Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious condition characterized by high rates of mortality and disability. Deaths caused by severe TBI usually occur within the first few hours after the injury. Timely and effective management of TBI during pre-hospital and emergency treatment phases is crucial for improving patients' prognosis. To address this issue, the Emergency Physicians Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, the Emergency Medicine Professional Committee of the People's Liberation Army, the Beijing Emergency Medicine Society, and the Chinese Emergency Medicine Specialist Association have jointly selected national experts in emergency medicine and neurosurgery to formulate the "Chinese Expert Consensus on the Pre-hospital and Emergency Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Traumatic Brain Injury". This consensus consists of two parts focusing on pre-hospital and emergency diagnosis and treatment of TBI, with 24 recommendations put forward to guide relevant clinical practices in pre-hospital and emergency management.

Cellular death in the body can occur through different processes, including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necrotic apoptosis, etc. PANoptosis is a newly discovered form of inflammatory cell death in recent years. It can be triggered by various stimulating factors and integrates multiple components that can induce cell death to assemble into various types of macromolecular complexes-PANoptosome, which then mediates cell death. Given the impact of PANoptosis on the entire disease spectrum, promoting or inhibiting its occurrence process may prevent the development of various diseases. The review summarizes the research progress on the occurrence mechanism of PANoptosis and its role in some diseases, and explores the crosstalk among multiple programmed cell death pathways, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of related diseases.

Objective To report the diagnosis and treatment of a case of acute pulmonary embolism caused by thrombus detachment within a popliteal venous aneurysm and conduct a literature review, aiming to enhance the understanding of the disease. Methods The case data of a patient with pulmonary embolism caused by thrombus detachment within a popliteal venous aneurysm who was admitted to the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University were retrospectively analyzed. The relevant literature published from July 2014 to July 2023 in the CNKI and PubMed databases was retrieved, and the diagnosis and treatment methods of the disease were summarized. Results The patient in this case was a 61-year-old male, who was admitted was admitted to the hospital due to "intermittent chest tightness and shortness of breath for 5 days". Color Doppler ultrasound examination and pulmonary artery CT angiography (CTA) suggested popliteal venous aneurysm combined with intramural thrombus and pulmonary embolism. Therefore, the pulmonary embolism and popliteal venous aneurysm were treated surgically in stages. The patient recovered well after the operation and there were no symptoms of chest tightness or shortness of breath after discharge. A total of 11 literatures were retrieved, involving 11 patients, all of whom underwent surgical treatment; Among them, 4 patients were treated with inferior vena cava filter placement, and 2 patients underwent popliteal venous aneurysm surgery after filter placement. Through literature review, it can be known that the etiology of popliteal venous aneurysm remains unclear, and there is no unified standard for diagnosis and treatment. Up to now, surgery is still the preferred option for treatment. Conclusions Patients with popliteal venous aneurysms may be asymptomatic but can lead to deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs and subsequent pulmonary embolism. Surgical intervention is an effective treatment option. For patients with combined pulmonary embolism, especially those with recurrent pulmonary embolism, it is recommended to perform surgical treatment following placement of an inferior vena cava filter.

