Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the common chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and characterized mainly by the deposition of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and neuronal and synaptic loss. Currently approved drugs can only alleviate the symptoms and cannot completely cure the disease. Stem cells have specific abilities of self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation and reprogramming. In particular, the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) developed in recent years have provided a new research strategy for the treatment of AD. The combination of iPSCs technology with gene editing,3D-like organs, and biomaterial scaffolds has resulted in a new approach to the recognition and treatment of AD. This review mainly summarizes the latest applications of iPSCs in AD, including the application of disease modeling in the research of pathogenesis of AD and early biomarker detection, the combination of iPSCs and 3D scaffold in cell therapy, and the application of iPSCs in high-throughput drug screening.

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) and neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) in prostatic fluid of chronic prostatitis patients with different infection degrees. Methods One hundred and seventy-eight patients with chronic prostatitis admitted to the Affiliated Ethnic Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from February 2017 to October 2019 were selected as the research objects. According to whether they were infected with bacteria, the patients were divided into chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndromes group (CP/CPPS group, n=40) and chronic bacterial prostatitis group (CBP group, n=138). According to National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI)score, CBP group was divided into mild group (n=65), moderate group (n=46) and severe group (n=27), and another 40 healthy people were selected as control group. Age, body mass index (BMI), course of disease, white blood cell (WBC), and NIH-CPSI score were recorded and analyzed. The expression level of HNL in prostatic fluid was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression level of nCD64 in prostatic fluid was detected by flow cytometry. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between both HNL and NCD64 levels and NIH-CPSI score in the CBP group. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of CBP and CP/CPPS. ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of HNL and nCD64 for CBP. Results Compared with the control group, WBC, HNL and nCD64 levels in CP/CPPS group, CBP group and its subgroups were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the CBP group was higher than CP/CPPS group, and the CBP subgroup increased with the increase of infection degree, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in NIH-CPSI score between CP/CPPS group and CBP group (P>0.05), but NIH-CPSI score of moderate group was higher than that of mild group, and that of severe group was higher than that of moderate group and mild group(P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the levels of HNL and nCD64 in prostatic fluid of CBP group were significantly positively correlated with NIH-CPSI score (r=0.897, P<0.001; r=0.919, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that bacterial infection, HNL, and nCD64 were independent risk factors for CBP (P<0.05). Other pathogen infections, urinary dysfunction, neuroendocrine abnormalities, abnormal immune response, and pelvis related diseases were independent risk factors for CP/CPPS (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that HNL and nCD64 in prostatic fluid had higher diagnostic value for the occurrence of CBP, area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.837 and 0.899 respectively, and the best critical values were 165.36 μg/L and 4078.28/cells respectively. The combination of the two (HNL and nCD64) had higher diagnostic value, with AUC of 0.949. Conclusion The levels of HNL and nCD64 in prostatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis increased with the aggravation of the bacterial infection, showing a positive correlation, and the combined monitoring of HNL and nCD64 is of reference value for clinical diagnosis and the judgment of infection degree.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the ratio of serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C/HDL-C) and microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Methods A total of 576 patients with T2DM hospitalized in the Endocrinology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from 2017 to 2019 were included in present study (373 males and 203 females, aged 59±11.8 years). The clinical data of patients were collected including: age, height, weight, history of smoking, duration of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1c), comorbidities, medication status, blood lipid level, etc. The values of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) and the ratio of Non-HDL-C and HDL-C (Non-HDL-C/HDL-C) were then calculated. Depending on whether they have microalbuminuria and diabetic retinopathy, patients were divided into groups for comparative statistical analysis, the binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of microalbuminuria and diabetic retinopathy. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was adopted to analyze the predictive value of Non-HDL-C/HDL-C for microalbuminuria. Results The age, course of disease, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), Non-HDL-C, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, hypertension and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) hypotensive drugs were all higher, but the HDL-C was lower in microalbuminuria group than those in non-proteinuria group with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The course of disease longer and the proportion of hypertension is higher in retinopathy group than those in non-nephropathy group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis revealed that high systolic blood pressure, high creatinine level, and high Non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio were the influencing factors for the occurrence of microalbuminuria (P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of combined systolic blood pressure, creatinine level and Non-HDL-C/HDL-C to predict microalbuminuria is 0.774. Conclusions A large Non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio is a risk factor for occurrence of microalbuminuria in patients with T2DM. Combined detection of systolic blood pressure, creatinine level and Non-HDL-C/HDL-C has a high predictive value for microalbuminuria, so is worthy of clinical reference.

