Objective To achieve the geographical discrimination of Fuping goat milk using microwave digestion combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and chemometric methods. Methods A total of 70 goat milk samples were collected from 7 regions in Shaanxi Province, including Baoji, Hanzhong, Jingyang County and Qian County (both in Xianyang), Weinan, Xi’an and Yan’an. They were lyophilized to milk powder, and after microwave digestion, the digested solution was analyzed using ICP-MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) were employed to discriminate goat milk from different origins. Results A total of 42 kinds of elements in the milk powder from 7 different origins were detected. The concentrations of K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Si and Na were relatively high, followed by B, Ti, Mg, Al, Cu and Ba, while other elements were found in lower concentrations, particularly the rare earth elements such as Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Ho and Y, which were present in negligible amounts. The 7 origins were divided into two groups based on distance: Group I (Baoji; Hanzhong; Weinan; Yan’an) and Group II (Jingyang County, Qian County of Xianyang; Weinan; Xi’an). OPLS-DA model was applied to both groups, with accuracy rates of 95.12% and 87.80%, respectively. Among them, the accuracy of samples from Fuping County-Weinan City was 100%. In Group I, the content differences of Ba, Mn, Si, Zn, Se, Na and B were the primary factors for origin discrimination. While in Group II, Se, B and Ni elements contributed significantly to the origin discrimination. Geographical distance was the most important factor to distinguish goat milk from different origins. While the data of 6 goat milk samples from Fuping County-Weinan City were imported into both Group I and Group II models for validation, the discrimination accuracy was 100% for both groups. Conclusion The established multi-element analysis combined with chemometrics could achieve rapid and accurate identification of Fuping goat milk from small-scale regions (>50 km).

Objective To establish and optimize conditions for the determination of octachlorostyrene residues in milk by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Methods Milk samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleared up by sodium chloride and anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered through a microporous membrane, and analyzed by the high performance liquid chromatography. The separation was performed on a Waters C₁₈ column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution by using 0.3% trifluoroacetic acid solution (pH=3.2) and acetonitrile (20:80, V:V) as the mobile phase, and quantified by external standard method. Results The results indicated that the correlations were greater than 0.999 at the range of 0.1 to 2.0 ng/mL. The limit of detection of octachlorostyrene was 0.05 μg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 0.1 μg/kg. The average recoveries of octachlorostyrene ranged from 70% to 90% at spiled levels of 0.1 to 0.4 μg/kg with relative standard deviation less then 10%. Conclusion The experiment show that the method is simple, rapid, high sensitivity, good reproducibility and suitable for detection of octachlorostyrene residues in milk. The method provide effective technical support to the government’s food and agricultural product quality supervision work.

As a crucial source of natural astaxanthin, Haematococcus pluvialis powder holds a significant position in the global food, health products and feed industries. The scientificity and rationality of its quality standards are not only crucial for the market competitiveness of the products but also directly impact the health and safety of consumers. Although the national standard GB/T 30893—2014 Haematococcus pluvialis powder issued in 2014 played a pivotal role in the early stages of industrial development, technological advancements and evolving market demands have made some technical indicators inadequate for the current high-quality industry development. To address this, the National Standardization Management Committee issued the national standard GB/T 30893—2024 Haematococcus pluvialis powder in 2024, which will be officially implemented on April 1st, 2025, replacing the 2014 standard. This paper systematically introduced the basic framework of the new standard and provides an in-depth analysed of the basis for establishing key technical indicators such as total astaxanthin, all-trans astaxanthin, protein, moisture and ash. It also compared the main changes before and after the standard revision in detail. The research findings of this paper offered precise theoretical basis and technical reference for quality supervision departments, manufacturers and traders, aiding in promoting the high-quality and sustainable development of China’s Haematococcus pluvialis powder industry in the global market. Simultaneously, the implementation of the new standard will inject strong momentum into the efficient utilization of microalgae biological resources and the vigorous development of the big health industry in China, further enhancing China’s influence and competitiveness in the global microalgae industry.

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of quinolones antibiotics (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, lomefloxacin) and doxycycline residues in prepared dishes by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Methods The 84% acetonitrile aqueous solution (1% ice acetic acid) was used as extraction solution, Oasis Prime-HLB solid phase extraction column was used to purify and concentrate, all the eluents were collected, nitrogen-blown to nearly dry, and 1 mL of complex solution 10% methanol aqueous solution (containing 1% ice acetic acid) was added to vortex dissolve, and 0.22 μm microporous filter membrane was taken as supernatant. The Waters ACQUITY UPLC TM BEH C₁₈ column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) was separated, methanol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution were used as mobile phase, ionization mode was spray positive ion mode, and the analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using multiple reaction detection mode. Results The linear correlation of the 7 kinds of antibiotics was good (r>0.9990). The limits of detection were 0.03-0.24 μg/kg and the limits of quantitatation were 0.09-0.72 μg/kg. The recoveries were 84.5%-114.0% and the relative standard deviations were 1.1%-4.1%. Conclusion The method established in this study is convenient, rapid, accurate and stable, and can be used for quantitative analysis of 6 kinds of quinolone veterinary drug residues and doxycycline residues in prepared dishes.

