Objective To optimize the processing technology for preserved fruit made from red pitaya peel. Methods The 3 primary factors sodium citrate concentration, sugar solution concentration, and baking time were selected based on single factor experiments. Sensory scores of the preserved red pitaya peel fruit were used as response variables, and the optimal processing conditions were determined using response surface methodology. Results The optimal processing conditions for the peel and preserved fruit of red-fleshed pitaya was determined: 0.75% sodium citrate (for color retention), 40% sugar solution concentration and a baking time of 3.0 hours. The resulting product exhibited a vibrant color and distinctive taste. Conclusion This study proposes a novel method for producing preserved fruit using red pitaya peel, thereby effectively utilizing by-products from pitaya processing.

Objective To prepare a kind of β-cyclodextrin nanosponge and explore the paeonol loading effects. Methods The cyclodextrin nanosponge was prepared by cross-linking, the cross-linking effect were determined through infrared spectrum detection, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis, and the morphology and pore state of nanosponge was analyzed with the scanning electron microscope; the paeonol was loaded onto the nanosponge by immersion, and the loading effect was analyzed through liquid chromatography detection. Results Through the infrared spectroscopic analysis, 6 kinds of nanosponge were produced successfully after the cross-linking reaction; the original crystalline structure of β-cyclodextrin disappeared due to the formation of new products; nanosponge had a lower thermal stability than of β-cyclodextrin; 3 kinds of nanosponge with relatively complete and uniform pore structure were produced, and their paeonol loading rates were 19.31%, 12.27% and 5.78% respectively. Conclusion The produced porous nanosponge has good paeonol loading effect, and can be used in the active packages of food or fresh products.

Objective To optimize a non-destructive detection model for predicting Vaccinium spp. sugar content using hyperspectral imaging technology. Methods The L25 variety of blueberries from Dandong was selected as the subject, and hyperspectral imaging technology was acquired in the wavelength range of 900-1700 nm. The average spectrum of the region of interest was calculated as the raw data. The 3 kinds of preprocessing methods, including multiple scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV) and Savitzky-Golay (SG), were applied to improve the spectral data quality. Non-destructive sugar content prediction models were established using partial least squares regression (PLSR), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and support vector regression (SVR) based on the full-wavelength data after preprocessing. Results The experimental results demonstrated that the PLSR model, with MSC and SNV preprocessing, exhibited the best performance, achieving root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 0.3586 and 0.3599, respectively. Conclusion This study provides an optimized non-destructive detection model for Vaccinium spp. sugar content, offering effective technical support for rapid and accurate sugar content prediction with significant practical potential.

Sulforaphane and sulforaphene, as 2 kinds of naturally occurring bioactive compounds belonging to the same class of isothiocyanates, are widely distributed in cruciferous plants. They not only exhibit highly similar structural characteristics but also share multiple biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-obesity effects. In recent years, groundbreaking research has been conducted on their metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Initially, the conversion mechanisms of their glucosinolate precursors within plants are elucidated, followed by a systematic investigation of their in vivo metabolic pathways, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties. Moreover, organ and tissue distribution studies have facilitated the construction of their metabolic maps. Notably, while sulforaphane has garnered increasing scientific attention, its structurally similar counterpart, sulforaphene, has yet to attract comparable research interest. Currently, there remains a significant gap in the systematic metabolic studies of isothiocyanate compounds within the domestic academic community, particularly concerning comprehensive reviews on metabolic pathways and key biomarkers. This study integrated cutting-edge international research and systematically delineated the metabolic regulatory networks of sulforaphane and sulforaphene. By providing theoretical support for dietary development and clinical translation, it also proposes innovative research strategies to address the research bottlenecks of sulforaphene, aiming to drive breakthrough advancements in this field.

