To address the difficulty of balancing safety and ride comfort, this paper proposes a new safety model considering both factors, and introduces a corresponding early-warning braking strategy. First, the second-order time-to-collision (TTC) model is constructed by incorporating the accelerations of both vehicles into the classical TTC model. Then the safety distance model based on braking process analysis is modified according to road conditions. Combining the safety and comfort requirements, the paper employs the second-order TTC model during the warning phase, and the modified safety distance model during the braking phase to judge dangerous states. The hierarchical AEB control system is designed, and co-simulation and real-vehicle test platforms are built for verification. The results show that, under various test scenarios, the proposed car-following control strategy for AEB systems successfully avoids collisions, initiates braking without disrupting normal driving, provides warning times that give the driver ample reaction time, keeps the minimum inter-vehicle distance after braking within a reasonable range, and achieves effective hazard avoidance even on wet roads.

With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry, numerous challenges must be addressed in the dose evaluation of electromagnetic radiation inside vehicles. This paper expounded the research progress on this topic. And based on the relevant international and domestic standards for electromagnetic radiation exposure limits, it compared the similarities and differences of the current electromagnetic radiation standards for electric vehicles. Additionally, the paper introduced the simulation method for calculating radiation, and evaluated the human exposure doses in the vehicle through both simulation calculation and measurements. The simulation and evaluation of electromagnetic radiation in electric vehicles, as well as the radiation impact on human health, require further exploration and study.

The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) is an important reference for consumers choosing vehicles, and a leading indicator for global advances in automotive safety technology. This paper provides an in-depth interpretation of the latest trends in Euro NCAP testing protocols and compares the latest assessment results. Focusing on the segmentation of the safety-protection assessment systems, the paper reviews research progress in safety assessment techniques throughout the entire process, from safe driving and collision avoidance, to crash protection and post-crash safety. It also summarizes the current status of mainstream assessment systems, discusses the performance and characteristics of leading models, and offers practical guidance for improving China's vehicle-safety evaluation system and supporting the overseas expansion strategies of domestic brands.

Amid the accelerating electrification of the global automotive industry, power batteries, as the core components of new energy vehicles (NEVs), have become a strategic focal point in the global competition to achieve green and low-carbon automotive development. Currently, China leads the world in power battery technology, industrial scale, and supporting ecosystem. This paper investigates the carbon footprint accounting methods for power batteries, comprehensively studies the current development status and challenges of China's power battery carbon footprint, and deeply analyzes the experiences and insights gained from the EU's carbon footprint management. It is proposed to accelerate the improvement of the top-level design for carbon footprint management, establish a comprehensive carbon footprint accounting framework, facilitate international mutual recognition of accounting systems, explore the market-oriented operation of power battery carbon footprints, and promote mutual recognition of international standards and regulations.

Biodiesel is a good substitute for petroleum diesel, because of its good environmental performance, good engine starting performance, good fuel performance, wide source of raw materials, renewable and so on, it has a wide application prospect. However, the fat composition and content of different raw materials are different, and the performance and emission characteristics of the prepared biodiesel also show different trends during combustion. Based on the types of raw materials for biodiesel production, this paper classifies biodiesel and summarizes the characteristics of different kinds of biodiesel. Firstly, the physical and chemical properties and the preparation process of biodiesel was introduced in detail. Secondly, this paper is different from the classification of biodiesel based on the technological iteration of biodiesel production, but classifies biodiesel according to the source of raw materials, which provides a basis for the summary of the table and the horizontal comparison of biodiesel produced from various raw materials. Then, the use characteristics and changing trends of biodiesel prepared from different kinds of raw materials are summarized and sorted out in the table, and the summarized experimental results are visually presented, the characteristics of biodiesel produced from different raw materials were evaluated, in all the studies on biodiesel, it has been shown that in terms of pollution emissions, the engine found that the emission of CO and carbon oxides was reduced when using most biodiesel, and most studies showed that the emission of hydrocarbons was also reduced, but the emission of NO_x was increased, which is almost a common feature of all different types of biodiesel. Finally, according to the limitations and shortcomings of different types of biodiesel in the use process, the future direction of biodiesel use characteristics optimization was proposed.

