The traceability of grain origins and authenticity identification have garnered increasing attention from consumers. In recent years, significant progress has been made in research on Oryza sativa origin traceability and authenticity identification, encompassing technologies such as stable isotope analysis, mineral element profiling, spectroscopy, volatile compound analysis, DNA-based methods and metabolomics. This paper reviewed the research progress on the integration of various technologies with multivariate analytical methods in the traceability of origin tracing and authenticity identification of Oryza sativa, while discussed the principles, application scope, effectiveness and advantages/disadvantages of different techniques. By incorporating the geographical, varietal and organic characteristics of Oryza sativa, it summarized the latest developments in Oryza sativa origin traceability systems. The study aimed to provide reference foundations for Oryza sativa quality control and food safety, promote the establishment of traceability databases, and highlights its critical implications for safety regulation, rights protection and brand safeguarding in the Oryza sativa industry.

Objective To understand the pollution level of pesticide residues in vegetables sold in Tibet. Methods In August 2024, 50 vegetable samples (eggplant, celery, lettuce, cucumber, broccoli) were randomly collected from 5 cities in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The 43 kinds of pesticide residues were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and a risk assessment dietary exposure was conducted. Results The detection rate of pesticides in 50 vegetable samples was 6.05%, with a total of 14 kinds of pesticides detected, with the highest detection rate being enoxymorpholine. The pesticide exceedance rate in 50 vegetable samples was 0.326%, and a total of 3 kinds of exceedance pesticides were detected, with the highest exceedance rate being avermectin. Pesticide residues had been detected in 5 cities, with the exception of Naqu City, the other 4 cities had exceeded the standard. The chronic ingestion risk values of pesticides detected in 5 kinds of vegetables were: Eggplant (0.001-0.023 mg/kg), celery (0.006-3.665 mg/kg), lettuce (0.001-0.697 mg/kg), cucumber (0.001-0.188 mg/kg) and broccoli (0.002-0.463 mg/kg). Conclusion Different levels of pesticide residues can still be detected in 50 vegetables sold in Tibet, but the residue level is low; the chronic intake risk values of 5 kinds of vegetables are all far below 100%, and the health risks of residents ingesting pesticide residues in vegetables through dietary pathways are within an acceptable range.

Objective To establish a method for determination of total arsenic in food by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Methods The 0.3 g of the biological component standard substances, namely rice and spinach, were weighed and digested using a microwave digestion instrument. Then, the collision mode was adopted to reduce the interference of mass spectrometry. The non-mass spectrometry interference was corrected by the internal standard. Acetic acid, isopropanol, methanol and ethanol were selected as sensitizers, and the concentration of the added sensitizers was adjusted and optimized. The response value of arsenic was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results The highest arsenic response value was observed at 6% isopropanol content. The established method was applied to analyze certified reference materials and real food samples. The measured values of certified reference materials all fell within their certified values and uncertainty ranges, with relative errors below 2.0%. The limit of detection for total arsenic was 0.0016 mg/kg. Conclusion This method demonstrates straightforward operation, good precision, high accuracy, and a low limit of detection, making it suitable as a reliable analytical approach for determining total arsenic content in various food samples.

As widely used veterinary antimicrobials, sulfonamides are essential to detect in dairy products to protect public health and food safety. Chromatography-mass spectrometry is the main technique for detecting sulfonamides in dairy products because of its high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. This paper reviewed the development of this technique in sulfonamide detection, focused on improvements in sample pretreatment methods, chromatographic condition optimization and advancements in mass spectrometry techniques. It also examined the roles of emerging technologies like microfluidics, molecularly imprinted polymers and 3D printing in improving detection efficiency, cutting costs and streamlining operations. Future research in drug residue detection will be centered on quick and economical methods, and this review offered useful information for that research field.

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 5 kinds of heavy metals [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu)] and harmful elements in longan lour by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and to evaluate the safety of longan lour. Methods Microwave digestion-ICP-MS was used to determine 5 kinds of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour, single factor pollution index method and Nemero comprehensive pollution index method were used for pollution assessment, the health risk assessment was carried out according to 4 steps: Hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Results The 5 kinds of elements had a good linear relationship (r>0.999) within a certain content range, the recovery rates were 97.5%-106.8%, and relative standard deviations were 0.11%-2.52%, indicating that the method was accurate and reliable. According to the heavy metal and harmful element limit standards for medicinal materials and decoction pieces in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (2020 edition), longan lour from one producing region exceeded the Pb limit, with a non-compliance rate of 5%. Safety evaluation studies revealed that samples from 3 producing regions were contaminated with heavy metals and harmful elements to varying degrees, while those from the remaining 17 regions were safe. Health risk assessment studies indicated that Pb and As exposure from longan lour in a small number of producing regions might pose certain non-carcinogenic health risks to humans, warranting attention. Conclusion The model established in this study effectively assesses the health risks of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour, providing reference data for formulating limit standards for heavy metals in longan lour and offering a scientific basis for establishing a safety evaluation system for this medicinal material.

Objective To establish a method for the rapid extraction of Datura stramonium Linn. seeds, Datura stramonium Linn. flowers, Datura stramonium Linn. shells, Datura stramonium Linn. leaves and Datura stramonium Linn. stems and simultaneous determination of scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methods The Datura stramonium Linn. seeds were extracted with methanol, flowers were extracted with ethanol and others were extracted with 1% formic acid solution. An ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine by external standard method in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-methanol as the mobile phase in a gradient elution and electrospray ionization with a positive ion source. Results Scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine showed good linearity (r≥0.999) in the range of mass concentrations from 0.1 to 10.0 ng/mL. Limits of detection were 30-76 μg/kg, limits of quantitation were 80-253 μg/kg. The average recoveries of the 3 alkaloids at the low, medium and high spiked concentration levels ranged from were 81.9%-117.0%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.7%-7.2%. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid, accurate, can provide reliable technical support for the determination of scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine in Datura stramonium Linn..

