The progressive intensification of the population aging trend has rendered proactive engagement with this challenge exceedingly imperative. Aging denotes the organ function decline over time, the process of which is closely related to the occurrence of a variety of chronic diseases. To reveal the biological basis of aging and develop effective intervention measures has become an important and urgent issue facing the biomedical community. In this paper, the core issues of aging research were discussed, and the construction of aging model, mechanism exploration, quantification of aging degrees and implementation of intervention strategies were reviewed. The following suggestions are made: a diversified and systematic research system should be adopted in the research of aging; the aging mechanism is interpreted through the thinking combining reductionism and holistic view; a universal, reliable and highly sensitive detection system should be explored, and accurate and efficient aging intervention strategies should be developed to address the challenges posed by population aging.

Pathological process of osteoarthritis (OA) starts from cartilage degeneration, and tissue engineering technology is the only way to reverse OA at present. This study focuses on patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and cartilage injury. Through a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial, the efficacy and quality of cartilage repair were compared between Matrixinduced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (MACI) alone and MACI combined with platelet rich plasma (PRP), aiming to identify the optimal clinical model for cartilage repair. T2 Mapping was used to evaluate the biological quality of newly formed cartilage, T1 weighted three-dimensional gradient echo volume interpolation breath holding examination (3D-T1W-Vibe) was used to evaluate the morphological quality of newly formed cartilage, and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was used to evaluate overall knee joint function. The results showed that the T2 Mapping values of the MACI+RP group were significantly lower than those of the MACI group at 1-2 years after surgery. At 6 months after surgery, the KOOS score of the MACI+RP group was significantly higher than that of the MACI group. However, at 1-2 years after surgery, the KOOS scores of both groups returned to the same level. The combination of MACI and PRP technology for repairing KOA cartilage defects achieves better biological quality of newly formed cartilage, closer to natural transparent cartilage, and faster postoperative recovery of knee joint function.

Lung cancer is the most common lung malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related death. Non platelet RNAcontaining particles (NPRCP) are a new type of regenerative particles. The aim of the study is to clarify the effects of NPRCP on lung cancer cells by observing the influence of NPRCP at different concentrations on inhibition ratio, cell surface markers, and cell cycle of A549 cells. The indicators are the cell inhibition ration after co-culture of NPRCP and A549 cells, and the cell cycle of A549 and the expression rate of CD133, CD44, CD24 and ABCG2 detected by flow cytometry. The results show inhibitory dose-response and time-dependent effect of NPRCP on lung cancer A549 cells. As the concentration of NPRCP increased, the CD44 expression rate on A549 cells decreased significantly. It suggests that NPRCP can inhibit the proliferation and CD44 expression of lung cancer A549 cells, and NPRCP may inhibit tumor proliferation and metastasis by downregulating the CD44 expression of A549 cells.

γ-aminobutyric acid (γ-amino butyric acid, GABA) is a new food supplement in China. According to current studies, foodborne GABA is believed to be able to promote health and resist various chronic diseases. In this paper, the metabolism, effects and mechanisms of food-borne and endogenous GABA in mammalian organism, and safety and content of GABA in foods were reviewed. The design and main results of human trials of exogenous GABA supplementation were summarized. Existing randomized controlled trials (RCT) show that GABA intake plays a role in neuroregulation, such as anti-anxiety and improvement of sleep disorders, and lowering blood pressure and regulating blood sugar in both patients and healthy subjects. However, the dose ranges of GABA from different sources are different, and the functional dose range of GABA from natural food supplement is lower than that of biosynthetic GABA. Due to certain design defects of the previous RCTs, quality RCT studies are needed in the future to further clarify the clinical effect of exogenous GABA.

