Objective To establish a qualitative identification model and rapid identification method of local mutton in Henan province by using near infrared spectroscopy and fisher method. Methods A total of 181 mutton samples were selected from 5 local sheep breeds and 1 Huyang breed in Henan Province, and dried powder samples were prepared. Spectral scanning was performed in the wavelength range of 1400-2500 nm, and discrimination models were established through different pretreatment. Results The results showed that the spectral patterns of different breeds of mutton showed the same trend, and the original spectra could be used to identify sheep and goats with an accuracy of 94.0% and 85.0%, respectively. After spectrum processing by smoothing, first-order derivation, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and other different methods, the discrimination accuracy was improved, among which the combination of first-order derivation+MSC had the best effect, the discrimination accuracy of 1400-2500 nm wavelength was 100.0%, and the cross-validation rate was 92.8%. When the model was used to identify 6 varieties of mutton, the accuracy of calibration set reached 100.0%, the cross-validation rate was above 87.5%, and the prediction set of 4 varieties reached 100.0%. After wavelength segmentation, the prediction accuracy for the range of 1400-1620 nm was the best, but the accuracy of individual identification decreased; For different discrimination methods, the identification accuracy of sophora goat was all above 95.0%. Conclusion In summary, near infrared spectroscopy technology in the long-wave range of 1400-2500 nm could accurately identify the variety of mutton, of which the first derivative+MSC preconditioning was the best. For the different varieties, the accuracy of sophora goats was the highest.

Objective To investigate the characterization of potential pathogen and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from some commercially raw fruit and vegetables in Beijing, 2024, and explore their potential food safety risks. Methods In this study, the characterization and potential risks of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and potential pathogens were described by the combining high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR), 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing with bio-informatics and multivariate analysis. Results A total of 182 ARGs subtypes belonging to 9 antibiotic types and 9 MGEs subtypes were detected with the abundance of 6.08×10³-1.57×10⁸ copies/g and 3.77×10⁴-3.50×10⁸ copies/g, respectively. It was seen that the diversity and abundance of ARGs, MGEs and bacterial community in fruits were significantly lower than those in vegetables (P<0.05). Acinetobacter, Leuconostoc, Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas and Serratia were the main potential pathogens, with Enterobacterales and Acinetobacter johnsonii as signature potential pathogens in solanaceous and leafy vegetables, respectively. MGEs and multiple ARGs were carried by the most of potential pathogens with multiple antibiotic resistance, whose transmission among them were mainly drove by the horizontal gene transfer of MGEs carrying ARGs (57.56%). Conclusion There are various and abundant ARGs and potential pathogens in raw vegetables and fruits in Beijing, 2024, with multiple antibiotic resistance, whose transmission among bacterium are mainly drove by the horizontal gene transfer of MGEs carrying ARGs, which can threaten human health. High attention shall be attached.

Objective To analyze the pesticide residues in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. from typical vegetable-growing areas and evaluate their dietary exposure risk. Methods The pesticide residues of 288 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. samples from 3 typical growing areas were prepared by standard methods. Risk assessments were performed utilizing index of food safety and hazard risk coefficients. Results Totally 39 pesticides were detected in 288 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. samples with detection rates ranged from 0.35% to 24.31%. Low-toxicity pesticides with high detection rate were difenoconazole, cyromazine, chlorfenapyr, pyraclostrobin, chlorantraniliprole and acetamiprid, successively. Multiple pesticide residues were detected in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. samples, and the detection rate and over-standard rate of samples in production were higher than those in farmers’ market and wholesale market. The risk assessment results indicated that hazard risk coefficients values of fenthion, cyromazine and thiamethoxam were more than 2.5 wih high risk; hazard risk coefficients values of carbofuran, triazophos, cyhalothrin and acetamiprid were more than 1.5 and less than 2.5 with moderate risk; hazard risk coefficients values of other pesticides were less than 1.5 with low risk.Conclusion The residues of various pesticides and the use of pesticides beyond the prescribed range are quite common on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.. However, the risk of pesticides detected in most cases is relatively low. The main high risk factors are fenthion, cyromazine and thiamethoxam in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. of typical growing areas, which need to be focused on supervision and increased monitoring. Some pesticides on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. can be naturally degraded during storage, transportation and sales. The risk situation of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. in the circulation stage is lower than that in the production stage, and the risk in the consumption stage will be further reduced.

