The leaf functional properties and eco stoichiometric characteristics of seven greening shrubs in the split green belt of University East Road in Nanning were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the selection and allocation of urban road greening plants and the construction of urban ecological engineering in similar environments. The average value of leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), dry matter content (LDMC), leaf water content (LWC) and chlorophyll content (Chl) of the seven shrubs was 15.68 cm², 136.33 cm²/g, 0.24 g/g, 76.42 % and 9.36 mg/g respectively. The average value of N, P, K, N∶P, N∶K and K∶P in the leaves was 21.23 mg/g, 0.39 mg/g, 9.37 mg/g, 55.48, 2.28 and 25.14 respectively. There were significant differences in leaf functional traits and eco stoichiometry among different shrub species. Correlation analysis showed that N, N∶P and N∶K in the leaves were significantly positively correlated with SLA and CHL, and P in the leaves was significantly positively correlated with LWC. In addition, K in the leaves was significantly positively correlated with LWC. Through redundancy analysis, it was found that the first and second ranking axes jointly explained 93.51% of the total variation of leaf eco stoichiometric characteristics. Among them, SLA, LWC and Chl were the leaf functional trait factors that have a significant impact on leaf eco stoichiometry. Principal component comprehensive analysis showed that the growth status and resource utilization efficiency of Forsythia suspensa, Hibiscus rosasinensis L. and Pittosporum pentandrum var. formosanum were better. In addition, the shrubs have better adaptability to the environment of the study area, so they are suitable to be used as important tree species for urban landscape planning.

In order to improve the technological process of industrial tissue culture speed propagation of Curcuma alismatifolia 'Majeo Impress Red', and provide a reference for the large-scale production, we used different organs as the explants to study the bud multiplication, proliferation, rooting culture and transplanting. Six different explants including corm, storage root, corm shoot, lateral bud, flower bud and tender leaves were employed in this study. Based on the MS medium with different concentration of 6-BA and NAA, the process of tissue culture speed propagation was optimized. The best explants were corm shoot and lateral bud. The best medium for induction culture was MS + 6-BA 3 mg/L +NAA 0.1 mg/L + sucrose 30 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. The best medium for proliferation was MS + 6-BA 3 mg/L +NAA 0.1 mg/L + sucrose 30 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. The best medium for rooting was 1/2 MS + NAA 0.1 mg/L +sucrose 20 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. When the seedlings were pluged in tray and transplanted in flowerpot, the optimum medium was tiny peat∶tiny coco coir = 1∶1 and the survival rate was over 95%. Eight EST-SSR markers were employed to amplified the maternal parent and 20 randomly selected tissue culture seedlings, which supported the obsence of DNA-level variations. We screened the most appropriate explants and culture medium for C. alismatifolia 'Majeo Impress Red', optimized the technological process and set up a technical system of industrial tissue culture speed propagation.

To clarify the adaptability of Oligonychus biharensis in different main rubber varieties, the development and reproduction of O. biharensis in six rubber varieties, 'Reyan 73397' 'Reyan 72059' 'Reken 628' 'Dafeng 95' 'PR107' and 'RRIM600' were observed by biological methods, and the experimental population life table was established. Different rubber varieties had significant effects on the development and reproduction of O. biharensis. The whole generation duration of O. biharensis was the shortest in 'RRIM600' and the longest in 'PR107', which was 11.40 d and 12.07 d, respectively. The survival rate of all mite stage was the highest after feeding on 'Reken 628', which was 100%. The value was 75% when feeding on 'PR107'. The longevity of female O. biharensis mites was prolonged and O. biharensis had large number of fecundity per female when feeding on 'Reken 628' and 'RRIM600', which wase 12.23 d and 28.66 eggs, 10.31 d and 29.56 eggs, respectively. There was no significant difference in the sex ratio of F₁ generation of O. biharensis on different rubber varieties. According to the parameters of population life table, the net reproductive rate of O. biharensis was the largest in 'RRIM600' and 'Reken 628', which was 29.570 and 28.640, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase of O. biharensis were the lowest in 'PR107', which was 0.257 and 1.292. The mean generation time and double population time were the longest in 'PR107', which was 9.539 and 2.702, respectively. In a comprehensive view, it showed that O. biharensis had a good adaptability when feeding on 'RRIM600' and 'Reken 628', while it went against the population growth of O. biharensis in 'PR107'.

