a sensory evaluation score of 85.6 after 12 d of storage, with a weight loss of 0.93%, hardness of 5.04 kg/cm², SSC content of 8.4%, ethylene release of 0.4398 μL/(kg·h), and POD vigour and DPPH radical scavenging rates of 96.9 U/g FW and 82.60%. Conclusion This study show that 1 μL/L 1-MCP+0.1% PA compound treatment is more helpful for the improvement of POD activity and DPPH radical scavenging rate, which in turn delayed the loss of quality, hardness and SSC, low ethylene release, and the overall maintenance of higher sensory scores, which effectively maintained a better storage quality and prolonged the freshness period of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., and provided technical references for the freshness preservation of more categories of fruits and vegetables. It provides a technical reference for more categories of fruits and vegetables.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) content in variety of health food by liquid chromatography. Methods Tablets and capsules were extracted with acetonitrile:water (60:40, V:V); oral liquid was extracted with acetonitrile and added sodium chloride to salt out the targets from water; gel candy was dissolved in warm water first, and extracted with acetonitrile, after that ammonium sulfate was used to precipitate gelatin and made acetonitrile water stratification simultaneously. Finally, DHEA in health product was effectively extracted, then determined by liquid chromatography with diode array detection or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and quantified by external standard method. Results The established methods were effective in extracting DHEA from health foods, with limit of detection for solid or powder sample was 0.15 g/kg and for liquid was 1.5 mg/L and limit of quantification was 0.5 g/kg for solid or powder samples and 5 mg/L for liquid, respectively. The recovery of this method was 95.7%-104.0%, and the relative standard deviation was 1.10%-3.76%. It was found that the content of DHEA in imported dietary supplements was mostly consistent with the label, with a few samples not matching the label in real sample. Conclusion This method is sensitive, simple and convenient, and can be used not only to monitor the illegal addition of DHEA in domestic health foods, but also to evaluate the content of DHEA in cross-border dietary supplements.

Objective To analyze the food safety situation of edible oils, fats, and their products in China from 2019 to 2023. Methods Sampling results of edible oils, fats, and their products from the national safety supervision from 2019 to 2023 were summarized, and their overall, unqualified items and other information were analyzed. Results The results showed that the overall unqualified rate of edible oils, fats and their products showed a downward trend from 2019 to 2023; unqualified products were mainly produced in Xinjiang, Jilin, Anhui, Hubei, Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi and other regions; rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, and soybean oil were the main unqualified edible oil varieties in the sampling inspection from 2019 to 2023; the detected unqualified items mainly include benzo [a] pyrene, acid value (calculated as KOH), peroxide value, and solvent residue. Conclusion The governments and relevant departments in Xinjiang, Jilin, Anhui and other provinces with high disqualification rates shall strengthen source control, promote large-scale planting and standardized storage, upgrade production technology and supervision, strengthen sampling inspection and traceability mechanism, strengthen market supervision on production, processing and transportation, and improve the traceability system of edible oil, fat and its products, strictly follow the production process standards, store reasonably, and improve the quality of edible oil; strengthen the sampling inspection of products with high unqualified rates, such as rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, etc.

Objective To develop Maillard reaction flavors combined with caramelized syrup using natural plants as raw materials. Methods Using tamarind as a raw material, it was treated with composite enzymes and mixed with caramelized syrup for Maillard reaction. The optimal preparation process was determined according to the comprehensive sensory score standard for Maillard flavors. The aroma differences between the Maillard reaction flavors with and without caramelized syrup were analyzed, and volatile aroma compounds were detected using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The reasons for the aroma differences were analyzed, and its antioxidant activity was studied using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results The optimal conditions for tamarind enzymatic hydrolysis were: Temperature 45 ℃, time 4.0 hours, and a composite enzyme ratio of 1:1:1 (m:m:m) for pectinase, cellulase, and papain, with an enzyme dosage of 0.5% of the tamarind amount. At a temperature of 120 ℃, reaction time of 80 minutes, initial pH 8.0, and a material-to-liquid ratio of 5:1 (m:V), the Maillard reaction flavor mixed with caramelized syrup showed the highest sensory score. Under these conditions, 68 volatile compounds were detected in the flavor, with ester, heterocyclic, and ketone volatile compounds accounting for a higher proportion compared to the Maillard flavor without caramelized syrup, imparting a sweet-caramel, roasted-sweet, and rich aroma. Adding caramelized syrup enhanced the antioxidant activity of the flavor, and at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, the DPPH scavenging rate reached 70.8%. Conclusion This study provides a new method for preparing edible flavors through the Maillard reaction with tamarind as the raw material combined with caramelized syrup.

Objective To compare the similarities and differences in the identification results of Staphylococcus aureus in dried fruits analyzed by 3 experimental methods: Biochemical identification, mass spectrometer identification and molecular biological identification. Methods Staphylococcus aureus in dried fruits was isolated. The isolated typical strains were identified and compared through 3 approaches: Biochemistry (VITEK 2-Compact) mass spectrometer (VITEK MS), and molecular biology (real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction), the identification results of the 3 types of experiments were compared. Results All 3 identification methods could identify Staphylococcus aureus to the species level, but there were certain differences in efficiency and time required. Mass spectrometry yielded more accurate results with higher timeliness. Conclusion This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different identification methods, combines traditional methods with modern technologies. The enrichment and isolation in traditional detection methods provide a basis for subsequent identification. On this basis, advanced identification technologies with different principles are integrated to form a complete detection process. This combined mode can mutually verify the results, improve the detection accuracy, and provide new ideas for establishing a more reliable microbiological detection system for characteristic dried fruits.