Objective To investigate the levels of 8 kinds of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, and assess their potential health risks. Methods The 88 insect tea samples from Chishui City were soaked in ultrapure water at 80 ℃ for 40 min, and the supernatant was shaken and filtered, and then determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The pollution degree of heavy metals was evaluated by using the single-factor pollution index and Nemero’s comprehensive pollution index, and the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) were used for dietary health risk assessment. Results The average content of 8 kinds of heavy metals in the insect tea samples were 1.558, 3.344, 3.366, 27.020, 1.774, 0.858, 0.011 and 1.385 mg/kg, respectively. The evaluation of the contamination degree of the heavy metals showed that the P_i and the P_n value of those samples were less than 1.0, and the contamination level was clean and safe. The EDI values were ranked in the order of Zn>Cu=Ni>As>Cr> Pb>Cd>Hg, and all of them were lower than their corresponding R_FD values. THQ values ranked in the order of 1>As>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Hg, and the risks were all low. The TCR values for Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg and Pb were evaluated, and their values were all below the acceptable range. Conclusion The samples of insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, shows a low level of heavy metal contamination, and the dietary health risk and carcinogenic risk to consumers are low.

Objective To optimize the acid hydrolysis-Fehling reagent titration method and the acid hydrolysis-3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) colorimetric method to compare the consistency of different methods for measuring starch content in grain crop samples. Methods Experimental conditions, including ethanol washing volume, acid addition volume, acid hydrolysis time, sample solution pH, detection wavelength, chromogenic agent volume, color development time and color development temperature, were optimized to determine the optimal processing conditions for determining the starch content in such products. Results The optimal conditions for the acid hydrolysis-Fehling reagent titration method were as follows: After weighing the sample, fats and soluble sugars were removed using an appropriate amount of petroleum ether and ethanol; 25 mL of hydrochloric acid was added, followed by condensation reflux for 120 minutes; the hydrolyzed sample solution was neutralized with sodium hydroxide, filtered, and the filtrate was titrated with alkaline copper tartrate methyl and ethyl solution at a rate of one drop every 2 seconds. The optimal conditions for the acid hydrolysis-DNS colorimetric method were as follows: After removing fat, sugar and acid hydrolysis, the sample solution pH was adjusted to 8-9; for samples with color and high protein content, 10 mL of lead acetate was added to reduce or eliminate pigment interference; after filtration, 2 mL of DNS was added to the filtrate, followed by color development in a water bath at 90-100 °C for 12 minutes; the absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a spectrophotometer, and the determination was completed within 4 hours. Both methods had a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 2% and a relative error (RE) of less than 4%. The measurement results had passed mean consistency test and paired samples t-test. Conclusion The 2 kinds of optimized methods are more efficient and accurate compared to the national standard method, with good accuracy and precision making them suitable for starch content determination in grain crops.

Objective To evaluate the nutritional value of amino acid content in Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. from different sources in Yunnan Province. Methods The amino acid analyzer method was used to determine the amino acid content of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt., and the amino acid nutritional value was evaluated by multivariate statistical analysis methods. Results The total amino acid (TAA) content in 29 samples ranged from 42.00 to 125.40 mg/g; the essential amino acid (EAA) content ranged from 16.80 to 44.60 mg/g; the content of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and arginine were the most abundant, which were 11.18, 9.97, 6.91 and 5.52 mg/g respectively and could be used as the characteristic amino acids of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.. The content of cystine (0.92 mg/g) and methionine (1.10 mg/g) were the first and second limiting amino acids respectively. According to the amino acid pattern spectrum standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), the nutritional value of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. cultivated in greenhouse substrates in Lianghe Area [EAA/non-essential amino acid (NEAA) was 62.69%-77.21%; EAA/TAA was 38.63%-43.55%] and wild varieties (EAA/NEAA was 61.59%-65.43%; EAA/TAA was 38.12%-39.56%) were the highest and more in line with human needs. According to the comprehensive score ranking in the quality evaluation model, the values of the samples from Mangshi M10, M1, M7 and Longling L4, L5 were higher. Two principal components were extracted by principal component analysis, and the cumulative contribution degree was 83.852%, and a quality evaluation model of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. was established. Cluster analysis was carried out with amino acids and comprehensive scores as variables respectively, and all samples could be divided into 3 major categories. Conclusion The amino acids of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. is rich in nutrients, and the amino acid content of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. from different sources varies. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the development and utilization of the nutritional value of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.. At the same time, it is recommended to pay attention to the origin and cultivation methods of Dendrobium to enhance its market value.

Objective To compare the similarities and differences in the identification results of Staphylococcus aureus in dried fruits analyzed by 3 experimental methods: Biochemical identification, mass spectrometer identification and molecular biological identification. Methods Staphylococcus aureus in dried fruits was isolated. The isolated typical strains were identified and compared through 3 approaches: Biochemistry (VITEK 2-Compact) mass spectrometer (VITEK MS), and molecular biology (real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction), the identification results of the 3 types of experiments were compared. Results All 3 identification methods could identify Staphylococcus aureus to the species level, but there were certain differences in efficiency and time required. Mass spectrometry yielded more accurate results with higher timeliness. Conclusion This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different identification methods, combines traditional methods with modern technologies. The enrichment and isolation in traditional detection methods provide a basis for subsequent identification. On this basis, advanced identification technologies with different principles are integrated to form a complete detection process. This combined mode can mutually verify the results, improve the detection accuracy, and provide new ideas for establishing a more reliable microbiological detection system for characteristic dried fruits.