Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs), the main efficacy components of G. lucidum body, have remarkable efficacy in improving immunity, anti-tumor and liver protection and so on. In order to reveal the effect of gradient ethanol precipitation process on the structural characteristics and biological activity of GLPs, the crude GLPs were extracted from G. lucidum body using anhydrous ethanol to removal impurities such as pigments and hot water extraction process. GLPs were classified by gradient ethanol (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%) precipitation, and 6 GLPs, including GLP40, GLP50, GLP60, GLP70, GLP80 and GLP90, were obtained. The structural features of GLPs such as composition, functional group characteristics, molecular weight distribution, and biological activities such as in vitro antioxidant activity and the growth effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG were characterized by GC-MS, near infrared GC-MS, NIR spectroscopy, gel chromatography and other modern instruments. The results showed that the 6 GLPs contained rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with glucose, mannose and xylose predominating, GLP40 mainly consisted of mannose and xylose, GLP50, GLP60, GLP70, GLP80 and GLP90 mainly consisted of glucose and mannose, and the highest percentage of glucose was found in GLP80 and GLP90. The typical functional groups of the 6 GLPs fractions at 892.9 cm^-1, 1048-1084 cm^-1, etc. were intact and did not differ significantly from each other, and all of them were β-type glucan conformations. The molecular weight of the 6 GLPs was different, and the heavy average molecular weight, number average molecular weight and peak molecular weight showed positive correlations. 97-14 925, 99-49 410, 98-32 030, 3614-19 589, 3614-10 795, 4385-11 084 g/mol, with preferential precipitation of high molecular weight GLPs at low ethanol concentrations. 6 GLPs had stronger DPPH radical scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and total antioxidant capacity, and GLP90 had stronger antioxidant activity than the other fractions. The 6 GLPs helped to promote the growth of L. rhamnosus LGG. The above findings would provide data support for the study of GLPs extraction process and product development.

In order to reveal the mechanism of flower development and provide a theoretical basis for solving the problems of flowering in the sugar apple industry, the Auxin Response Factor (ARF) family genes were identified and the expression patterns were analyzed. Based on transcriptome sequencing, 11 AsARF genes were selected and identified. The biological functions of AsARF family genes were preliminarily analyzed by homologous evolution analysis, protein domain analysis, subcellular localization, qRT-PCR, and other techniques. The AsARFs were divided into five classes based on phylogenetic analysis. The proteins had molecular weight varying from 73.85 to 112.51 kDa and isoelectric point from 5.42 to 7.63. All the AsARFs contained two domains of DBD and MR, and, except for AsARF3a, 6a and 6b, they also all contained a CTD domain. Subcellular location prediction results showed that the AsARF members were mainly located in the nucleus. Based on amino acid enrichment in the intermediate region of the protein, AsARF5a, AsARF5b, AsARF6c, AsARF6d, AsARF7 and AsARF16 were speculated to be transcriptional activators, while AsARF2, AsARF3a, AsARF3b, AsARF6a and AsARF6b were presumed to be transcriptional repressors. Three CTD domain-deleted ARF genes were identified and they may have unique biological functions. The results of subcellular location experiments showed that AsARF2, AsARF3a and AsARF6a were localized in the cell nucleus. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that AsARF3a, AsARF3b, AsARF5a, AsARF5b, AsARF6a and AsARF7 genes were expressed more in the inflorescent meristem. AsARF2 and AsARF6b genes were highly expressed in flower buds. AsARF2, AsARF3a, AsARF5a, AsARF5b, AsARF6b, AsARF6c and AsARF16 genes were predominantly expressed in normal flowers, while the expression of AsARF3b, AsARF6a, AsARF6d and AsARF7 genes in malformed flowers was greater than that in normal flowers. These results suggest that AsARF may play key roles in regulating the flower development in sugar apple. The high expression of AsARF6b and AsARF6c in normal flowers and AsARF6a and AsARF6d in abnormal flowers indicate that they play important roles in the normal development of flowers.