The number of stroke patients in China ranks first in the world. Cryptogenic stroke (CS)，a special type of ischemic stroke, is closely related to patent foramen ovale (PFO). This study focuses on the elderly PFO population at risk of stroke. Through long-term follow-up studies, the aim is to clarify the protective effect and clinical advantages of PFO closure on cerebrovascular adverse events. The endpoint indicators include recurrent stroke/recurrent transient cerebral ischemia, while the remaining indicators include general information and baseline clinical indicators. The follow-up results showed that the incidence rate of cerebrovascular adverse events in the conservative treatment group (5/21, P=0.03) was significantly higher than that in the PFO closure group (1/39) 3 years after treatment. Logistic analysis showed that whether to accept PFO closure was the only independent risk factor for predicting cerebrovascular adverse events in elderly patients with stroke risk (OR=11.562, P=0.003), suggesting that PFO closure surgery can benefit elderly individuals at risk of stroke. Compared with the group receiving PFO closure surgery, the conservative drug treatment group had an 11.562 times higher risk of developing cerebrovascular adverse events in the following 3 years.

With the acceleration of population aging, the incidence of senile depression is increasing year by year, which seriously threatens the physical and mental health of the elder adults. As a special group of patients, the senile depression patients are often accompanied with physical diseases. This study evaluated the antidepressant efficacy and prognostic quality of life (QoL) of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with low-dose Duloxetine in elderly patients of depression with comorbidities. The indicators are the clinical onset time of the antidepressant based on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), the antidepressant efficacy based on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the Croog QoL. The results show that the clinical effective rate (77.4%) of the treatment group at 2 weeks was significantly higher than that of the control group (60.8%) (P=0.027). The depression level of the treatment group at 1 year was lower than that of the control group (P=0.005), and the QoL of the treatment group at 1 and 1.5 years was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.001) (P=0.035). It suggests that the CBT combined with antidepressant can shorten the onset time, improve its efficacy and the overall function and prognostic QoL of the patients, helping them to return to social activities.

With an increasing aging population, China has witnessed an increasing incidence of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) year by year. This study compares the outcomes of minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty (MIS-TKA) with that of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), including postoperative recovery speed, range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, proprioception, and overall function in elderly KOA patients. The aim is to find the optimal surgical strategy to the benefit of postoperative recovery in elderly patients with moderate to severe KOA. The indicators include the first postoperative active flexion to 90°, the first postoperative ambulation without assistance, ROM of the joint, chair rising test (CRT) , and Berg balance scale (BBS) score and Knee Joint Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) of post-op six months. The results show that the first post-op flexion to 90° and first post-op ambulation for the UKA patients are significantly earlier than the MIS-TKA patients. Meanwhile, the CRT and KOOS score at post-op six months in UKA group are significantly lower than those of the MIS-TKA group, while the BBS score is significantly higher than that of the MIS-TKA group. The results suggest that the early post-op angle and muscle strength recovery of the UKA patients is faster than MIS-TKA patients, and the rehabilitation of lower limb muscle strength, proprioceptive balance sense, and overall functional level at post-op six months of the UKA patients are better than those of the MIS-TKA patients.

Oxidative stress is an important mechanism of cell aging and injury, and extensive exercise can cause oxidative stress damage to cells of multiple systems/organs in body. Probiotic supplements have many biological functions, such as antioxidant and immune regulation. This study focuses on high-level athletes, aiming to clarify the protective effect of probiotic supplements on exercise-related oxidative stress damage, by analyzing the impact of probiotic supplements on oxidative stress, inflammation levels, and immune state. Oxidative stress indicators are serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC); Inflammatory markers include serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)-α, and the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6); Immune indicators include peripheral blood CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD25+T cell counts. The results showed that probiotic supplements can increase the levels of SOD, GSH, TAOC, CD4+CD25+T cell counts, and reduce the levels of MDA, TNF-α, CD4+, and CD8+ cell counts, indicating that probiotic supplements can improve the oxidative stress and inflammation caused by extensive exercise, and improve immune regulatory functions.

