Objective To achieve the geographical discrimination of Fuping goat milk using microwave digestion combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and chemometric methods. Methods A total of 70 goat milk samples were collected from 7 regions in Shaanxi Province, including Baoji, Hanzhong, Jingyang County and Qian County (both in Xianyang), Weinan, Xi’an and Yan’an. They were lyophilized to milk powder, and after microwave digestion, the digested solution was analyzed using ICP-MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) were employed to discriminate goat milk from different origins. Results A total of 42 kinds of elements in the milk powder from 7 different origins were detected. The concentrations of K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Si and Na were relatively high, followed by B, Ti, Mg, Al, Cu and Ba, while other elements were found in lower concentrations, particularly the rare earth elements such as Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Ho and Y, which were present in negligible amounts. The 7 origins were divided into two groups based on distance: Group I (Baoji; Hanzhong; Weinan; Yan’an) and Group II (Jingyang County, Qian County of Xianyang; Weinan; Xi’an). OPLS-DA model was applied to both groups, with accuracy rates of 95.12% and 87.80%, respectively. Among them, the accuracy of samples from Fuping County-Weinan City was 100%. In Group I, the content differences of Ba, Mn, Si, Zn, Se, Na and B were the primary factors for origin discrimination. While in Group II, Se, B and Ni elements contributed significantly to the origin discrimination. Geographical distance was the most important factor to distinguish goat milk from different origins. While the data of 6 goat milk samples from Fuping County-Weinan City were imported into both Group I and Group II models for validation, the discrimination accuracy was 100% for both groups. Conclusion The established multi-element analysis combined with chemometrics could achieve rapid and accurate identification of Fuping goat milk from small-scale regions (>50 km).

Objective To establish and optimize conditions for the determination of octachlorostyrene residues in milk by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Methods Milk samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleared up by sodium chloride and anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered through a microporous membrane, and analyzed by the high performance liquid chromatography. The separation was performed on a Waters C₁₈ column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution by using 0.3% trifluoroacetic acid solution (pH=3.2) and acetonitrile (20:80, V:V) as the mobile phase, and quantified by external standard method. Results The results indicated that the correlations were greater than 0.999 at the range of 0.1 to 2.0 ng/mL. The limit of detection of octachlorostyrene was 0.05 μg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 0.1 μg/kg. The average recoveries of octachlorostyrene ranged from 70% to 90% at spiled levels of 0.1 to 0.4 μg/kg with relative standard deviation less then 10%. Conclusion The experiment show that the method is simple, rapid, high sensitivity, good reproducibility and suitable for detection of octachlorostyrene residues in milk. The method provide effective technical support to the government’s food and agricultural product quality supervision work.

In recent years, microcapsule technology has shown broad application prospects in food science and biomedicine due to its protection and controlled release characteristics of active ingredients. Among a variety of wall materials, whey protein has become a promising candidate due to its natural non-toxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. This paper first provided an overview of the putamen structure of whey protein-based microcapsules. Secondly, this paper mainly discussed the modification methods of whey protein wall materials: Building composite wall materials with other biological macromolecules; structural modification by physical or chemical methods, as well as improvement of interface properties by Maillard reaction. This paper analyzed the technical characteristics of spray drying, freeze drying and complex coacervation methods and their effects on the properties of whey protein-based microcapsules. The results showed that the embedding rate and stability of microcapsules could be significantly improved by precisely regulating the process parameters. Finally, in the field of application, whey protein-based microcapsules could not only effectively protect the activity of probiotics and achieve targeted delivery of active substances, but also showed application potential in biomedical fields such as controlled drug delivery systems and wound dressings.