The effects of mixed silage of Stylosanthes Guianensis Reyan No. 2 and Pennisetum purpureum × P. glaucum cv. Reyan No. 4 on fermentation quality and nutrient composition were studied to screen out the appropriate proportion of mixed silage, and provide theoretical basis for the preparation of high-quality silage. The experiment was divided into 4 groups. The mixed silage ratios of Reyan No. 4 and Reyan No. 2 were 100∶0 (CK), 85∶15 (A₁), 70∶30 (A₂) and 55∶45 (A₃), respectively. Ensilage was unsealed for 30 days and sampled for detection. A₂ had the best sensory evaluation. With the increase of the ratio of Reyan No. 2, pH and NH₃-N/TN values gradually increased, and there were significant differences between A₁, A₂, A₃ and CK (P<0.05). The lactic acid (LA) content of A₃ was significantly lower than that of CK (P<0.05). The lactic acid/acetic acid (LA/AA) value was greater than 2.6 in all experimental groups. Butyric acid (BA) in A₂ was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05). With the proportion of Reyan No.2 increasing, the content of crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM) and ether extract (EE) in all groups increased, and were significantly higher than those of CK (P<0.05). Water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content showed an increasing trend, and there was no significant difference among groups (P>0.05). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased gradually, and there was no significant difference among all groups (P>0.05). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) in all groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The ash content of each group decreased, and there was no significant difference among A₁, A₂ and A₃ compared with CK (P>0.05). In conclusion, the mixed silage of Reyan No. 2 and Reyan No. 4 can improve the fermentation quality and nutritional value of silage. Considering the fermentation quality and nutritional value, it is suggested that A₂ is suitable for silage.

Lagerstroemia speciosa Zichan is a new variety of Lagerstroemia speciosa. In order to provide theoretical basis for its cultivation and promotion application, the physiological characteristics would been explored. The paper used the Li-6400 XT photosynthetic apparatus to determine the light response curves, diurnal variation and chlorophyll of biennale L. speciosa Zichan and L. speciosa sapling. The results showed that: (1) The contents of chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), carotenoid (Car), chlorophyll content (Chl) and chlorophyll a/b (Chla/Chlb) of L. speciosa Zichan were higher than those of L. speciosa, and there were significant differences in the above indexes. (2) Diurnal change of photosynthetic rate of L. speciosa Zichan displayed a unimodal curve, and the peak appeared at around 10:00 am, which was 17.11 μmol/(m²·s); diurnal change of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate showed unimodal curves as well. The diurnal variation of intercellular CO₂ concentration was high in the morning and evening, low at noon, and the diurnal variation of stomatal limitation value was low in the morning and evening, high at noon. (3) Diurnal change of photosynthetic rate of L. speciosa displayed a bimodal curve, and the peak appeared at around 8:00 am or 12:00 am, which was 14.41 μmol/(m²·s) and 13.16 μmol/(m²·s); diurnal change of stomatal conductance showed bimodal curve as well, and the peak appeared at around 8:00 am or 12:00 am. The diurnal variation of transpiration rate showed unimodal curve, and the peak appeared at around 10:00 am. The diurnal variation of intercellular CO₂ concentration was high in the morning and evening, low at noon, and the diurnal variation of stomatal limitation value was low in the morning and evening, high at noon. (4)Grey relational analysis showed that the order of correlation degree between P_n and environmental factors of the two materials was PAR>C_a>RH. The order of correlation between P_n and physiological factors was T_r>G_s>T_a>C_i, while G_s>T_r>T_a>C_i. (5) The light saturation point of L. speciosa Zichan was 2388.729 μmol/(m²·s) and the light compensate point was 55.590 μmol/(m²·s); The light saturation point of L. speciosa was 2080.597 μmol/(m²·s) and the light compensate point was 29.871 μmol/(m²·s). Compared with L. speciosa and L. indica, L. speciosa Zichan showed the strong photosynthetic assimilation ability, but its adaptability to low light environment was weak. L. speciosa Zichan needs plenty of light, which is suitable for planting in the region with abundant light supply.