In order to screen healthy and excellent introduced sugarcane germplasm, enrich sugarcane hybrid parent resources and obtain excellent sugarcane varieties with direct popularization and application value, 41 foreign sugarcane germplasm materials from France, United States, Barbados, Belize, Jamaica, Romania, Guyana and other countries introduced through Visacane, CIRAD, France, responsible for introduction, export and quarantine of sugarcane germplasm from different countries, were planted in quarantine house for two sugarcane growth cycles. During the period, the quarantine disease such as sugarcane white stripe disease, Fiji disease and gummosis disease were monitored. After qualified quarantine, the natural disease occurrence, agronomic traits, cane yield and sugar content were investigated in field experiment. The 41 introduced foreign sugarcane germplasm entries had quarantine diseases and pests. In the field natural disease test, there were nine sugarcane germplasms B03-224, B03-876, FG08-057, FG08-757, FG09-128, FG09-331, FG09-367, FG09-538 and FR89-746 with good disease resistance, which could be used as disease resistant parents. Eight high sugar germplasms with high sugar content, B03-224, BBZ88-343, BJ99-32, BR08-004, CP04-1844, CP05-1526, FG06-691 and FG09-367, were evaluated as 1 grade, which could be used as high sugar parent. Five high-yield germplasms with high yield, BZ93-855, CP00-1446, FG09-124, FG09-346 and FR90-881, were evaluated as grade 1 and could be used as high-yield parents. Eleven germplasms, B03-224, BBZ93-855, BJ99-106, CP00-1446, CP05-1526, FG04-333, FG06-691, FG07-338, FG09-124, FG09-128 and FG09-367, with high-yield and excellent agronomic characters, entered the next round of comparative test to continue screening. In order to select sugarcane germplasms with high yield, high sugar and disease resistance that can adapt to the ecological environment of Guangxi for direct planting, four with excellent comprehensive performance, B03-224, FG09-128, FG09-367 and CP05-1526, were selected for the further variety comparison test. All sugarcane germplasms were kept in Nanning Sugarcane Germplasm Resources Nursery and Sanya Sugarcane Cross Breeding Base of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences for further evaluation of drought resistance, cold resistance, and subsequent cross utilization. This study could provide reference for the utilization of sugarcane germplasms introduced from abroad.

Rice blast is the major disease that threatens rice production in Fujian. Investigation of the variation of avrirulence genes (AVRs) in the field population of rice blast fungus could facilitate the release and rotation of the resistance varieties, and subsequently prevent the burst of rice blast disease caused by the loss of rice blast resistance. We firstly investigated the pathogenicity and genetic variation of a field population consisting of 113 Magnaporthe oryzae monoconidial strains isolated from three different major rice planting regions in Fujian province. For pathogenicity and virulence assays of the strains, spray inoculation was performed using 24 monogenic lines carrying 24 different major blast resistance genes. The results showed that the pathogenicity frequency of strains isolated from Jianyang, Ninghua and Shanghang were ranged from 12.50% to 95.83%, 29.17% to 100% and 4.55% to 86.36%, respectively. All strains showed strong pathogenicity toward the monogenic lines carrying Pik^s、Pib、Pi3 and Pi12, while strains isolated from Jianyang and Ninghua also showed strong pathogenicigy toward the monogenic lines carrying other 12 resistance genes, including Pia, Pii, Piz, Pita, Pit, Pis^h, Pi5, Pi7, Pi19, Pi20, Pita² and Pi11. To investigate the genetic variation of AVR genes in the above strains, we performed genotyping of 8 AVR genes: Avr-Pia, Avr-Pib, Avr-Pik, Avr-Piz-t, Avr-Pii, Avr-Pi9, Avr-Pi54, and Avr-Co39. As expected, Avr-Co39 was absent in all the strains, indicating that all the strains collected in the three regions of Fujian province did not carry the AVR gene. The frequency of Avr-Pib in the 113 strains was also very low (37.17%). However, the ratio was much higher than that of the functional Avr-Pib (4.32%), indicating some loss-of-function mutations of Avr-Pib in the Fujian field population. We compared the sequence of selected AVR genes amplified from some field isolates to the reference sequences, and found variation in the promoter region of Avr-Pib, as well as Avr-Pik and Avr-Piz-t. Besides, we also found mutations in the coding region of Avr-Pik and Avr-Pita amplified from some of the Fujian field isolates. Our results suggested that rice cultivars carrying Pi1, Piz⁵, Pi9, Pik, Pik^h and Pik^m still could be used in Fujian Province.