At present, the vehicle side impact safety evaluations rarely consider the effect of pre-crash braking on occupant posture. In order to study the occupant displacement induced by braking during the pre-crash phase and its impact on occupant kinematics and injury outcomes under side impact conditions, the paper combines volunteer experiments with CAE simulations. Three side impact models, including a standard posture model, a muscle-tensed model, and a muscle-relaxed model, were developed to compare differences in occupant kinematics and key injury indicators across the models. The results show that, during braking, the volunteers experienced greater displacement under the relaxed muscle state, with the maximum displacements of the head and first thoracic vertebra (T1) reaching 225 mm and 145 mm, respectively. This displacement significantly changed the contact between the upper body of the dummy and the side restraint system during the side impact, creating a risk that the dummy's chest could move outside the effective protection zone of side airbag. The peak Y-acceleration of the head was increased by 163.98 m/s²(79.4%), and the maximum abdominal compression was increased by 13.53 mm (64.0%) during the side impact. These results provide valuable insights for the development of advanced restraint systems and integrated safety testing methods.

Neural networks lack interpretability and the D-S theory is prone to paradoxes in high-conflict scenarios of multimodal fusion. In response, this paper proposes a result-level multimodal fusion method that integrates a confidence estimation network with an improved D-S theory. The method consist of two key components. First, a confidence estimation network reframes the classification problem in target detection as a confidence estimation task, providing confidence scores for the detection results of individual unimodal networks. Second, a fusion method with improved D-S theory uses confidence scores and class information to construct evidence, achieving final fusion of detection data from different modalities. Evaluation experiments on the KITTI dataset show that the proposed fusion method improves mAP by up to 6.64% compared to image-based detection and up to 15.43% compared to point cloud-based detection. In the comparison of fusion methods, the proposed fusion method achieves an mAP improvement 0.81% higher than the classical D-S fusion. It effectively reduces classification conflicts and addresses the limitations of the classical D-S theory.

In the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, integrated electric drive axles have emerged as a key pathway for commercial-vehicle electrification. Firstly, the paper introduces the typical configurations and layouts of integrated e-axles for commercial vehicles. Given the complexity and diversity of vehicle segments, it analyzes the suitability of electric drive axles for passenger cars, light trucks and pickups, as well as medium-and heavy-duty trucks. Next, the paper focuses on the motor, inverter, and transmission, which are the three core components, and summarizes recent advances in the key technologies supporting commercial-vehicle e-axles. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges these technologies still pose and describes their future prospects, providing a reference for the development and broader adoption of integrated electric drive axle systems in commercial vehicles.

The significant reduction in electric vehicle driving range at low temperatures has limited their widespread adoption in extremely cold regions. To address this industry challenge, this paper proposes an indirect heat pump system for light commercial electric vehicles operating in severe cold climates. The five-way valve design used in the system enables a high level of system integration, and satisfies the thermal demands of various vehicle subsystems under low-temperature conditions. A 1-D simulation model of the vehicle thermal management system was established and validated through bench testing. The low-temperature performance of the system was assessed using climate chamber experiments on the actual vehicle. The heating performance and energy consumption of the proposed system were compared with those of the traditional Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heating mode. The results show that the proposed thermal management system can meet the heating demands at low temperatures, with the average foot outlet temperature reaching 32.3 ℃ at an ambient temperature of -5 ℃. Compared with the traditional PTC heating, the heat pump system proves superior energy-saving performance, reducing system energy consumption by more than 50% and extending the driving range by approximately 15%.

In order to study the optimal posture angles and body-pressure distribution for passengers in an automotive zero-gravity seat, 30 subjects were recruited for subjective comfort assessments and static body pressure distribution tests. They adjusted the seat to their most comfortable position based on personal preference. Cameras recorded the resulting posture angles of each subject in the zero-gravity posture. Meanwhile, the pressure-sensing equipment captured the interface pressures between the human body and the seat. Non-parametric statistics was used to examine the influence of gender, stature percentile, and body mass index (BMI) on those posture angles and pressure distributions. The results show that gender significantly influences only the hip angle. Variations in stature percentile significantly affect the hip angle, the knee angle, and the mean pressure at the left shoulder. Changes in BMI significantly alter the mean pressure at the left shoulder region of the backrest, the lower back, and the entire backrest.