As a crucial microelement of human body, iron is involved in many important physiological processes. Serum ferritin (SF) is the main form of protein for iron storage, and regulates the storage and metabolism of iron. Although detection of ferritin has been applied for clinical use for a long time, some biological properties of ferritin still remain controversial, including its tissue origin, secretory pathway, interactions with receptors and cellular effects. Although many researches paid attention to the relationship between the changes of ferritin and liver diseases, the cut-off points of ferritin used varies in different studies, which hinders the consistency analysis of the results of different studies. It is urgent to explore and establish uniform standard for the parameter of ferritin, so as to better elucidate the iron status in the body reflected by changes in ferritin. This paper reviews the in vivo metabolic process of iron, the structural composition and pathophysiological function of ferritin, and the relationship between SF and liver diseases for providing guidance for future research.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in the immune induction of deceased donor renal re-transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 20 renal re-transplantation patients treated with ATG from June 2017 to November 2020, were retrospectively studied. The safety was assessed with T lymphocyte subsets, pulmonary infection, and bone marrow suppression. The efficacy was assessed with acute rejection (AR) and delayed graft function (DGF). Results The study contained 15 males and 5 females. The average age was 45.7 (25-71) years; 6 patients were positive for prestored antibody and 14 negative antibody; 17 patients received a second transplantation, 3 did a third transplantation. T lymphocytes decreased more than 70% in average induced by ATG on the 1st day after surgery and gradually recovered to 50% of the amount on the 3rd day after surgery (P<0.01). Two weeks after surgery, the number of T lymphocytes recovered to the pretransplant level. NK cells showed a continuous decline (P<0.01). There were 5 patients (25.0%) who suffered AR, 1 patient (5.0%) did DGF, 7 patients(35.0%) presented with pulmonary infection, 5 patients (25.0%) presented with bone marrow suppression, and no ATG allergic reaction cases. The median follow-up period was 17.6 (6-53) months. During the follow-up period, 19 patients (95.0%) survived with allograft and 1 (5.0%) died. Conclusions ATG can significantly suppress the activation and proliferation of T cells, reduce the incidence of AR, and improve the short-term functional recovery of allograft with kidney re-transplantation. ATG induction does not increase the incidence of infection, and the clinical safety of ATG application is reliable.

Long non-conding RNA (lncRNA) is a group of RNA with a length of more than 200 nt and no function of coding protein, and plays a physiological function at the level of heredity, transcription and post transcription. LncRNA can regulate multiple signal pathways. For example, hepatic fibrosis-associated lncRNA1 (LFAR1) promotes the activation of hepatic stellate cells(HSC) through transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signal pathway in the progress of liver fibrosis; HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (Hotair) promotes the activation of HSC as ceRNA; lncRNA-p21 inhibits the activation of HSC as ceRNA;maternally expressed gene 8 (MEG8) can inhibit the activation of HSC in hepatic cell by inhibiting Notch pathway. With more and more people's understanding of the function of lncRNA in liver fibrosis, it is expected to become a new target in the early diagnosis, prognosis judgment and treatment of fibrosis. This article reviews the research progress of lncRNA in liver fibrosis..

Heat stroke is the most severe form of heat-related illness, characterized by an elevated core body temperature(> 40 ℃) and an altered level of central nervous system dysfunction. The primary goal of treatment for heat stroke is to lower core body temperature, and evidence suggests that timely cooling promotes survival with limited sequelae. Intravascular cooling technique is a new cooling technique gradually applied in intensive care medicine in recent years, which can directly cool or rewarm blood, and can provide a larger cooling rate than traditional cooling methods. The focus of this article is to review the research progress of intravascular cooling technique on clinical application, and discuss the feasibility and safety of intravascular temperature management for heat stroke.

Bone injury is the most common type of war wound, and different from ordinary open bone injury. The war wound bone injury caused by high-energy weapons has the characteristics of deep bleeding site, coagulation dysfunction, multi bacteria infection and large bone defect area, so it is difficult to be treated in battlefield. Mesoporous silica is a new type of inorganic nano biomaterial, which is widely used in bleeding treatment and bone tissue engineering due to its high specific surface area, large porosity and easy modification. Compared with the traditional materials for the treatment of traumatic bone injury, mesoporous silica has the advantages of local sustained hemostasis, broad-spectrum, sustained-release and strong mechanical support. Its main research direction is the composite and multifunctional materials. The surface functionalized mesoporous silica has the functions of hemostasis and infectious bone defect repair. However, there are still some problems such as unclear biological distribution in vivo and hepatorenal toxicity in large doses of mesoporous silica materials; in terms of preparation technology, there are still some problems such as unclear selection of pore size and shape of materials for promoting bone formation. Based on the actual needs of the treatment of war-induced bone injuries, the multifunctional, easy-to-use and portable properties of new mesoporous silica materials are reviewed in this paper.

