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Occupant Kinematics During Pre-Crash Braking and Injury Analysis of Out-of-Position Occupants in Side Impacts
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Dong CUI1, 2, Shuqian CAO1, Hao YANG3, Chengyue JIANG3, Feifei HAN2
Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering | 2025, 15(3) : 297 - 305
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Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering | 2025, 15(3): 297-305
• Safety Technology Section/ Editor-in-Chief：CAO Libo •
Occupant Kinematics During Pre-Crash Braking and Injury Analysis of Out-of-Position Occupants in Side Impacts
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Dong CUI1, 2, Shuqian CAO1, Hao YANG3, Chengyue JIANG3, Feifei HAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering，Tianjin University，Tianjin 300350，China
  • 2 CATARC（Tianjin）Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co.，Ltd.，Tianjin 300300，China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Automobile Parts Ministry of Education，Chongqing University of Technology，Chongqing 400054，China
Published: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.03
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At present, the vehicle side impact safety evaluations rarely consider the effect of pre-crash braking on occupant posture. In order to study the occupant displacement induced by braking during the pre-crash phase and its impact on occupant kinematics and injury outcomes under side impact conditions, the paper combines volunteer experiments with CAE simulations. Three side impact models, including a standard posture model, a muscle-tensed model, and a muscle-relaxed model, were developed to compare differences in occupant kinematics and key injury indicators across the models. The results show that, during braking, the volunteers experienced greater displacement under the relaxed muscle state, with the maximum displacements of the head and first thoracic vertebra (T1) reaching 225 mm and 145 mm, respectively. This displacement significantly changed the contact between the upper body of the dummy and the side restraint system during the side impact, creating a risk that the dummy's chest could move outside the effective protection zone of side airbag. The peak Y-acceleration of the head was increased by 163.98 m/s2(79.4%), and the maximum abdominal compression was increased by 13.53 mm (64.0%) during the side impact. These results provide valuable insights for the development of advanced restraint systems and integrated safety testing methods.

emergency braking  /  occupant displacement  /  side impact  /  occupant injury
Dong CUI, Shuqian CAO, Hao YANG, Chengyue JIANG, Feifei HAN. Occupant Kinematics During Pre-Crash Braking and Injury Analysis of Out-of-Position Occupants in Side Impacts[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (3) : 297 -305 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.03
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.03
  • Receive Date：2024-05-12
  • Online Date：2025-07-18
  • Published：2025-05-20
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  • Received：2024-05-12
  • Revised：2024-06-20
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Affiliations
    1 School of Mechanical Engineering，Tianjin University，Tianjin 300350，China
    2 CATARC（Tianjin）Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co.，Ltd.，Tianjin 300300，China
    3 Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Automobile Parts Ministry of Education，Chongqing University of Technology，Chongqing 400054，China
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/EN/10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.03
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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