Objective To investigate the contamination of fungal toxins in locally produced rice in Harbin Area, and conduct a risk assessment. Methods The content of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in commercially available locally produced Daohuaxiang No.2 rice were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Through Monte Carlo simulation, non-parametric probabilistic assessment methods and point assessment methods were employed to evaluate the dietary exposure risk of different populations in Harbin to AFB₁ and OTA through the consumption of rice. Results A dietary exposure model for AFB₁ and OTA has been established. This study found that both AFB₁ and OTA pose a high risk to children, especially those with high consumption levels, who had a greater potential risk of developing liver cancer through rice consumption. Conclusion The overall health risk of AFB₁ and OTA exposure through rice consumption among residents in Harbin is relatively low. However, there is a significant potential health risk for high-consuming children, which requires much more attention. Apparent health risks were not found for other populations.

Objective To establish a method for rapid detection of toltrazuril and other veterinary drug residues in milk using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based on solid-phase extraction purification technology. Methods The samples were ultrasonically extracted with a 0.1% acetic acid-acetonitrile solution and purified using an solid phase extraction column (HMR-Lipid). Separation was achieved on a BEH C₁₈ chromatographic column with 0.1‱ acetic acid in water-acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The target compounds were ionized in the negative ion mode of electrospray ionization and detected in multiple reaction monitoring mode, with quantification performed using the internal standard method. Factors such as extraction, purification and chromatographic conditions of the target compounds in the samples were optimized. Results The target compounds had good linearity in the mass concentration range of 0.5-50.0 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients all greater than 0.999. The limits of detection were 0.23-0.52 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 0.23-1.45 μg/kg. The spiked recoveries ranged from 92.4% to 105.2%, and the precisions were between 0.32% and 7.00%. Conclusion The sample pretreatment could be completed within 15 minutes. This method is simple, rapid, highly sensitive and accurate for both qualitative and quantitative analysis, and is suitable for the detection of toltrazuril and other veterinary drug residues in milk.

Objective To explore the optimal fermentation process of Vatica wine and analyze its flavor substances. Methods The fermentation conditions of Vatica wine were optimized by single factor experiments and Box-Behnken response surface analysis. The effects of yeast addition amount, fermentation temperature and fermentation time on the fermentation of green plum wine were analyzed. The flavor components of green plum wine were analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the optimal process conditions. Single-factor experiments. Results The optimal technological conditions were as follows: Fermentation temperature 25 ℃, yeast addition 0.5 g/L, fermentation time for 8 days. Among them, 25 kinds of volatile flavor substances were detected. The main flavor active ingredients were alcohols, esters, aldehydes and ketones, terpenes, etc. They accounted for 59.28%, 9.07%, 17.00% and 0.96% of flavor substances, respectively. Conclusion The Vatica wine fermented by this condition is sweet and sour and has the unique fragrance of Vatica, which provides theoretical support for the industrialization upgrading and quality improvement of Vatica wine.

Objective To establish a rapid detection method of viable Pediococcus pentosaceus in rose jam based on the combination of propidium monoazide (PMA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Methods Primers specific for Pediococcus pentosaceus were designed according to the species-specific murI gene. The optimal PMA treatment conditions were determined by optimizing the PMA concentration, dark incubation time, and exposure time. Different ratios of Pediococcus pentosaceus dead/live bacterial mixtures were validated by the PMA-qPCR method to assess the sensitivity and limit of detection of the technique. Results The designed primers exhibited high specificity, and the optimal PMA treatment conditions were determined as 80 µg/mL PMA, 15 min of dark incubation, and 25 min of exposure. Under this condition, a standard curve with correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.9983 was constructed, and the lowest limit of detection was determined to be 3.98×10³ CFU/g. Conclusion The PMA-qPCR method established in this study enables the rapid and accurate quantification of viable Pediococcus pentosaceus in rose jam with high sensitivity, providing technical support for the quantitative detection of microorganisms in complex food matrices.