Objective To explore the correlation between gallbladder stones and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 393 patients who attended the Department of Gastroenterology of the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2021 to September 2023. They were divided into gallbladder stones group (n=190) and control group (n=203) based on the presence of gallbladder stones. Their general clinical data, laboratory test results, and abdominal symptoms were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for gallbladder stones. Additionally, the total population was divided into SIBO-positive group (n=239) and SIBO-negative group (n=154), and their clinical characteristics were analyzed by logistic regression to explore the risk factors for SIBO. Results Univariate analysis revealed that gallbladder stones group had a higher rate of age, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glutaminase levels, prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gallbladder polyps, and SIBO, as well as a higher prevalence of CH₄-positive and H₂-positive in SIBO group than control group (P<0.05). In terms of abdominal symptoms, the incidence of bad breath (48.4% vs. 35.5%), dyspepsia (38.4% vs. 28.6%), abdominal pain (30.5% vs. 14.8%), bloating (42.1% vs. 28.6%), diarrhea (20.5% vs. 7.4%), and more exhaustion (46.8% vs. 34.5%) were significantly higher in gallbladder stones group than those in control group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that independent positive determinants for incident gallbladder stones were age, BMI, FPG, total bilirubin (TBIL), coronary heart disease, gallbladder polyps, and SIBO. Univariate analysis revealed that age, prevalence of gallbladder stones, proportion of single stones, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly higher in SIBO-positive group than those in SIBO-negative group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for SIBO were age, coronary heart disease, and gallbladder stones, while the protective factor for SIBO was high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Conclusion There is a significant correlation between gallbladder stones and small SIBO; interventions on related factors of gallbladder stones and small SIBO may help reduce their incidence.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based intratumoral and peritumoral radiomics of prostate cancer (PCa) for bone metastases. Methods A total of 211 patients diagnosed with PCa by biopsy pathology at Gansu Provincial People's Hospital from January 2018 to January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were randomly divided into a training set (n=147) and a validation set (n=64) in a 7:3 ratio. Regions of interest (ROIs) were delineated from the patients' T₂-weighted imaging (T₂WI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and apparent diffusion coefficient imaging (ADC) sequences to extract radiomic features. Z-score (normalization) and the LASSO algorithm were used for feature dimensionality reduction, selection, and construction. A predictive model was then built using a logistic regression (LR) machine learning classifier. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the model's performance. Calibration curves and decision curves (DCA) were plotted to evaluate the model's fit and clinical net benefit. Results Radiomic features were extracted from the tumor and peritumoral regions in each patient's T₂WI, DWI, and ADC images, with a total of 312 features from each region. The LASSO regression model ultimately identified 10 intratumoral radiomic features closely related to bone metastasis, including 2 T₂ sequence features, 7 DWI features, and 1 ADC sequence feature; and 9 peritumoral radiomic features, including 4 T₂ sequence features, 3 DWI features, and 2 ADC sequence features. The predictive model based on intratumoral radiomic features achieved an AUC of 0.845 (95%CI 0.747-0.943), while the predictive model based on peritumoral radiomic features had an AUC of 0.818 (95%CI 0.716-0.919). A combined nomogram model incorporating intratumoral features, peritumoral radiomic features, and clinical features (including Gleason score, total prostate specific antigen, and body mass index) yielded an AUC of 0.936 (95%CI 0.902-0.970). Calibration curves indicated that the combined model had good fit, and DCA demonstrated that the combined model provided better clinical net benefit. Conclusions Peritumoral radiomics has excellent predictive value for bone metastasis in newly diagnosed PCa. Combining with intratumoral radiomics features and clinical features, it significantly enhances the predictive capability of the model.

Objective To analyze the gene expression characteristics of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) using bioinformatics methods, aim to investigate the potential biomarkers and their diagnostic value of CRSwNP. Methods (1) The CRSwNP Gene expression data set was downloaded from the American Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CRSwNP patients and healthy controls were screened through data analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed on the identified DEGs. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed utilizing the STRING database, and the key genes were identified by using the cytoHubba plugin. The "Cibersort" package was used to analyze the influence of key genes on common immune cells. (2) Thirty-two patients diagnosed with CRSwNP in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from June 2022 to June 2023 were selected as the CRSwNP group, and 21 patients with simple deviation of nasal septum without a history of sinusitis during the same period were selected as control group. The pathological characteristics of specimens in the two groups were examined using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression levels of key genes in CRSwNP. The levels of key proteins in plasma were detected using ELISA, and ROC curve was used to analyze its efficacy in diagnosing CRSwNP. Results (1) Analysis of three gene expression database sets (GSE36830, GSE23552, and GSE194282) showed that there were 156 DEGs in CRSwNP. GO functional enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the functions of the above DEGs were mostly related to immune functions. Key genes such as cytochrome b-245 β chain (CYBB) and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) were identified. (2) The results of HE staining revealed that the epithelial of CRSwNP tissue was metaplastic into stratified squamous epithelium with interstitial edema. Both immunohistochemistry and Western blotting analyses indicated that the expression levels of CYBB and CSF1R in the CRSwNP group were significantly increased compared to control group (P<0.05). ELISA results demonstrated that CYBB [(21.20±3.00) μg/ml vs. (17.66±1.66) μg/ml, P<0.05] and CSF1 [(477.37±86.63) pg/ml vs. (370.71±66.24) pg/ml, P<0.05] in CRSwNP group were significantly increased compare to control group. ROC curve analysis showed that plasma concentrations of CYBB and CSF1 had AUCs of 0.888 (95%CI 0.802-0.974) and 0.821 (95%CI 0.711-0.931) for diagnosing of CRSwNP, respectively; their combined AUC was 0.927 (95%CI 0.851-1.000). Conclusions CYBB and CSF1R may be involved in the occurrence and development of CRSwNP. Plasma CYBB and CSF1 have high diagnostic value for CRSwNP.