The incidence of endometriosis (EMS) in perimenopausal women is relatively higher and can undergo malignant transformation with age, requiring surgical treatment. Perimenopausal EMS patients are prone to postoperative Qi and blood deficiency, leading to recurrence, perimenopausal syndrome, poor surgical incision healing, and other complications, which are harmful to overall recovery. This article reviews the application value and potential mechanisms of Chinese medicine in postoperative treatment of perimenopausal EMS patients. It is found that the postoperative application of internal and external therapies of Chinese medicine for perimenopausal EMS can achieve both internal and external outcomes based on syndrome differentiation and staging. With pathogenesis of EMS, clinical manifestations of perimenopause, and adverse effects of surgical trauma being taken into consideration, it can reduce recurrence rate, relieve perimenopausal symptoms, enhance therapeutic effect, promote patient recovery, and accelerate wound healing, which has proved its clinical promotion value.

Elderly patients of intertrochanteric fracture suffered in high surgical mortality rate and bad prognosis. This study aims to clarify the clinical value of Chinese medicine comprehensive rehabilitation on postoperative complications, rehabilitation progress, and long-term prognosis of elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures. Perioperative rehabilitation indicators include the first ambulation without assistance after surgery, drainage volume, visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain, and bilateral thigh circumference difference. Long-term prognosis and rehabilitation evaluation include Harris score for hip joint function and ADL score. The results showed that the first ambulation time, total postoperative drainage volume, VAS scores of the affected limb and the differences in bilateral thigh circumference both at 1 week after surgery and discharge in the group of Chinese medicine comprehensive rehabilitation were significantly lower than those in the control group. The Harris score and ADL score at 1 month after surgery of the Chinese medicine group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The postoperative ADL score in the Chinese medicine group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the overall incidence of complications was significantly lower than that in the control group. Comprehensive rehabilitation of Chinese medicine can significantly reduce the hidden blood loss, edema, and pain during the perioperative period after fracture surgery, promote early functional recovery of patients, accelerate postoperative recovery of hip joint function, and improve the overall prognostic quality of life for the patients.

Large cohort study has become an important open scientific research infrastructure and health decision-making support platform in the field of biomedicine and public health. With increasingly highlighted significance, large cohort construction has been laid out in many countries. In this paper, by focusing on the organizational mechanism, funding source, construction mode, standardization scheme, resource management and sharing strategy, etc. of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Europe), the key to its successful implementation and operation was deeply analyzed, in order to provide experience reference for the construction of a comprehensive, shared and open large cohort with multi-agent collaboration. Results show that continuous input and long-term scientific research mechanism guarantee is indispensable to the construction of multi-agent collaborative alliance distributed large-scale cohort, and its sustainable and high-quality construction also requires forward-looking top-level design, a coordinated and unified management mechanism, standard and comprehensive data and biological sample collection, and a sound policy guarantee system. The following suggestions are made: the government should take a leading role in the planning and scientific design to establish an integrated large-scale cohort organization and management system; special projects with long-term stable support should be set up to ensure the continuous and high-quality construction of large cohorts; a standard and unified construction and management scheme need to be established to ensure the standardization and systematization of large cohort resources; the scale, type and quality of data resources should be improved to establish, open and share high-quality large cohorts; reasonable systems for the protection of human genetic resources and the management of intellectual property rights should be further explored.

The effect of post-heat treatment on the microstructure and microhardness of laser cladded high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel coating was investigated. The microstructure of the coating was analyzed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and the microhardness was measured with a Vickers indenter. Decomposition of the retained austenite in the coating occurred during the post-heat treatment. As the temperature increased from 200 ℃ to 600 ℃, the quantity of the retained austenite at the boundaries decreased significantly, while that of the needleshaped M₃C cementite and M₂C carbides increased. The M₂C carbides evidently coarsened when the temperature was 550 ℃ and 600 ℃. The microhardness of high Co-Ni steel coating increased as the temperature of heat treatment increased from 200 ℃ to 400 ℃ because the fine-scale M₂C carbides were coherent with the matrix and increased distinctly in this temperature range. While the microhardness decreased sharply when the temperature was improved from 500 ℃ to 600 ℃ due to both the incoherency of the coarsened M₂C carbides and the recovery of dislocations in the carbon-supersaturated matrix.