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The significant reduction in electric vehicle driving range at low temperatures has limited their widespread adoption in extremely cold regions. To address this industry challenge, this paper proposes an indirect heat pump system for light commercial electric vehicles operating in severe cold climates. The five-way valve design used in the system enables a high level of system integration, and satisfies the thermal demands of various vehicle subsystems under low-temperature conditions. A 1-D simulation model of the vehicle thermal management system was established and validated through bench testing. The low-temperature performance of the system was assessed using climate chamber experiments on the actual vehicle. The heating performance and energy consumption of the proposed system were compared with those of the traditional Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heating mode. The results show that the proposed thermal management system can meet the heating demands at low temperatures, with the average foot outlet temperature reaching 32.3 ℃ at an ambient temperature of -5 ℃. Compared with the traditional PTC heating, the heat pump system proves superior energy-saving performance, reducing system energy consumption by more than 50% and extending the driving range by approximately 15%.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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