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a disease characterized by reduced cardiac output leading to inadequate end-organ perfusion and remains a significant issue in cardiovascular medicine. Despite significant therapeutic advancements in recent years, the mortality rate associated with CS remains high. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has emerged as an innovative therapeutic strategy, capable of maintaining hemodynamic stability and ensuring systemic perfusion of vital organs, thereby effectively improving patient prognosis and lowering mortality rates. This review summarizes the latest research progress on commonly used MCS devices, both domestically and internationally, covering aspects of CS overview, left and right heart assist, bicardial and total heart assist, as well as the selection and limitations of MCS devices. We provide an overview of the types of MCS devices currently available and their indications for use, aiming to offer better clinical guidance to physicians and enhance the treatment level of CS.

Sebaceous glands are vital appendages of the skin, primarily functioning in the secretion of a variety of lipid substances. These lipid substances play crucial physiological roles in the body, such as participating in body temperature regulation, maintaining skin homeostasis, and modulating the immune system. Abnormalities in the function of sebaceous glands can lead to a range of skin disorders, with acne being the most common one. Acne arises from the overproduction of sebum by sebaceous gland, leading to hair follicle blockage, bacterial infection, and inflammation response. Additionally, sebaceous gland carcinoma is a rare but severe malignant tumor of the skin, and its exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Organoids are closely resemble in vivo counterparts in terms of cell types, spatial structure, and function. Sebaceous gland organoids serve as an ideal platform for studying sebaceous glands and their associated diseases. This review summarizes the structure, function, homeostasis of sebaceous glands, as well as the construction and applications of sebaceous gland organoids, aiming to provide reference for research on the pathogenesis and treatment of sebaceous gland related diseases.

The Golgi apparatus (GA), an essential membrane organelle in eukaryotes positioned between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, is responsible for transporting and modifying proteins and lipids generated by the endoplasmic reticulum. The homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum and GA plays a crucial role in regulating cellular life. When GA is unable to bear the load of protein or lipid processing and transportation, it enters a state of stress. Cells sense this and activate Golgi-related quality control mechanisms. By regulating the structure and function of GA, it provides important protection for the cell or induces programmed cell death, known as the GA stress response. Understanding the mechanisms and outcomes of cellular GA stress is of great significance for exploring Golgi dynamics and its impact on human diseases. This review summarizes the structure and function of GA under physiological conditions, the phenomenon of GA stress under pathological conditions, and the role of GA in infectious diseases, aiming to provide a basis for the clinical study of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a prevalent clinical degenerative disease that currently can only be treated through conservative and surgical treatments, which only alleviate symptoms and are not significantly effective. In recent years, nanoparticles have been widely studied in the biomedical field due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, extended body circulation, sustained and controlled release, and precise drug targeting. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have the potential to deliver a range of therapeutic agents including proteins, drugs, genes, and cells, thereby promoting tissue and cell repair and regeneration, which offers hope for IDD treatment. However, there are still challenges in translating experimental data into practical therapies applicable to humans. This review summarizes recent research progress on drug delivery systems for IDD treatment based on nanoparticles and provides insights and prospects for the challenges faced by nanoparticles, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical translation of nanoparticle-based treatment for IDD.