Objective To find out the characteristics of amino acid composition and the differences of nutritional value of Coix lacryma-jobi in Fujian Province. Methods Taking Coix lacryma-jobi from Nanping, Putian, Sanming, Liaoyang, Guizhou and Yunnan as experimental materials, the amino acid content of Coix lacryma-jobi was determined by acid hydrolysis method and automatic amino acid analyzer. Based on the protein model recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) and the egg protein standard model, score of ratio coefficients of amino acids (SRC) of Coix lacryma-jobi was calculated and compared. At the same time, the changes of amino acids in Coix lacryma-jobi in different areas before and after storage for 10 months were studied, and the mechanism of amino acid changes in Coix lacryma-jobi during storage was discussed. Results There were 17 kinds of protein amino acids in Coix lacryma-jobi in 6 areas, with the total amino acids of 7.34-17.97 g/100 g. The amino acid content of Coix lacryma-jobi in Liaoyang area was the highest, followed by Putian area Coix lacryma-jobi, while Sanming area Coix lacryma-jobi exhibited the lowest levels. After 10 months of storage, the total amino acid content of Nanping area Coix lacryma-jobi remained relatively stable. In contrast, Coix lacryma-jobi from other regions showed varying degrees of decline in total amino acids. Notably, Sanming area Coix lacryma-jobi demonstrated a significant increase in the total amino acid content from 7.34 g/100 g to 11.17 g/100 g, representing a 52.2% rise. The total essential amino acids (TEAA) in Coix lacryma-jobi ranged from 1087 to 2389 mg/g N. The essential to total amino acid ratio (E/T, 33.82%-39.29%) and essential to non-essential amino acid ratio (E/N, 51.09%-64.71%) indicated that Liaoyang area Coix lacryma-jobi had the highest TEAA, whereas Sanming area Coix lacryma-jobi had the lowest, with both falling below the egg protein reference pattern. However, Putian and Liaoyang area Coix lacryma-jobi surpassed the FAO/WHO reference standards in terms of TEAA, E/T and E/N ratios. The SRC of Coix lacryma-jobi was 39.71-48.30 from 6 origins, and the highest score was Coix lacryma-jobi in Nanping area and the lowest was Coix lacryma-jobi in Liaoyang area. Lysine was the first restrictive amino acid, followed by methionine and cystine. Conclusion Coix lacryma-jobi contains a complete range of amino acids, giving it significant development and utilization potential. This can serve as a basis for evaluating the quality of Fujian Coix lacryma-jobi.

Objective To investigate the optimal sterilization effects of ultra-high temperature (UHT) sterilization processes on thermophilic spores in plant-based drinks, and construct a UHT moderate sterilization model. Methods The physicochemical properties of 6 types of functional plant-based drinks (FPD) were compared, to determine the main changes in physicochemical indicators and the objects of characteristic drinks. The effects of pH, viscosity and solid content on the UHT sterilization effect against thermophilic spores were investigated, and a regression model was constructed. Results The pH and viscosity significantly influenced the UHT sterilization F-value (P<0.05), while the effect of solid content was found to be relatively minor. The linear fitting coefficients of pH and viscosity for the F₀ values were determined to be 208.927 (P<0.05) and 23.767 (P<0.01), respectively, while the nonlinear fitting coefficients were found to be 171.067 (P<0.05) and 0.543 (square variable value, P<0.05). These results indicate that the sterilization effectiveness weakened as the values of pH and viscosity increased. When the temperature reached 130 ℃, the significance of both parameters diminished, whereas the significance of the solid content coefficient was observed to increase, with the P decreasing to approximately 0.03. The predicted values of the models and the actual F₀ values showed a generally close correlation, with fitting trends resulting in R² values of 0.868 (linear) and 0.869 (nonlinear), indicating that the model possesses a high level of predictive performance. Conclusion The constructed UHT model can accurately fit the sterilization parameters and predict the effect according to the physicochemical properties of the plant-based drinks. This study provides essential guidance for the design of the UHT sterilization process for FPD, ultimately enhancing the nutritional and flavor quality of the drink products.

Objective To establish a rapid determination and analysis method for crotonoside, magnoflorine and isoguanine in food by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were extracted with 60% (volume fraction) acetonitrile aqueous solution. After vortex oscillation, ultrasonic extraction and high-speed centrifugation, the supernatant was filtered through a filter membrane and used for determination. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1% (volume fraction) formic acid aqueous solution for gradient elution. Separation was carried out on a Waters BEH Amide (3.0 mm×100 mm, 2.5 μm) chromatography column. The mass spectrometry was conducted using positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI⁺) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode for qualitative and quantitative determination of 3 kinds of alkaloids, namely crotonoside, magnoflorine and isoguanine. Results The linear relationship between 3 kinds of alkaloids was good within the corresponding mass concentration range (r>0.997), the average recoveries ranged from 83.7% to 102.3%, and the relative standard deviations were ranged from 3.2% to 7.4% (n=6). The limits of detection for crotonoside and magnoflorine were both 0.1 μg/L, and the limits of quantification were 1.0 μg/L. The limit of detection for isoguanine was 1.0 μg/L, and the limit of quantification was 2.0 μg/L. Conclusion This method has a rapid and simple sample pretreatment process, short time-consuming, high sensitivity and good accuracy, and is suitable for the rapid detection and confirmatory analysis of 3 kinds of alkaloids in emergency incidents of suspected croton poisoning.