Objective To establish a method for rapid detection of nutritional components in raw milk by milk composition analyzer. Methods This study used commercial raw milk as the test sample, and based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), it constructed a rapid detection method for 9 parameters such moisture, protein, fat, lactose, ash, non-fat milk solids, total dry matter, relative density and freezing point in raw milk. The precision and accuracy of the rapid detection method were evaluated by comparing it with the national standard detection results. Results The determination results of the milk composition analyzer were as follows: Moisture 86.00%-89.09%, protein 2.52%-4.51%, fat 2.65%-5.39%, lactose 3.81%-5.40%, ash 0.56%-0.80%, and non-fat milk solids 6.94%-9.81%. F-test and T-test were performed on 9 parameters including fat, lactose and non-fat milk solids. The maximum F-value was 9.00, less than 9.55, indicating no significant difference in precision for the 9 parameters. The maximum T-value was 20.82, less than 22.327, confirming no significant difference in accuracy for the 9 parameters. Both the milk composition analyzer method and the national standard method could accurately determine milk nutritional indicators. The results showed that the precision and accuracy of the established rapid detection method had no significant differences from those of the national standard method. Conclusion The rapid detection method for nutrient components in raw milk constructed in this study can be used for high-throughput and low-cost rapid screening of nutrient components in raw milk. National standard methods should be used as the benchmark for high-precision scenarios, supervision and admission, while daily monitoring should primarily rely on rapid detection results from milk composition analyzers.

Objective To evaluate the potential quality and safety risks of disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks by detecting and analyzing hydrogen peroxide residues. Methods This study simulated the migration of hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks under actual usage conditions. The migration amount of hydrogen peroxide in distilled water was measured using spectrophotometry, and its safety was evaluated through 4 steps: Hazard identification, hazard characteristic description, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Results The migration amount of hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks was 40-110 mg/kg, and the dietary exposure risk factor for the general population (excluding infants and young children) was 3.3×10³%-9.1×10³%, far exceeding the international default safety threshold (20%). The residual hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks might pose certain health risks to the human body. Conclusion The conclusion of the risk assessment indicates that the residual hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks poses a significant exposure risk, and long-term use may pose safety hazards. It is urgent to include it in the key monitoring scope of food safety. It is recommended to strengthen production control, improve industry standards, strengthen market supervision, and enhance public awareness to ensure the health and safety of the public.

Objective To develop a method for the determination of zearalenone (ZEN), ɑ-zearalenol (ɑ-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) in maize flour by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and assess the dietary exposure risk. Methods The samples were extracted by 70% acetonitrile-water (V/V), purified by QuEChERS, then detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode and quantified by matrix matching curve. The pollution index and hazard quotient (HQ) are used for dietary exposure risk assessment. Results ZEN, ɑ-ZOL and β-ZOL showed good linearity within the ranges of 0.2-100.0, 0.2-100.0 and 0.5-100.0 μg/L respectively. The limits of detection of ZEN, ɑ-ZOL and β-ZOL were 0.5, 0.5 and 1.5 μg/kg, respectively; the limits of quantitation were 1.5, 1.5 and 4.5 μg/kg respectively. Within the addition concentration range of 5.0-60.0 μg/kg, the recovery rates of the 3 kinds of target substances were between 80.4% and 103.0%, and the precisions were all less than 15%. This method was used to test 30 commercially available maize flour samples. The detection rate of ZEN was 80%, while α-ZOL and β-ZOL were not detected. The pollution index of ZEN was less than 0.7 and the HQ of ZEN was less than 1, it indicated that there was no risk and the threat to human health was small.Conclusion The method is sensitive, accurate and effective for routine monitoring of ZEN, α-ZOL and β-ZOL in maize flour. This method can be expected to use for the determination of the ZEN, α-ZOL and β-ZOL in other grain and its products.

Fresh wet vermicelli, as an emerging product in the development of the food processing industry in recent years, is becoming more and more popular among consumers because of its greater ease of consumption and freshness. This paper summarized the current status of the production and processing of fresh and wet vermicelli, the research and application of food additives (alum substitutes) and anticorrosive and preservative agents in China. The processing technology covered the core steps of raw material selection (mainly sweet potato and potato starch), thickening, mixing, molding, aging, cutting, packaging and sterilizing. Food additives used polysaccharides, phosphates, proteins, etc. as improved quality. Peservative research focused on the application of chemical (potassium sorbate, citric acid, etc.) and biological preservatives (streptococcus lactis, natamycin, etc.) as well as compounding technology. And in response to the lack of preservative limit standards, high energy consumption of traditional processes and insufficient green preservation technology in the current production of fresh and wet vermicelli, propose the future needed to focus on natural preservatives to increase efficiency, intelligent packaging and cleaner production of the proposal for the development of China’s fresh and wet vermicelli to put forward higher requirements to enhance market competitiveness, to meet consumer demand for high-quality food.

