Earth system science represents one of the most challenging frontier scientific fields in today's world. This paper reviewed and analyzed a series of international large-scale scientific programs on global change led by the International Council for Science (ICSU) over the past half-century, including the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), DIVERSITAS, the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP), the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP), and the Future Earth research initiative for sustainable development. It explored the development process of earth system science driven by these programs and their contributions to promoting sustainable development of human society. The paper also highlighted the significance of China's participation in international large-scale scientific programs and puts forward specific recommendations.

The new round of 50-million-ton grain productivity enhancement program is an important initiative to safeguard the supply of grain and important agricultural products and to strengthen the foundation of food security in all aspects. This article reviews the current status of China's grain productivity and analyses the significance of the new round of 50-million-ton grain productivity enhancement program in China's agricultural development: the new round of 50-million-ton grain productivity enhancement program is an important support for guaranteeing food security, an important task for building an agricultural powerhouse, an inevitable requirement for promoting rural revitalization, and a powerful initiative to cope with external challenges. The article then summarizes the main features of the new round of 50-million-ton grain productivity enhancement program, put forward its logical shift from meeting subsistence needs to meet quality needs, from the pursuit of area production to the pursuit of capacity building, from the enhancement of elemental inputs to the connotative enhancement and from focusing on rations to the rations and feed grains, and comply with the development trend of China's agricultural development. This article puts forward a "1+N" strategic framework led by top-level design, with global policy planning and detailed action programs as the core, to be implemented through four key paths: first, cultivated land is cultivated to fix the foundation, enhance the comprehensive capacity of cultivated land, and lay a solid foundation for food production; second, technology is added to improve yields, promote efficiency of yields, and enhance production The third is the upgrading of agricultural machinery to reduce losses, accelerate the upgrading of agricultural machinery and equipment to reduce losses and waste in the production process; the fourth is the responsibility to promote the effectiveness of compaction, improve the assessment and supervision mechanism to ensure that the policy has been put in place and effective, so as to ensure that food production capacity is effectively enhanced, and to provide a strong guarantee for the stable development of China's grain production and national food security.

With the rapid growth of the global population and the challenges posed by climate change, rice breeding faces unprecedented pressures. This review explores the applications of both traditional and advanced breeding technologies in rice germplasm innovation, analyzing their respective strengths and limitations. Traditional breeding methods, such as mutagenesis, transgenic breeding, and hybrid breeding, have played a crucial role in expanding genetic diversity but are less efficient and struggle to meet the urgent demand for new rice varieties. In contrast, advanced technologies like molecular marker-assisted selection, gene editing, molecular design breeding, and doubled haploid breeding hold great potential for improving breeding efficiency and precision, though high costs and regulatory constraints remain major obstacles. This review suggests that a comprehensive approach combining various breeding techniques, strengthening genomic research, optimizing gene editing tools, and fostering international collaboration will accelerate the innovation and development of rice breeding. The conclusion emphasizes that integrating traditional and advanced technologies, especially through modern scientific tools, will significantly enhance rice breeding efficiency and provide stronger support for addressing global food security challenges.

From 2008 to 2022, China achieved a "Fifteen Consecutive Years of Abundance" (a term used to describe a sustained period of agricultural abundance) in oilseed production. Analyzing the underlying causes of this achievement is crucial for promoting sustained oilseed production growth. This paper quantitatively measured the contributions of three factors-yield per unit area, cultivated area, and structural adjustment of planting-to the increase in oilseed production during this period through formula decomposition. Focusing on the three major oilseed crops-soybean, rapeseed, and peanut-a Cobb-Douglas production function (C-D production function) model is constructed to analyze the impact of production input, policy, climate, and farmer behavior on oilseed yield per unit area. The results showed that: soybean contributed the most to the increase in oilseed production in China, followed by peanut and rapeseed, while other oilseed crops' contribution was the lowest. The improvement in yield per unit area made the most significant contribution to the increase in oilseed production in China, while the expansion of cultivated area and structural adjustment of planting contributed relatively less, and with the passage of time, the role of increasing per unit area yield in the increasing production of three major oilseed crops had become increasingly important. Seed cost, fertilizer cost, labor input, policy environment, and temperature had significant impacts on oilseed yield per unit area. Among them, seed cost, fertilizer cost, and labor input were important factors driving the increase in oilseed yield per unit area. Finally, based on the research results, targeted policy recommendations are proposed to promote future oilseed production increase.