The invasive plant Mexican sunflower has strong allelopathy to weeds and could be used for weed control. However, the allelopathy of Mexican sunflower on Leptochloa chinensis has not been reported. In order to clarify the allelopathy of Mexican sunflower on L. chinensis and find the control technology of L. chinensis, the roots, stems and leaves of L. chinensis were extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, absolute ethyl alcohol and distilled water. The allelopathy of extracts on the germination and growth of seeds of Mexican sunflower and its effect on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were evaluated. GC-MS was used to identify the chemical constituents in the extract of Mexican sunflower. The results showed that the effect of extracts from different tissue parts on the germination rate of Mexican sunflower was in the order of leaf > stem > root. Ethyl acetate and absolute ethanol extracts from the roots, stems and leaves of Mexican sunflower had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of the seedlings. The ethyl acetate extract from the root, stem and leaf, and the absolute ethanol extract from the leaf and root could significantly inhibit the SOD activity; the absolute ethanol extract from the stem could obviously inhibit the CAT activity; the ethyl acetate extracts from stems and roots could significantly inhibit the POD activity. GC-MS detection showed that the extract of Mexican sunflower contained terpenoids, phenols, amides, esters and hydrocarbons, among which terpenoids (α-pinene and phytol) and phenols (2,5-diacetyl-6-hy droxybenzofuran) were higher. The results showed that the extracts from the roots, stems and leaves of Mexican sunflower had strong allelopathic effects on L. chinensis, α-pinene, phytol and 2,5-diacetyl-6-hydroxybenzofuran may be the potential active components of Mexican sunflower for allelopathy, which can be used for the control of L. chinensis.

In this study, the soluble dietary fiber of coffee peel and other five commercially available soluble dietary fibers obtained from soybean, inulin, jujube, oat, and celery were used as experimental materials. The particle size distribution, monosaccharide composition, microstructure, physico-chemical properties, and functional characteristics were compared analyzed. Results indicated that the particle size distribution of soluble dietary fiber in coffee peel was wider, and the homogeneity was relatively poorer than that of the other five soluble dietary fibers, but its monosaccharide composition was relatively rich, and a total of 10 kinds of monosaccharides were detected. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed different samples had similar spectral characteristics, but a slightly different intensity response of characteristic bands. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that the crystalline of soluble dietary fiber from coffee peel was lower (38.84%) than that of other samples, but exhibited excellent thermal stability. The solubility and oil holding capacity of soluble dietary fiber in coffee peel was 90.9% and (2.18±0.03)mg/g, respectively. The nitrite absorption capacity of soluble dietary fiber in coffee peel was 7.93 mg/g, which was significant higher that of the other samples. This study could provide theoretical basis for high value utilization and product development of coffee peel resource.