Objective To evaluate the effects of forchlorfenuron dipping and spraying on the quality of Actinidia chinensis in Sichuan Province after flowering and determine the optimal application method. Methods At 20 days after flowering, Hongyang and Jinyan Actinidia chinensis were treated with forchlorfenuron by dipping and spraying. At maturity, fruits were harvested, and their morphological structure, texture, external quality, amino acid content, and internal nutritional quality indicators were analyzed. Results Compared to spraying, forchlorfenuron dipping could significantly increase soluble sugar and dry matter content in Jinyan Actinidia chinensis but had no significant effect on fruit longitudinal and transverse diameters, fruit shape index, amino acid content as well as other parameters. Different from Jinyan Actinidia chinensis, forchlorfenuron dipping could increase Hongyang fruit longitudinal and transverse diameters, single fruit weight, and the content of alanine and histidine. It also reduced fruit firmness and titratable acid content while improving the ascorbic acid, solid-acid ratio, dry matter, soluble sugar, soluble solids and total polyphenol content, enhancing taste and quality. Conclusion According to the results of principal component analysis, forchlorfenuron dipping is more effective than spraying in optimizing fruit morphology, softening fruit, improving taste, and enhancing the quality of both Hongyang Actinidia chinensis. Therefore, dipping is recommended as the optimal forchlorfenuron application method for the cultivation of Hongyang Actinidia chinensis, yet dipping and spraying with forchlorfenuron are both suitable for Jinyan Actinidia chinensis. This study provides technical support for the scientific and standardized use of forchlorfenuron in Sichuan Actinidia chinensis production.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 6 kinds of fluoroquinolones and 4 kinds of benzodiazepines residues in aquatic products by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods Aquatic product samples were extracted with 1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The extracts were concentrated with a rotary evaporator and then reconstituted in 90% acetonitrile aqueous solution (containing 1% formic acid), and purified through a pass-through solid phase extraction cartridge (ProElut PLS-A). The purified extracts were directly analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Quantification was performed using the isotope internal standard method. Results The 10 kinds of target compounds exhibited good linearity within the concentration range of 0.5 to 50.0 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients (r) all greater than 0.998. The limits of quantitation for these compounds in 5 kinds of different aquatic product matrices ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 μg/kg. The recovery rates at low, medium and high spiking levels ranged from 81.5% to 109.7%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.24% to 13.22%. Conclusion Methodological validation confirmed that the developed method is highly sensitive, accurate in quantification, stable, and straightforward in operation. It is suitable for high-throughput detection of 6 kinds of fluoroquinolones and 4 kinds of benzodiazepines residues in aquatic products.

Objective To establish a magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) approach based on covalent organic framework materials in combination with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the efficient determination of 9 kinds of carbamate pesticides (CPs) in Vigna unguiculata. Methods After the extraction of Vigna unguiculata samples, the novel Fe₃O₄@TAPOB-BDTB material was employed for magnetic solid-phase extraction and purification. After filtration, the samples were separated by a C₁₈ chromatographic column and quantitatively analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring in the electrospray positive ion mode. Results The established analytical methods for the 9 kinds of CPs exhibited excellent linearity within the concentration range of 0.02-100.00 μg/kg, with the determination coefficients (r²) all exceeding 0.9989. The spiked recovery rates were within the range of 80.33%-108.63%, and both the intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 8.89%. The detection limits of the methods were 0.005-0.010 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 0.02 μg/kg, which were significantly below the maximum residue limits specified in GB 2763—2021 National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits of pesticides in food and EU Regulation No 396/2005, ensuring compliance within an academic context. Conclusion The covalent organic framework materials synthesize in this study demonstrate exceptional adsorption capacity for CPs via π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, the develope MSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method enables rapid, highly sensitive, and precise detection of CPs in Vigna unguiculata, thereby offering an efficient and innovative approach for monitoring pesticide residues in agricultural products.

With the continuous extension and increasing complexity of the global food supply chain, coupled with the rapid emergence of new business models, novel foods and innovative commercial practices, food fraud has become a growing concern and a global issue. In recent years, the risks posed by food fraud to food safety, public health and consumer confidence have been widely reported. This paper systematically reviewed the various definitions and classifications of food fraud currently recognized internationally, with a particular focus on analyzing the functionalities and applications of major global food fraud databases. It also summarized and analyzed mitigation measures for food fraud, guidelines and standards for vulnerability assessments, and related evaluation tools. Furthermore, the paper elaborated on the research progress in food fraud detection technologies, highlighting the applications and limitations of traditional detection methods, and explores the prospects of emerging technologies. Special emphasis was placed on the importance of integrating multiple detection technologies, big data, and artificial intelligence in enhancing detection efficiency and accuracy. Finally, the paper provided relevant recommendations, aiming to offer insights and references for addressing food fraud issues in China.

As the demand for meat products has risen sharply, ensuring the quality and freshness of meat has become a major challenge for the industry. It is known that meat spoilage is a complex biochemical process involving the action of microorganisms and the accumulation of various compounds, during which many characteristic substances are produced, such as biological amines, volatile basic nitrogen, hypoxanthine, hydrogen sulfide, etc. However, the traditional methods of freshness assessment are time-consuming and not precise enough to provide accurate detection results. Therefore, this review focused on introducing some emerging detection technologies, including biosensors, gas sensors, electronic noses, electronic tongues and spectroscopic techniques, covered their principles and applications. These technologies could not only rapidly and non-destructively assess the freshness of meat but also provided clear information on the overall safety and quality of meat products, reducing waste caused by spoilage. Finally, the review discussesed the trends of future meat freshness detection technologies, which were expected to become more advanced, intelligent and user-friendly providing more efficient and intelligent solutions for the food industry.