With the growth of population and the limited resources of cultivated land, the traditional agricultural model of high input and high output has become unsustainable, and the ecological benefits of improving soil fertility, making full use of the spatiotemporal allocation of crop intercropping, enhancing the stability of farmland ecosystem, and promoting the economic and social benefits of sustainable agricultural development have become urgent problems to be solved in sustainable agricultural development. In this paper, the research status of soybean and maize strip composite planting at home and abroad was reviewed, and its effects on improving soil quality and ecological environment were discussed, and the advantages of optimizing the utilization of photosynthetic space resources and improving crop yield were clarified. As a resource-saving and environment-friendly technology model, soybean and corn strip compound planting has achieved remarkable effects on the efficient utilization of land resources, the enhancement of ecological stability and the improvement of crop yield, which solves the scientific and technological problems of single traditional planting mode, soil nutrient imbalance, insufficient utilization of farmland space resources, and diversified and stable economic benefits, and provides important theoretical support for promoting the wide application of soybean and corn strip compound planting technology and achieving high-quality and sustainable development goals of agriculture.

Nitrogen is crucial to plant growth and development, as well as to increasing yield and quality, but excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer can also lead to waste of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, gaining an in-depth understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of plant nitrogen utilization is of great significance for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency. This article systematically summarizes the latest research progress in plant nitrogen sensing, uptake, transport, assimilation and signal regulation in recent years. It also introduces the application status of research results on nitrogen regulatory pathways in crop breeding. These studies will lay the foundation for breeding new high-yield, high-efficiency, and eco-friendly crop varieties, promoting the sustainable development of crop production. Additionally, the article discusses the urgent issues to be addressed in future research on nitrogen signaling pathways and their applications.

Intrusion detection, as a key security protection method of software defined networks (SDN) architecture, can effectively ensure the secure and stable operation of SDN. By summarizing intrusion detection methods based on machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning and information entropy, this paper summarizes and analyzes the existing problems in SDN environment and points out future research directions, providing reference ideas for relevant researchers.

This paper inverts the chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration in the surface water of the Yellow River estuary and its adjacent seas based on the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) satellite remote sensing data, and verifies the GOCI data according to the measured Chl-a concentration in the surface water of the Yellow River estuary in 2019. The results show that the inverted Chl-a concentration is accurate. At the same time, through comparative analysis of the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of Chl-a concentration in the surface water of the Yellow River Estuary and its adjacent seas in the years with and without water and sediment regulation, this paper found that: First, in the years with water and sediment regulation, the Chl-a concentration continued to decrease from before the water and sediment regulation to the end of the water regulation period; from the beginning of the sediment regulation period, a large amount of sediment carrying a large amount of nutrients flowed into the study area in a short period of time, resulting in a significant increase in the Chl-a concentration in the sea area; second, the average concentration of Chl-a in the years with water and sediment regulation was generally lower than the average concentration in the years without water and sediment regulation, which indirectly indicates that water and sediment regulation caused a large amount of sediment to enter the sea, resulting in increased turbidity of the water body and reduced photosynthesis efficiency, which to a certain extent inhibited the outbreak of plankton, thereby preventing the occurrence of ecological problems such as red tides. In summary, the implementation of water and sediment regulation projects in my country has alleviated the siltation of reservoirs and riverbeds upstream of the Yellow River Estuary without causing damage to the ecological environment of the Yellow River Estuary Wetland and its adjacent sea areas. At the same time, the monitoring model constructed in this paper is of great significance.

Aiming at the problem of economic capacity allocation of large-scale wind power hydrogen production under the goal of "double carbon" and improving the flexibility of power grid, this paper will analyze the scenario value of hydrogen energy storage participating in frequency modulation auxiliary service, and put forward the calculation method of economic capacity to realize the calculation of the optimal hydrogen production capacity of single wind farm and provincial wind power. Considering the scale cost effect of electrolyzed water hydrogen production system, taking the maximum net present value as the goal, and considering the power grid frequency regulation demand, the objective function of economic optimization of hydrogen production capacity is constructed, and the initial investment cost, hydrogen production electricity price, frequency modulation mileage, electrolytic cell conversion rate and equipment degradation rate of electrolyzed water hydrogen production system are sensitively analyzed, and on this basis, the future hydrogen production economy of wind farms/groups is predicted. Finally, a typical wind farm in Jilin Province is taken as an example for analysis. The results show that the participation of wind power hydrogen production in the frequency modulation auxiliary service market can maximize the consumption of wind power and improve the dynamic regulation capacity of the power grid, while achieving the optimal economic objectives.

From 1974 to 1977, Yang Chen-Ning collaborated with Fudan University scholars including Gu Chaohao in a four-year joint research initiative. Focusing on the integral formulation of gauge fields, gravitational field equations, magnetic monopole theory, and instanton solutions, their interdisciplinary work synergized differential geometry with theoretical physics. Through this integration, they elucidated the physical significance of gravitational equations in gauge fields, unveiled mathematical correlations within the concept of magnetic charge, and provided geometric interpretations for instanton solutions. This collaboration elevated China's gauge field research to international standards, fostered scientific talent, established academic exchange channels between China and foreign countries, and became a paradigm of interdisciplinary cooperation.