Objective To investigate the levels of 8 kinds of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, and assess their potential health risks. Methods The 88 insect tea samples from Chishui City were soaked in ultrapure water at 80 ℃ for 40 min, and the supernatant was shaken and filtered, and then determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The pollution degree of heavy metals was evaluated by using the single-factor pollution index and Nemero’s comprehensive pollution index, and the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) were used for dietary health risk assessment. Results The average content of 8 kinds of heavy metals in the insect tea samples were 1.558, 3.344, 3.366, 27.020, 1.774, 0.858, 0.011 and 1.385 mg/kg, respectively. The evaluation of the contamination degree of the heavy metals showed that the P_i and the P_n value of those samples were less than 1.0, and the contamination level was clean and safe. The EDI values were ranked in the order of Zn>Cu=Ni>As>Cr> Pb>Cd>Hg, and all of them were lower than their corresponding R_FD values. THQ values ranked in the order of 1>As>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Hg, and the risks were all low. The TCR values for Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg and Pb were evaluated, and their values were all below the acceptable range. Conclusion The samples of insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, shows a low level of heavy metal contamination, and the dietary health risk and carcinogenic risk to consumers are low.

Objective To construct a quality evaluation system for locally-produced grapes in Shanghai based on the key characteristic quality indicators. Methods By measuring 14 sensory and internal nutritional indicators of 57 batches of samples from 4 grape varieties, factor analysis was employed to screen out 8 core indicators, including soluble solids, total acids, solid-acid ratio, tartaric acid, glucose, zinc, vitamin C, and anthocyanins. Based on cluster analysis and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a three-level grading standard and weight distribution were determined, and a comprehensive scoring system was constructed. Results Results showed that the quality indicators of soluble solids, glucose, vitamin C and anthocyanins were relatively high in “Ju Meigui” variety, which had the highest average comprehensive score (81.6 points), and was significantly superior to “Zuijinxiang” (68.4 points), “Yangguang Meigui” (64.4 points), and “Shenyuan” (62.8 points). Conclusion The evaluation system established in this study exhibits high discriminant accuracy and can provide a reliable scientific basis for the quality grading, variety optimization, and market promotion of Shanghai-produced grapes.

Objective To evaluate the nutritional value of amino acid content in Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. from different sources in Yunnan Province. Methods The amino acid analyzer method was used to determine the amino acid content of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt., and the amino acid nutritional value was evaluated by multivariate statistical analysis methods. Results The total amino acid (TAA) content in 29 samples ranged from 42.00 to 125.40 mg/g; the essential amino acid (EAA) content ranged from 16.80 to 44.60 mg/g; the content of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and arginine were the most abundant, which were 11.18, 9.97, 6.91 and 5.52 mg/g respectively and could be used as the characteristic amino acids of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.. The content of cystine (0.92 mg/g) and methionine (1.10 mg/g) were the first and second limiting amino acids respectively. According to the amino acid pattern spectrum standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), the nutritional value of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. cultivated in greenhouse substrates in Lianghe Area [EAA/non-essential amino acid (NEAA) was 62.69%-77.21%; EAA/TAA was 38.63%-43.55%] and wild varieties (EAA/NEAA was 61.59%-65.43%; EAA/TAA was 38.12%-39.56%) were the highest and more in line with human needs. According to the comprehensive score ranking in the quality evaluation model, the values of the samples from Mangshi M10, M1, M7 and Longling L4, L5 were higher. Two principal components were extracted by principal component analysis, and the cumulative contribution degree was 83.852%, and a quality evaluation model of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. was established. Cluster analysis was carried out with amino acids and comprehensive scores as variables respectively, and all samples could be divided into 3 major categories. Conclusion The amino acids of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. is rich in nutrients, and the amino acid content of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. from different sources varies. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the development and utilization of the nutritional value of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.. At the same time, it is recommended to pay attention to the origin and cultivation methods of Dendrobium to enhance its market value.

Objective To analyze the content characteristics of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea, and carry out the food health threat and risk assessment. Methods The content of 6 kinds of heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry in the dorsal and abdominal parts of wild [(35.16±4.62) cm in length and (510.68±33.74) g in weight] and farmed [(32.90±1.11) cm in length and (454.19±20.03) g in weight] Larimichthys crocea. The pollution index method and health risk assessment were used for analysis. Results The average content of Hg, As, Cu and Zn in the dorsal and abdominal of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea were 0.128, 0.032, 4.179 and 5.526 mg/kg, and 0.023, 0.195, 4.106 and 5.389 mg/kg, respectively. Pb and Cd were not detected. Based on the single heavy metal pollution index, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd in the dorsal and abdominal of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea and Hg in the dorsal and abdominal of farmed Larimichthys crocea were pollution-free levels. There was slight pollution of Hg and As in the abdomen part of wild Larimichthys crocea, and mild pollution of Hg in the dorsal of wild Larimichthys crocea. Serious pollution level of As was found in the dorsal and abdominal of the farmed Larimichthys crocea. The comprehensive pollution index value of 6 kinds of heavy metals in the muscle of wild Larimichthys crocea was less than 1, which were pollution-free. And comprehensive pollution index value in the muscle tissue of farmed Larimichthys crocea was between 1.0<PI≤2.0, which were mildly polluted. Conclusion The content of heavy metals in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild Larimichthy crocea don’t exceed the detection standard, and the As element in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of farmed Larimichthys crocea exceeds the standard. There is no obvious health risk for the wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea muscles. This study systematically reveals the problem of As enrichment in farmed Larimichthys crocea, and early warning of feed or environmental risks; through the two-dimensional assessment of pollution index and health risk, the safety evaluation model of aquatic products is constructed. The research results have practical guiding significance for improving China’s aquaculture standards and improving the quality and safety supervision level of aquatic products.