Objective To develop a solid beverage with Polygonatum sibiricum-Lycium barbarum as the main raw materials. Methods Using polysaccharides as the indicator, the total polysaccharides were extracted using the ultrasonic method. The extraction process of Polygonatum sibiricum and Lycium barbarum was determined through single-factor and orthogonal tests. The extract was concentrated, and the extract powder was obtained using wet granulation and drying. The appearance and quality of the granules were assessed as the evaluation indicator, and the effects of different amounts of main raw materials and excipients on the granule characteristics were studied through single-factor and orthogonal tests. Excipients such as sucrose powder, DL-malic acid and β-cyclodextrin were added. Using sensory evaluation as the indicator, the optimal formulation for Polygonatum sibiricum-Lycium barbarum solid beverage was determined through single-factor and orthogonal tests, ultimately obtaining the optimal preparation process. Results The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: Took Polygonatum sibiricum and Lycium barbarum medicinal materials 70 g with the ratio of 4:1 (m:m), then added 80 ℃ purified water. With an extraction time of 30 minutes, a liquid-to-material ratio of 30:1 (V:m), and an ultrasonic power of 250 W. The extract was concentrated to a thick paste, each 1 mL of which was equivalent to 1 g of the crude drug. The 70 mL extract paste was taken, and 15 mL of 95% ethanol and 250 g of maltodextrin were added. The mixture was granulated using the wet granulation method, and the granules were dried at 60 ℃ for 4 hours, 20 g extract particles were taken. The final extract granules were mixed with 0.2% DL-malic acid, 5 g (25%) sucrose powder, and 0.06% β-cyclodextrin, then divided and packed into 12 bags, each containing 25 g. Under this preparation process, the validation test was conducted. The average extraction rate of polysaccharides was 10.633%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.235%. The average score for granule evaluation was 87.200, with an RSD of 0.344%. The average score for sensory evaluation was 86.133, with an RSD of 0.408%. Conclusion The entire preparation process demonstrates high repeatability and excellent stability. The solid beverage prepared by this process, when brewed, exhibits a uniform color, a sweet and sour taste, and a refreshing aroma of Polygonatum sibiricum and Lycium barbarum. It is a highly nutritious functional product.

As widely used veterinary antimicrobials, sulfonamides are essential to detect in dairy products to protect public health and food safety. Chromatography-mass spectrometry is the main technique for detecting sulfonamides in dairy products because of its high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. This paper reviewed the development of this technique in sulfonamide detection, focused on improvements in sample pretreatment methods, chromatographic condition optimization and advancements in mass spectrometry techniques. It also examined the roles of emerging technologies like microfluidics, molecularly imprinted polymers and 3D printing in improving detection efficiency, cutting costs and streamlining operations. Future research in drug residue detection will be centered on quick and economical methods, and this review offered useful information for that research field.

Objective To evaluate the nutritional composition and quality of Apostichopus japonicus body walls under different breeding models. Methods The nutritional components of Apostichopus japonicus body walls under natural growth, industrial cultivation, pond cultivation, bottom-sowing proliferation, enclosure cultivation, and cage cultivation in the Yantai Region were analyzed and compared. These components included moisture, protein, fat, polysaccharides, saponins, taurine, amino acids, fatty acids and mineral elements. Results Under 6 kinds of breeding methods, the natural growth protein and saturated fatty acid content were the highest, the taurine content was higher, and there were also high levels of essential amino acids and amino acid ratios; bottom propagation had higher levels of calcium, zinc and selenium in terms of mineral elements, with the lowest levels of potassium and magnesium. It had a better flavor and the highest levels of medicinal and flavor amino acids; the fat content, taurine content, total amino acid content, essential amino acid proportion, and unsaturated fatty acid content were the highest in cofferdam aquaculture; the content of Apostichopus japonicus in net cage aquaculture was the highest; pond aquaculture had the highest content of water, calcium and sea cucumber polysaccharides, but the lowest content of various components such as Apostichopus japonicus; the overall composition of factory farming was relatively low, with the lowest content of various components such as polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conclusion In the Yantai Region, under different breeding methods, there are obvious differences in the nutritional and functional components of the body wall of Apostichopus japonicus. The quality of natural growth, bottom-sowing proliferation, enclosure cultivation and cage cultivation is superior to that of industrial cultivation. The results of this study partially improve the evaluation of the nutritional quality of Apostichopus japonicus in the Yantai Region, provide data support for the processing and purchase of Apostichopus japonicus, and serve as a reference for the development of the Apostichopus japonicus industry.

