Objective To investigate the expression and significance of human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) and neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) in prostatic fluid of chronic prostatitis patients with different infection degrees. Methods One hundred and seventy-eight patients with chronic prostatitis admitted to the Affiliated Ethnic Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from February 2017 to October 2019 were selected as the research objects. According to whether they were infected with bacteria, the patients were divided into chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndromes group (CP/CPPS group, n=40) and chronic bacterial prostatitis group (CBP group, n=138). According to National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI)score, CBP group was divided into mild group (n=65), moderate group (n=46) and severe group (n=27), and another 40 healthy people were selected as control group. Age, body mass index (BMI), course of disease, white blood cell (WBC), and NIH-CPSI score were recorded and analyzed. The expression level of HNL in prostatic fluid was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression level of nCD64 in prostatic fluid was detected by flow cytometry. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between both HNL and NCD64 levels and NIH-CPSI score in the CBP group. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of CBP and CP/CPPS. ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of HNL and nCD64 for CBP. Results Compared with the control group, WBC, HNL and nCD64 levels in CP/CPPS group, CBP group and its subgroups were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the CBP group was higher than CP/CPPS group, and the CBP subgroup increased with the increase of infection degree, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in NIH-CPSI score between CP/CPPS group and CBP group (P>0.05), but NIH-CPSI score of moderate group was higher than that of mild group, and that of severe group was higher than that of moderate group and mild group(P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the levels of HNL and nCD64 in prostatic fluid of CBP group were significantly positively correlated with NIH-CPSI score (r=0.897, P<0.001; r=0.919, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that bacterial infection, HNL, and nCD64 were independent risk factors for CBP (P<0.05). Other pathogen infections, urinary dysfunction, neuroendocrine abnormalities, abnormal immune response, and pelvis related diseases were independent risk factors for CP/CPPS (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that HNL and nCD64 in prostatic fluid had higher diagnostic value for the occurrence of CBP, area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.837 and 0.899 respectively, and the best critical values were 165.36 μg/L and 4078.28/cells respectively. The combination of the two (HNL and nCD64) had higher diagnostic value, with AUC of 0.949. Conclusion The levels of HNL and nCD64 in prostatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis increased with the aggravation of the bacterial infection, showing a positive correlation, and the combined monitoring of HNL and nCD64 is of reference value for clinical diagnosis and the judgment of infection degree.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the ratio of serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C/HDL-C) and microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Methods A total of 576 patients with T2DM hospitalized in the Endocrinology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from 2017 to 2019 were included in present study (373 males and 203 females, aged 59±11.8 years). The clinical data of patients were collected including: age, height, weight, history of smoking, duration of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1c), comorbidities, medication status, blood lipid level, etc. The values of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) and the ratio of Non-HDL-C and HDL-C (Non-HDL-C/HDL-C) were then calculated. Depending on whether they have microalbuminuria and diabetic retinopathy, patients were divided into groups for comparative statistical analysis, the binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of microalbuminuria and diabetic retinopathy. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was adopted to analyze the predictive value of Non-HDL-C/HDL-C for microalbuminuria. Results The age, course of disease, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), Non-HDL-C, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, hypertension and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) hypotensive drugs were all higher, but the HDL-C was lower in microalbuminuria group than those in non-proteinuria group with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The course of disease longer and the proportion of hypertension is higher in retinopathy group than those in non-nephropathy group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis revealed that high systolic blood pressure, high creatinine level, and high Non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio were the influencing factors for the occurrence of microalbuminuria (P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of combined systolic blood pressure, creatinine level and Non-HDL-C/HDL-C to predict microalbuminuria is 0.774. Conclusions A large Non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio is a risk factor for occurrence of microalbuminuria in patients with T2DM. Combined detection of systolic blood pressure, creatinine level and Non-HDL-C/HDL-C has a high predictive value for microalbuminuria, so is worthy of clinical reference.

Bone injury is the most common type of war wound, and different from ordinary open bone injury. The war wound bone injury caused by high-energy weapons has the characteristics of deep bleeding site, coagulation dysfunction, multi bacteria infection and large bone defect area, so it is difficult to be treated in battlefield. Mesoporous silica is a new type of inorganic nano biomaterial, which is widely used in bleeding treatment and bone tissue engineering due to its high specific surface area, large porosity and easy modification. Compared with the traditional materials for the treatment of traumatic bone injury, mesoporous silica has the advantages of local sustained hemostasis, broad-spectrum, sustained-release and strong mechanical support. Its main research direction is the composite and multifunctional materials. The surface functionalized mesoporous silica has the functions of hemostasis and infectious bone defect repair. However, there are still some problems such as unclear biological distribution in vivo and hepatorenal toxicity in large doses of mesoporous silica materials; in terms of preparation technology, there are still some problems such as unclear selection of pore size and shape of materials for promoting bone formation. Based on the actual needs of the treatment of war-induced bone injuries, the multifunctional, easy-to-use and portable properties of new mesoporous silica materials are reviewed in this paper.

As a crucial microelement of human body, iron is involved in many important physiological processes. Serum ferritin (SF) is the main form of protein for iron storage, and regulates the storage and metabolism of iron. Although detection of ferritin has been applied for clinical use for a long time, some biological properties of ferritin still remain controversial, including its tissue origin, secretory pathway, interactions with receptors and cellular effects. Although many researches paid attention to the relationship between the changes of ferritin and liver diseases, the cut-off points of ferritin used varies in different studies, which hinders the consistency analysis of the results of different studies. It is urgent to explore and establish uniform standard for the parameter of ferritin, so as to better elucidate the iron status in the body reflected by changes in ferritin. This paper reviews the in vivo metabolic process of iron, the structural composition and pathophysiological function of ferritin, and the relationship between SF and liver diseases for providing guidance for future research.