Objective To investigate and analyze the current situation of pesticide residues in tea in Tongzhou District market of Beijing in 2024. Methods This study tested and analyzed 17 kinds of pesticide residues in 262 tea samples by using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Results The detection rate of pesticide residues in tea in Tongzhou District was 96.56%. Especially, the detection rate of chlorfenapyr was the highest (89.31%) and bifenthrin was the second (85.11%). Furthermore, two kinds of prohibited pesticides (methyl parathion and methamidophos) and 2 kinds of restricted pesticides (fenvalerate and ethoprophos) were detected. These 4 kinds of harmful pesticides exceeded the maximum residue limits. In addition, the obsolete pesticide hexachlorobenzene was detected in other 5 samples. The analysis of residue characteristics revealed that 75.57% of the samples had 2-5 kinds of compound residues, of which oolong tea had the most residues. There were 6 tea detected to have excessive pesticide residues. The exceedance rate in descending order was white tea (12.20%), oolong tea (10.77%), dark tea (8.11%), green tea (6.52%), yellow tea (5.88%), black tea (1.79%). There was no significant difference in pesticide detection rate among different markets (P>0.05). Conclusion The detection rate of pesticide residues in tea in Beijing Tongzhou market is high, and complex pollution is common, but the overall over-standard rate is low (7.63%). The presence of prohibited and restricted pesticides in some samples highlights the need for stricter source control and routine monitoring by relevant authorities to ensure tea quality and safety.

Objective To explore the antioxidant capacity and enzyme inhibition activity of strong fragrance natural spices. Methods The total phenolic content in spices was determined using the Folin-phenol colorimetric method. The antioxidant activity of spices was studied using the scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ammonium salt (ABTS) cation radical and total antioxidant activity as indicators. Using polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities as indicators, the enzyme inhibitory activity of spices was studied. Results The results showed that there was a difference in the total phenolic content among strong fragrance spices, with the highest content in Eugenia caryophyllata. Among the spices, Syzygium aromaticum, Eugenia caryophyllata, Cinnamomum loureirii, Cinnamomum burmanni and Pimenta dioica exhibited strong DPPH free radical scavenging ability. Syzygium aromaticum, Eugenia caryophyllata and Cinnamomum burmanni had strong ability to scavenge ABTS cation free radicals. The 8 types of spices, including Syzygium aromaticum, Eugenia caryophyllata, Elettaria cardamomum, Cinnamomum loureirii, Artemisia dracunculus, Cinnamomum burmanni, Pimenta dioica and Cinnamomum cassia, had a certain total antioxidant capacity. Cinnamomum cassia had the strongest inhibitory activity on PPO enzyme, while Cinnamomum burmanni had the most significant inhibitory effect on POD enzyme. The total phenolic content in spices was significantly correlated with antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition activity. The total phenolic content was negatively correlated with the median inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) value of DPPH free radical scavenging ability, ABTS cation radical scavenging ability and inhibition of POD activity, and positively correlated with total antioxidant capacity (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion Eugenia caryophyllata, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum burmanni, Cinnamomum loureirii and Cinnamomum cassia have antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, and are potential natural antioxidants and browning protectants, which have the prospect of developing into healthy, efficient and economical natural antioxidants, preservatives and color protection agents.

Objective To establish a method for simultaneously determining the migration amounts of 24 kinds of organophosphate esters (OPEs), organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs), and parabens (PBs) in food contact materials by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods The food contact materials to be tested were subjected to migration experiments in accordance with the expected types of food and contact modes, so as to obtain the soaking solution. After centrifugation, the soaking solution was separated by liquid chromatography, determined by tandem mass spectrometry, and quantified by matrix-matched standard curve. Results The optimized method could simultaneously detect 24 kinds of OPEs, OPAs, and PBs in the migration soaking solutions of food contact materials. The limits of detection were 0.01-0.58 µg/L and the limits of quantitation were 0.03-2.00 µg/L. The spiked samples recovery rates ranged from 69.0%-129.6%, with relative standard deviations of 0.5% to 10.9% (n=6). The 20 packaging film bags, 10 disposable take-out boxes and 20 paper tableware items were tested. The ΣOPEs ranges were <limit of detection-19.1 μg/L, ΣOPAs were <limit of detection-1248 μg/L, and ΣPBs were <limit of detection-0.501 μg/L. The monitoring of the migration amounts of food contact materials was limited, its health risks required more attention and research. Conclusion This method is simple to operate and highly sensitive, which is suitable for the determination of the migration amounts of OPEs, OPAs and PBs in food contact material samples.