Objective To investigate the effect of miR-1285 on migration and invasion of ovarian cancer OVCAR3 cells and its mechanism. Methods Human ovarian cancer OVCAR3 cells in logarithmic growth phase were collected and randomly divided into control group (liposomes added only), miR-1285-NC group (transfected randomly, nonsense sequence), miR-1285-mimics group (transfected with miR-1285-mimics), miR-1285-mimics+yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) group (transfected with miR-1285 mimics and YAP1 overexpressed sequence). Stable transfected cells of each group were tested for relative expression level of miR-1285 by qRT-PCR, for cells migration ability by scratch test, for cells invasion ability by Transwell test, and for the expression levels of YAP1, E-cadherin and vimentin protein by Western blotting. Results The relative expression levels of miR-1285 were obviously higher in miR-1285-mimics group and miR-1285-mimics+YAP1 group than those in control group and miR-1285-NC group (P<0.05), while no significant difference when compared between control group and miR-1285-NC group and between miR-1285-mimics group and miR-1285-mimics+YAP1 group (P>0.05). The wound healing rate and the number of transmembrane cells were decreased in miR-1285-mimics group and miR-1285-mimics+YAP1 group than those in control group and miR-1285-NC group (P<0.05); among which the wound healing rate was obviously higher and much more transmembrane cells in miR-1285-mimics+YAP1 group than those in miR-1285-mimics group (P<0.05). The relative expression levels of YAP1 and Vimentin protein decreased and of E-cadherin protein increased in miR-1285-mimics group and miR-1285-mimics+YAP1 group than those in control group and miR-1285-NC group (P<0.05); while the relative expression levels of YAP1 and Vimentin protein were obviously higher and of E-cadherin protein markedly lower in miR-1285-mimics+YAP1 group than those in miR-1285-mimics group (P<0.05). No significant difference existed between miR-1285-NC group and control group on the wound healing rate, number of transmembrane cells and the relative expression levels of YAP1, Vimentin protein and E-cadherin protein (P>0.05). Conclusion Overexpression of miR-1285 may inhibit the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells by down-regulating the expression level of YAP1.

Objective To investigate the potential mechanisms of sulfate sodium (DS) on suppressing human gastric cancer cells (HGC-27) invasion and migration through regulating M2 tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs). Methods (1) In vitro experiment: Differentiation of human monocytes (THP-1) into M0 macrophages was induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA). Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 13 (IL-13) were used to activate M0 macrophages into M2 macrophages. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of CD163, a specific marker of M2-TAMs. HGC-27 cells were divided into 4 groups, including the control group, DS group, M2 group (co-culture of M2 and HGC-27 cells) and M2+DS group (co-culture of M2 and HGC-27 cells treated with DS). Transwell and scratch tests were performed to detect the invasion and migration ability of HGC-27 cells. (2) Animal experiment: 24 nude mice were randomized into control group (n=12) and DS group(n=12). After 24 h intraperitoneally injecting HGC-27 cells, mice were treated with DS (DS group) or saline (control group) through intraperitoneal injections. Later, mice were sacrificed after 14 days. The number of nodules induced by peritoneal implantation of gastric cancer cells was counted and the omentum tumor tissue was collected to examine CD163 expression levels using immunohistochemistry. (3) Human gastric cancer tissue: Clinical gastric cancer samples were collected; the expression of CD163 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results (1) In vitro experiment: The expression of CD163 in successfully induced-M2 macrophages was increased; DS could inhibit the polarization of M0 to M2 macrophages; Compared with M2 group, M2+DS group could significantly reduce the invasion and migration ability of HGC-27 cells which was already enhanced by M2-TAMs (P<0.001). (2) Animal experiment: Compared with Control group, the number and volume of metastatic nodules implanted in the abdominal cavity in DS group were significantly decreased, and the expression of CD163 in omentum tumor tissue in DS group was significantly lower (P<0.001). (3) In human gastric cancer tissues: The expression of CD163 in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than those in well-differentiated adenocarcinomas and adjacent tissues (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in CD163 expression between well-differentiated adenocarcinomas and adjacent tissues (P>0.05); The expression of CD163 in PD-L1 positive group was significantly higher than that in PD-L1 negative group (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between CD163 and PD-L1 expression in human gastric cancer cells (P<0.05, r=0.40). Conclusion Dextran sulfate sodium can inhibit the invasion and migration of human gastric cancer cells by affecting M2 tumor-associated macrophages.