Passion fruit is an aromatic tropical fruit of the Passiflorat family Passiflora genus. The peel, accounting for 55% of the whole fresh fruit, is rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, anthocyanins, pectin and other active ingredients. The industrial utilization has high environmental value and commercial potential. To make full use of the waste passion fruit peel resources and improve the utilization rate of the active components of passion fruit peel, microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted and microbial fermentation technologies were used to successively extract the effective components such as pectin, anthocyanins and dietary fiber from passion fruit peel, and the process conditions of each stage of co-production were optimized by the response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions for pectin from passion fruit peel were liquid to solid ratio of 65∶1 (mL/g), pH 2.5, microwave power of 450 W, and microwave time of 5.0 min. The optimal extraction condition for anthocyanins from the residue after extracted pectin were ethanol concentration 50%, liquid to material ratio 60∶1 (mL/g), pH 3.5, ultrasonic power 550 W, ultrasonic time 35 min. The optimal extraction condition for dietary fiber from the residue after extracted pectin and anthocyanin was liquid to material ratio 12.5∶1 (mL/g), inoculum amount 5.0%, the fermentation temperature was 35 ℃, and the fermentation time was 20 h. Under the process condition, the yield of pectin, anthocyanin and dietary fiber in passion fruit peel was 12.45%±0.06%, 1.21%±0.03% and 55.56%±0.05%, respectively. Compared with single producing, the yield of anthocyanins and dietary fiber from co-produce was reduced by 15.39% and 11.43%, but the material was economized by co-produce, and three products could be obtained through technology process at the same time. Compared with single producing pectin, anthocyanins and dietary fiber, the benefit of co-produce was approximately increased by 2.67, 14.99 and 0.31 times correspondingly. It reduces resources waste, environmental pollution, extractant consumption, and increase the income of farmers.

The supply and demand of feed resources in China appear the phenomenon of lack of concentrate feed, protein feed, green feed and insufficient total resources, especially the serious shortage of protein feed. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera, as two new and high quality woody protein feed resources, have high potential for feed production. In this study, C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera were taken as the experimental objects to determine the conventional nutrutional components, mineral elements and amino acid components. The comparison results were performed by t test and the feeding values of the two woody fodder plants were evaluated combined with relative feed value (RFV). The results of analysis showed that the crude protein (CP) content of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera was more than 20%, the crude fiber (CF) content was less than 15%, the mineral element content such as Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe and Zn was high. Among them, the Ca/P ratio of C. aconitifolius was 1.82∶1, which met the requirement of Ca/P ratio in general feed, while the Ca/P ratio of hybrid B. papyrifera was 8∶1, which was far greater than that in general feed. The essential amino acids (EAA)/non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and essential amino acids (EAA)/total amino acids (TAA) in both C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera was above 60% and 40%, respectively. The variety of limiting amino acid (LAA) and sulfur-containing amino acids was comprehensive and rich in content. The evaluation results of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera combined with the relative feed value (RFV) showed that C. aconitifolius was super grade forage material and hybrid B. papyrifera was senior grade forage material, both had good overall effect and high feeding value. The results of comparative analysis on nutritional value of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera showed that both belonged to high-quality woody feed raw materials rich in protein, minerals and amino acids, had high feeding value and development potential in livestock diets. In particular, C. aconitifolius had higher CP content, lower CF content, lower NDF content and more reasonable proportion of calcium-phosphorus ratio, which had better feeding value compared with hybrid B. papyrifera.

Old trees play important roles in maintaining biodiversity, ecological balance and environmental protection. To conserve the old tree community of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei in Liancheng county, Fujian province, the species composition and structure of the community were analyzed using the method of sample survey. There were 74 vascular plants belonging to 66 genera of 41 families, in which most were monotypic genus. Rosaceae, Gramineae, Hamamelidaceae and Lauraceae were the four families with the largest number of species in this community. There were 12 genus areal-types in the community, which was consistent with the location of the community with the ratio of tropical element to temperate element (T/R) 1.03. The important values of T. wallichiana var. mairei, Phyllostachys edulis, and Cunninghamia lanceolata in arbor layer of this community were relatively high, which was 50.76%, 14.33% and 6.61%, respectively, while those of Camellia fraternal, Loropetalum chinense and Photinia davidsoniae in shrub layer were relatively high, which was 4.07%, 3.91% and 3.60%, respectively. In herb layer, Stellaria media, Dicranopteris linearis, and Miscanthus sinensis were the top three with importance values 13.30%, 10.33% and 9.82%, respectively. The vertical structure of this old tree community was clear, and it could be divided into three layers for arbor, shrub, and herb layers within few interlayer plants. T. wallichiana var. mairei was the dominated species in the uppermost layer. The old tree community of T. wallichiana var. mairei in Liancheng had important conservation value; however, young trees and seedlings of T. wallichiana var. mairei were missing in this community due to the constraints of human interference and interspecific competition. It is a feasible strategy to protect this community by constructing a fengshui forest with T. wallichiana var. mairei as the main body based on the scientific management.