Long non-conding RNA (lncRNA) is a group of RNA with a length of more than 200 nt and no function of coding protein, and plays a physiological function at the level of heredity, transcription and post transcription. LncRNA can regulate multiple signal pathways. For example, hepatic fibrosis-associated lncRNA1 (LFAR1) promotes the activation of hepatic stellate cells(HSC) through transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signal pathway in the progress of liver fibrosis; HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (Hotair) promotes the activation of HSC as ceRNA; lncRNA-p21 inhibits the activation of HSC as ceRNA;maternally expressed gene 8 (MEG8) can inhibit the activation of HSC in hepatic cell by inhibiting Notch pathway. With more and more people's understanding of the function of lncRNA in liver fibrosis, it is expected to become a new target in the early diagnosis, prognosis judgment and treatment of fibrosis. This article reviews the research progress of lncRNA in liver fibrosis..

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the common chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and characterized mainly by the deposition of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and neuronal and synaptic loss. Currently approved drugs can only alleviate the symptoms and cannot completely cure the disease. Stem cells have specific abilities of self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation and reprogramming. In particular, the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) developed in recent years have provided a new research strategy for the treatment of AD. The combination of iPSCs technology with gene editing,3D-like organs, and biomaterial scaffolds has resulted in a new approach to the recognition and treatment of AD. This review mainly summarizes the latest applications of iPSCs in AD, including the application of disease modeling in the research of pathogenesis of AD and early biomarker detection, the combination of iPSCs and 3D scaffold in cell therapy, and the application of iPSCs in high-throughput drug screening.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are new anticancer agents in recent years, and are monoclonal autoantibodies specifically targeting T cell inhibitory receptors, may enhance the anti-tumor effect by blocking negative regulatory factors that inhibit T cell function. ICIs can generate peculiar immunotoxicity, called immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can potentially affect many tissues, the most frequent toxic reactions to endocrine system include hypophysitis, thyroid dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency, and autoimmune diabetes mellitus. The treatment process of such adverse reactions has been further elaborated in present review through the introduction of the endocrine irAEs induced by ICIs in immunotherapy, aiming to provide clinicians with ideas for the treatment of endocrine irAEs.

Heat stroke is the most severe form of heat-related illness, characterized by an elevated core body temperature(> 40 ℃) and an altered level of central nervous system dysfunction. The primary goal of treatment for heat stroke is to lower core body temperature, and evidence suggests that timely cooling promotes survival with limited sequelae. Intravascular cooling technique is a new cooling technique gradually applied in intensive care medicine in recent years, which can directly cool or rewarm blood, and can provide a larger cooling rate than traditional cooling methods. The focus of this article is to review the research progress of intravascular cooling technique on clinical application, and discuss the feasibility and safety of intravascular temperature management for heat stroke.

Objective To explore the effects of mid-term (4 weeks) and long-term (8 weeks) simulated microgravity on calcification of the common carotid artery in the rats. Methods Hindlimb-unweighted (HU) rat model was used to simulate the effects of weightlessness on the cardiovascular system. Seventy-five male SD rats were randomized into the control group, 4-week HU group (HU4w), and 8-week HU group (HU8w). After the common carotid arteries were separated, the quantification of calcium content and the alizarin red staining were used to detect the calcium salt deposition in the common carotid arteries. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of common carotid arteries was measured. Western blotting and the real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) were performed to measure the protein and mRNA levels of Runx2, Msx2, BMP2, osteocalcin, and SM22α. Results Compared with the control group, the calcium content and the calcium salt deposition were increased, meanwhile, the ALP activity was enhanced in the common carotid arteries of 4-week and 8-week HU rats. Besides, the protein and mRNA levels of Runx2, Msx2, BMP2, osteocalcin were increased, while those of SM22α were decreased in the common carotid arteries of 4-week and 8-week HU rats (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Interestingly, there was no statistically significant difference of above tests between the HU4w and HU8w groups. Conclusion Mid- and long-term simulated microgravity induced the osteogenic transdifferentiation of smooth muscle cells and calcification in the common carotid artery of rats, while the degree of calcification did not change significantly with the prolonged period of simulated microgravity.

Objective To investigate the effects of simulated 2-week microgravity on the ocular fundus hemodynamics of central retinal artery and the retinal and choroidal thickness in autogenous rats. Methods Eight healthy SD rats were designed in self-control, designed for the control before tail suspension, the tail suspension for 1, 4, 7 and 14 d. A rat model of simulated microgravity method was established by tail suspension. The peak maximum systolic velocity (PSV) of central retinal artery(CRA) in rats was detected and analyzed by color Doppler ultrasonography. The retinal and choroidal thicknesses were measured by the enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI SD-OCT). Results The PSV value in each different period after tail suspension was decreased compared with that in the control before tail suspension (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in PSV value between the tail suspension for 1 d and both the tail suspension for 4 d and 7 d (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference between the tail suspension for 1 d and the tail suspension for 14 d (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in retinal thickness between the control and the each different periods after tail suspension (P>0.05). The choroidal thickness was lower in the control before tail suspension than that in each different period after tail suspension (P<0.05). Compared with the tail suspension for 1 d, the choroidal thickness of the rats was significantly increased in the tail suspension for 4, 7 and 14 d respectively (P<0.05). Conclusions Two-week simulated microgravity environment has significant effects on the fundus blood flow and choroid thickness in rats, but has no obvious effect on the retinal thickness in rats. The fundus flow velocity would decrease and choroid thickness would increase with the prolongation of the tail suspension time.