Objective To discuss the nutritional quality and flavor characteristics of honey from Apis cerana cerana in Changbai Mountain. Methods The physicochemical and nutritional parameters (diastase number, fructose, glucose, maltose, sucrose, fat, protein, proline, Na and vitamin C) of honey from Apis cerana cerana in Changbai Mountain (region of Tonghua, Jilin, Baishan and Yanbian) were determined based on several published standards in this study. The volatile compounds in honey were detected by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and its aroma characteristics were clarified. Results The results showed that all the indicators were in line with the national and industrial standards, and the quality of honey from Tonghua region was the best. A total of 105 compounds were identified in honey from 4 region, among which alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters were important components of the flavor. And there were differences in the volatile components of honey from Changbai Mountain in different regions. Among them linalool oxide, furfural, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, 2-methyl-1-propanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol were the characteristic substances of honey from Apis cerana cerana in Changbai Mountain, and they contributed to the composition of its characteristic aroma. Conclusion Honey from Apis cerana cerana in Changbai Mountain is a nutritious honey food with certain advantages in nutritional values such as proline, protein, and vitamin C.

Objective To achieve the identification and rapid detection of commonly found types of meat floss on the market via low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. Methods This study developed a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance two-dimensional relaxation fingerprinting technique suitable for the rapid detection of meat floss product types. Based on the colour discrepancy, different types of meat floss products can be distinguished. Results The developed two-dimensional relaxation fingerprinting technique can quickly and non-destructively distinguish between commonly available pork, chicken, beef, fish, and their mixed meat floss products.With the change in the proportion of different components in meat floss, the fingerprint spectrum shows a significant qualitative trend, effectively reflecting the changes in the proportion of various meats in meat floss, which proves the accuracy of this technology. Conclusion This research method can rapidly, non-destructively and accurately differentiate most types of meat floss on the market, meeting the needs of the food industry and government testing institutions, making it a promising new detection tool with great potential.

Objective To evaluate the edible safety of HuangqiSangyeYuzhu granules. Methods The edible safety of HuangqiSangyeYuzhu granules was comprehensively evaluated by acute oral toxicity test, 3 genotoxicity tests, and 28 d oral toxicity test. Results The results of acute oral toxicity test showed no abnormality in the test animals, and the maximum tolerated dose of HuangqiSangyeYuzhu granules was greater than 30.0 g/kg·BW, which was practically non-toxic substance. The results of bacterial reverse mutation test, mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test and spermatogonial chromosome aberration test were negative, indicating that the HuangqiSangyeYuzhu granules had no genotoxicity. During the 28 d oral toxicity test, the rats growed well, and no signs of toxicity were observed, and no adverse effects associated with HuangqiSangyeYuzhu Granules were seen in blood routine, blood biochemistry, and pathology indices, and the no observed adverse effect level was 10.0 g/kg·BW. Conclusion HuangqiSangyeYuzhu granules have edible safety within the dosage range of this experiment.

Objective To establish a method for rapid determination of 26 kinds of elements in liquor by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) adopting matrix matching. Methods Combining with kinetic energy discrimination (KED) and internal standard correction mode, the determination method of Cd, Sn, Ba, Pb, Li, B, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, Na, Se and Hg in liquor had been established though direct dilution injection, and compared with the standard test method. Results The results showed that the correlation coefficient of standard curve was 0.9990-0.9999, the limit of determination was 0.1-300.0 μg/L, the standard recovery rates were 94.5%-104.4%, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.1%-1.2%. The standard recovery rate was obviously better than that without matrix matching method. The performance parameters of the method met the requirements of GB 5009.295—2023 National food safety standards-General rules for verification of chemical analysis methods. Compared with the standard test method, it could effectively reduce the pre-treatment steps, shorten the pre-treatment time, and save consumables. The results of the 2 kinds of methods showed no significant difference. Conclusion The method is simple, fast, accurate, stable and reliable, and is suitable for the bulk detection of multielement in liquor. The method provides technical support for ensuring liquor quality and safety.