Objective To study the effects of two kinds of processing techniques, ultrafine grinding and spray drying, on the metabolites of apple powder. Methods Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to compare the effects of ultrafine grinding and spray drying technologies on the types of metabolites, expression abundance, correlation analysis, and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways of apple powder. Results The results indicated that compared with ultrafine grinding, spray-dried apple powder had reduced particle size D[50] 3.91 μm, D[3,2] 2.62 μm, D[4,3] 5.52 μm, increased specific surface area (850.10 m²/kg), and decreased span value (2.51). Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of apple powder under these two processing technologies was 82.7%, suggesting that the processing methods had a significant influence on the metabolite composition. A total of 244 metabolites were identified, including lipids, phenylpropanoids, and benzenoids. Abundance expression showed that ultrafine grinding outperformed spray drying in retaining natural nutritional components. The sample correlation analysis and heatmaps indicated that metabolite expression in spray-dried apple powder had higher uniformity and stability. Univariate statistical analysis revealed that, compared with ultrafine grinding, spray-dried apple powder had 1172 kinds of substances upregulated and 2550 kinds of substances downregulated. Differential metabolite correlation analysis showed that different processing techniques were positively correlated with specific metabolites in apple powder, such as ginsenoside F1 and N-fructosyl pyroglutamate, and negatively correlated with salicylic acid and aspartic acid, among others. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlighted the most active pathway as the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Conclusion It has been demonstrated that ultrafine grinding is suitable for the production of healthy and special nutritional food products, while spray drying is more appropriate for quick-service foods and the baking industry, laying a theoretical foundation for ensuring food safety and quality control.

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 16 kinds of anesthetics and metabolites residual amount in aquatic products by multi-plug filtration cleanup (m-PFC)-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methods Samples were extracted with acetonitrile containing 1% formic acid, separated by salting-out, and the upper acetonitrile was purified by m-PFC column packed with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, primary secondary amine (PSA), and enhanced matrix removal-lipid (EMR-Lipid). The targets were separated by C₁₈ column using methanol-2 mmol/L ammonium formate containing 0.1% formic acid as mobile phase for gradient elution, detected by positive or negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry under multiple reaction monitoring mode, and quantified with matrix external standard method. Results The 16 kinds of anesthetcs and metabolites showed good linear relationships in their respective concentration ranges (r²>0.996). The limits of detection (S/N=3) and limits of quantitation (S/N=10) were 0.03-0.30 μg/kg and 0.10-1.00 μg/kg. The average recoveries at low, medium and high concentration levels in the blank sample matrix were 79.3%-113.8%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.3%-7.2% (n=6). Conclusion This method is simple to operate, sensitive and good in stability, which can be applied to the rapid detection of 16 kinds of anesthetics and metabolites in aquatic products.

Objective To compare the bactericidal effects of high pressure (HP), slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) their combination (HP-SAEW) and thermd treatment (T), slightly acidic electrolyzed water combination treatment (T-SAEW) on Escherichia coli at the surface of Panax notoginseng fresh slices. Methods The E. coli was being used as the model bacteria and the standard plate counting method was adopted to determine the colony count of E. coli. The bactericidal effects of the two parallel treatment methods (HP-SAEW and T-SAEW) on Panax notoginseng fresh slices under different factors (solid-liquid ratio, processing times, available chlorine concentration (ACC), pressure and temperature) were studied and the synergistic effect analysis were further measured. Results The HP-SAEW parallel processing exhibited synergistic effect on the Panax notoginseng fresh sliced within a certain range of ACC (27.6-52.2 mg/L), pressure (98.5-297.5 MPa), solid-liquid ratio (1.76-5.88 g/mL), and processing time (5.56-9.48 min). The bactericidal effect of the HP-SAEW parallel treatment was better than that treated alone (SAEW or HP). The T-SAEW parallel processing exhibited synergistic effect on the Panax notoginseng fresh sliced within a certain range of ACC (25.44-46.88 mg/L), temperature (39.78-53.85 ℃), solid-liquid ratio (2.27-4.42 g/mL), and processing time (5.02-9.84 min). The bactericidal effect of the T-SAEW parallel treatment was better than that treated alone (SAEW or T). Conclusion The parallel combined effect has synergistic enhancement effect in the specific processing parameter range, T-SAEW parallel technology can more effectively inhibit the growth of surface microorganisms in fresh slices. On this basis, the quality change in the storage process of fresh Panax notoginseng can be carried out and applied in the actual production process in the future work.