Soaking the harvested fruit with chemical fungicides is a general method for fruit preservation. However, due to the concerns of consumers about chemical residues and the lack of postharvest treatment conditions in litchi producing areas, there is an urgent need to develop green, environment-friendly preservation techniques for litchi, which is also easy to apply. In this study,'Jingganghongnuo' litchi was sprayed with 5 mmol/L sucrose solution at the latter stage of fruit development (10 days before harvest), and stored at room temperature (20 ℃) after harvest. The results showed that, compared with the control, pre-harvest sucrose treatment reduced the browning index, disease index and decay rate of harvested litchi, decreased the chromaticity a^* value and increased the L^* and b^* values, indicating that sucrose treatment improved the appearance quality of litchi. The sucrose-treated litchi was not significantly different from the control in the content of soluble solid (TSS) and titratable acid (TA), although they were slightly lower than that of the control in the content of Vc, suggesting that it had no significant adverse effect on nutritional quality. Sucrose treatment inhibited the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in litchi pericarp, reduced the contents of relative conductivity (REC), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion (), and increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and total phenol content in litchi pericarp, so as to delay the browning and decay of litchi. This study shows that pre-harvest sucrose treatment, as a new litchi preservation technology, has a certain prospect for application in litchi producing areas in China.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a major factor leading to the yield reduction of Solanaceae crops. In order to explore edible fungus-derived polysaccharide materials for the prevention and control of Tobacco mosaic virus, the control effect of six crude polysaccharides against TMV was determined by the half-leaf method, five-point injection test and systematic host infection activity evaluation. Among them, the extraction rate of crude polysaccharide from Agaricus blazei, 24.32%, was the highest, followed by Pleurotus ostreatus 18.56%, and that from Pleurotus eryngii, 10.04% was the lowest. The total sugar content of A. blazei was significantly higher than that of other species, reaching 37.71%, followed by that of P. igniarius and G. Lucidum, exceeding 32.00%. In addition, the sulfate content of A. blazei crude polysaccharide was also as high as 2.10%. In this research, the inhibitory effect of the crude polysaccharides was determined by the half leaf method. Among the 6 tested polysaccharide treatments, the polysaccharides that were inoculated after treated for 48 h had a good inhibition on TMV. The preventive effects of P. ostreatus, C. versicolor and A. blazei reached more than 60.00%. Especially, the preventive effect of 24 mg/mL A. blazei crude polysaccharide was up to 92.04%, and the number of dead spots on the leaves was significantly less than those in the clear water control group. In the five-point injection test, the inhibition rate of A. blazei crude polysaccharide was 38.18%. The brightness of the fluorescent spots was weaker than that in the control group, the fluorescent area did not change much, and did not appeared in the new leaves. A. blazei crude polysaccharide had an inhibitory effect in the early stage of virus infection, which could delay the moving speed of TMV and slow down the system invasion process. On NC-89, the control effect of agaricus antler polysaccharide on TMV was as high as 76.81%, which was better than that of 0.5% lentinan water agent and 1.8% octinamine acetate water agent. When the concentration was 48 mg/mL, the plants were damaged, and the excessive concentration of polysaccharide formed precipitation on the surface of the plants, causing the plants to yellow. Field test showed that the treatment effect of A. blazei crude polysaccharides on TMV was 70.31%. The plants with twisted, curled leaves and stopped growing had an obvious improvement. At the same time, it had a certain inhibitory effect on TMV, the onset time of sprayed tobacco was delayed, the tobacco grew well, and the leaves were extended. The results of this study would lay a foundation for further study on the action mode and mechanism of fungal polysaccharides against Tobacco mosaic virus.

It is normally difficult to distinguish germplasms of Kadsura coccinea with morphological traits before they bear fruits because the evaluations on the specificity are mainly based on fruit and economic traits. Establishing DNA fingerprinting profile is useful for rapid and accurate identification of K. Coccinea germplasms. SSR analysis for 20 clones of K. coccinea was conducted using 15 pairs of primers, the clones were clustered based on Nei's (1972) genetic distance by UPGMA clustering method, and SSR fingerprinting profile was established through combinations of some markers. 15 pairs of primers produced 75 alleles at 15 loci from 20 clones of K. coccinea, with two to 15 alleles per locus, the Shannon diversity index varied from 0.199 to 2.456, polymorphic information index from 0.095 to 0.894, and genetic similarity coefficient from 0.328 to 0.891. The 20 clones could be divided into two groups by the UPGMA clustering method. All the 15 loci could not distinguish 20 clones separately, among which KCZ023 showed the strongest ability to distinguish. Two-loci combinations of KCZ023 with KCZ135, KCZ100 or KCZ147 as well as 28 three-loci combinations could distinguish all the 20 clones separately. The 20 clones of K. coccinea show abundant genetic diversity, and can be fully distinguished by any of three two-loci combinations or 28 three-loci combinations. The findings would provide evidences for germplasm identification and hybrid parent selection.