As the demand for meat products has risen sharply, ensuring the quality and freshness of meat has become a major challenge for the industry. It is known that meat spoilage is a complex biochemical process involving the action of microorganisms and the accumulation of various compounds, during which many characteristic substances are produced, such as biological amines, volatile basic nitrogen, hypoxanthine, hydrogen sulfide, etc. However, the traditional methods of freshness assessment are time-consuming and not precise enough to provide accurate detection results. Therefore, this review focused on introducing some emerging detection technologies, including biosensors, gas sensors, electronic noses, electronic tongues and spectroscopic techniques, covered their principles and applications. These technologies could not only rapidly and non-destructively assess the freshness of meat but also provided clear information on the overall safety and quality of meat products, reducing waste caused by spoilage. Finally, the review discussesed the trends of future meat freshness detection technologies, which were expected to become more advanced, intelligent and user-friendly providing more efficient and intelligent solutions for the food industry.

Aflatoxins are of difuran cyclotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and own good chemical stability, thermal stability, strong hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and other toxicity to human body. Due to the low content of aflatoxins in food and the complex food matrix, these food samples contain a large number of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, food additives, etc., which have great interference to the accurate qualitative and quantitative detection of aflatoxins. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore new sample pretreatment techniques and establish rapid and practical detection methods for aflatoxins. This paper reviewed the application of aflatoxin pretreatment techniques (liquid phase extraction, solid phase extraction, ultrasonic microwave assisted extraction, immunoaffinity chromatography) and detection methods(thin-layer analysis, high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunochromatography, nucleic acid aptamer sensing) in the analysis of aflatoxins in food, prospected the development trends towards online combination, the integration of new technologies with traditional equipment, ease of operation, and low cost, providing reliable support for the development of mycotoxin detection.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 6 kinds of carbamate pesticide residues in vegetables by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and study the degradation rule of carbamate pesticides in vegetables. Methods The samples were extracted with acetonitrile to extract carbamate pesticides. The supernatant was purified by solid phase adsorbent, concentrated and dried, and then diluted with methanol. The quantitative analysis was carried out by HPLC-post column derivatization.Results Through optimization of the method, it was found that there was a good linear relationship between peak area and concentration of 6 kinds of carbamate pesticides in the mass concentration range of 0.10-2.00 μg/mL, with correlation coefficients not less than 0.9996. The limit of detection was 0.002-0.005 mg/kg, the average recovery rate was 86%-95%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 3.5%. At the same time, the residual status and degradation rule of amino esters in vegetables were obtained, and it was found that the order of pesticide residue content of methomyl was: Unwashed potato peel>washed potato peel>potato interior. Conclusion This method has high sensitivity, low limit of detection, good recovery rate and feasible operation, meeting the experimental requirements. The degradation rules of pesticide residues show significant differences, providing a theoretical basis for evaluating the safety of vegetables after the use of carbamate pesticides.

Objective To explore a method for rapid detection of thiabendazole residue in dairy products using molecular fluorescence differential addition method. Methods The optimal experimental conditions for the molecular fluorescence differential addition method were determined through single factor experiments, and this method was applied to determine the content of thiabendazole in dairy products. Results The residue of thiabendazole in dairy products ranged from 0.1580 to 0.1611 mg/kg, with a limit of detection was 0.0018 μg/mL and a limit of quantification was 0.0060 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation of the results was 0.75% (n=6), and the recovery rates ranged from 99.4% to 106.7%. A comparison with GB 23200.87—2016 National standards for food safety-Determination of thiabendazole residues in milk and dairy products-Fluorescence spectrophotometry showed no significant differences between the two methods based on F-test and t-test analysis. Conclusion This method eliminates the need to construct a calibration curve and measure blank solutions, offering advantages such as simplicity, sensitivity, rapidity, high recovery rates and accurate results. The proposed method is suitable for the rapid detection of thiabendazole residue in dairy products and provides a new detection technique for the determination of thiabendazole residues in dairy products.

Objective To develop specific antibodies against Fusarium graminearum and establish a double-antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for detecting the contamination of Fusarium graminearum in Triticum aestivum. Methods The fungal lysate antigen of Fusarium graminearum was prepared by physical grinding. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) against Fusarium graminearum were developed using hybridoma technology. The performance parameters of mAbs, such as specificity and affinity, were measured. The optimal combination conditions of the prepared mAbs and polyclonal antibody (pAb) were explored using the checkerboard method, and then the DAS-ELISA method was established. The sensitivity and repeatability of the method were evaluated, and the method was applied to the detection of naturally infected Triticum aestivum samples. Results The mAb 1C4F3 and pAb FG2801 against Fusarium graminearum were successfully prepared. The mAb showed no cross-reaction with other fungi, indicating strong specificity. The affinity constant was 1.26×10⁷ L/mol, suggesting high affinity. A DAS-ELISA method for Fusarium graminearum was established, with a limit of detection of 1.223 μg/mg and a standard curve range of 1.56-100.00 μg/mg. The reliability of the method was verified by detecting 96 naturally infected samples collected from major Triticum aestivum-producing areas in China. A significant positive correlation was found between the content of Fusarium graminearum and the content of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the samples (r²=0.8897). Therefore, the DAS-ELISA could not only be used for the rapid detection of Fusarium graminearum but also for evaluating the DON contamination in the samples. Conclusion The DAS-ELISA developes in this study enables rapid and quantitative determination of Fusarium graminearum in Triticum aestivum. Simultaneously, it allows for a swift assessment of the DON contamination level in samples. Characterized by high accuracy and reliability, this method holds considerable application potential in monitoring Fusarium graminearum contamination in Triticum aestivum crops both in the field and post-harvest.