Solanum xanthocarpum fruits are used as the test material, and the extraction process of chlorogenic acid is studied in detail by using the ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction test method. Values of four group parameters for the volume solubility of ethanol aqueous solution, ratio of liquid to the material, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic temperature were adjusted, and then the proposed extraction process parameters of chlorogenic acid from single-factor experiments and the corresponding results were optimized. The optimized parameters were ethanol concentration 65%, ratio of liquid to material 50 mL/g, ultrasonic temperature 60 ℃ and ultrasonic time 40 min. On the basis of the above single factor optimization results, the final quadratic multiphase mathematical model was obtained further by optimization from the Box-Behnken response surface method. The extraction process parameters were ethanol concentration 64.7%, liquid-to-solid ratio 55.8 mL/g, and ultrasonic temperature 56.0 ℃ for 40.5 min, and the optimal extraction rate of chlorogenic acid was 6.81%. The extract of S. xanthocarpum fruits had good antioxidant capacity to DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging with IC₅₀ values of 55.7 mg/L and 20.1 mg/L, respectively.

In this study, 29 new sugarcane lines were evaluated on adaptation by multiple statistics analysis to select new lines with excellent overall trait performance. The variation coefficients of 10 phenotypic traits ranged from 3.52% to 184.52%, the variation coefficients of smut rate was the highest. Correlation analysis showed that the cane yield was extremely significantly positively correlated with plant height and sugar yield, the smut rate was extremely negatively correlated with sucrose content and gravity purity. The results of principal compoment analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of 4 principal component factors was 85.019%, among which the first principal component was related to cane yield, quality and diseases, the second principal component was related to sugar yield and cane yield, the third principal component was related to quality and stalk diameter, the fourth principal component was related to fiber cane. Based on cluster analysis, the 31 new sugarcane lines were divided into 5 groups, among which group Ⅰ, including 6 lines, had the highest sucrose content; group Ⅱ, including 10 lines, had the lowest agronomic traits; group Ⅲ, including 5 lines, had the lowest smut rate and the highest cane yield and sugar yield; group Ⅳ, including 4 lines, had the highest smut rate and the lowest sucrose content; group Ⅴ, including 6 lines, had the lowest cane yield and sugar yield. Stepwise discriminant analysis gave every group probability of 100%. GNZ151505, GT17-232, GT13-1154, GT17-929, GT16-151 in group Ⅲ showed good comprehensive features. HT15-5, GT15-1074, GT15-1131, GT13-1004, GT12-284, GT17-910 in group Ⅰhad the highest sucrose content and the lower smut rate, could be used as high sugar content parents and highly resistant smut parents.

Mulching with plant residues is a common method used in agricultural and forestry production, which has significant effects on soil moisture conservation, soil fertility improvement, plant growth promotion and solving the problem of soil bareness. In recent years, the application of green waste to urban green land mulching is the focus of landscape industry in China and abroad and the main application and development direction of compost besides returning to soil. At present, the research and application of green waste mulch mainly focus on composting mulch and dyeing mulch, and there are few reports on the systematic comparison of the mulch effects of different components of native materials. For proven after simple processing green waste native materials mulching influence on plant growth, taking Ixora chinensis Lam. as the research object, the green wastes were collected according to turfgrass clippings (TCS), leaves (LVS), mixture of branches and leaves (MBL), branches (BCS), and then were crushed, air-dried as native mulches material to test and set up three mulching thickness (3 cm, 6 cm and 9 cm), with bare soil without mulch as the control. The effects of different treatments on growth parameters, mineral nutrients and SPAD of above-ground parts of I. chinensis Lam. were analyzed after 21 months of planting. The results showed that compared with the control, mulches significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, biomass, SPAD and N content in stem and leaf of I. chinensis Lam. The variation trend of P content in stem and leaf and K content in stem of each treatment was different due to the difference of mulch material type and thickness, but had no obvious effect on leaf K content. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a very significant positive correlation between the growth parameters and the N content of stems and leaves and SPAD, and the P content was significant positive correlated with the weight of fresh leaves. Comprehensive evaluation by principal component analysis indicated that mulches treatments on each index of the comprehensive performance of I. chinensis Lam. was superior to the control. Treatments could be divided into two categories according to principal component comprehensive, category one, MBL & BCS with the thickness of 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm LVS with 6 cm and 9 cm with better effect on promoting the growth of Ixora chinensis Lam., and category two, TCS with thickness of 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm and LVS with thickness of 3 cm with relatively poor growth promoting effect. This study screened out the components and mulching thickness of green waste raw materials suitable for organic mulch through comparative evaluation of the indexes affecting the growth of I. chinensis Lam., which could provide reference for the promotion and application of green waste as organic mulch.