Alkali-activated binder is considered as one of green environmental low-carbon cementitious materials. However, this binder has not been produced commercially and used widely in civil engineering so far. Based on the analysis on the keynote reports on alkali-activated binder in International Conferences on Cement Chemistry, recent work on alkali-activated binder focus on its composition, microstructure of hardened paste and properties. There is a lack of work on building elements and structure made with this binder. This issue hinders the establishment of technical standard system of alkali-activated binder and related design norm of building structure. This could result in a great barrier of the commercial production of alkali-activated binder. As a result, it is rather difficult to enhance the application of alkali-activated binder.

The hydration activity of ternesite-dicalcium silicate composite minerals in deionized water, NaAlO₂, Li₂CO₃ and MgSO₄ was investigated. The results show that the presence of 1 mol/L [Al(OH)₄]^- ions in liquid significantly improves the hydration activity and accelerates the hydration of ternesite-dicalcium silicate composite minerals due to the formation of ettringite, and enhances the strength of ternesite. The strength of hydration products is 44% higher than that in deionized water. However, the presence of 0.1 mol/L Li⁺ ions in liquid inhibits the hydration, and the strength of hydration product is only 26% of that in deionized water. The presence of 1 mol/L Mg²⁺ ions in liquid improves the hydration activity of ternesite-dicalcium silicate composite minerals from 28 d to 56 d, but it inhibits the hydration activity after 56 d.

The interface bonding quality is critical to the repair effect of repaired cementitious materials. In present, there is no proper method to accurately evaluate whether the interface can establish the effective mechanical connection. This work proposed a method to visualize the interface bonding effect of cementitious materials repaired zone. The volume images on three repaired mortars with different bonding areas during loading process were obtained via in-situ X-ray computed tomography. The digital volume correlation (DVC) was employed to analyze the volumetric strain distribution of samples based on the obtained images. As there is no constraining in de-bonding area, a greater deformation occurs in the loading process than in the bonded area. Therefore, the area without a mechanical bond in the repaired mortar can be visualized through the strain mutation in the DVC strain contour. The results show that the strain mutation area detected in the DVC results corresponds well with the artificial de-bonding area, indicating that this method can detect the de-bonding area in the repaired mortar.

To address the technical challenge of the slow repair rate of microbial-based exo-remediation materials, microbial-sodium alginate exo-remediation materials were prepared by adding different concentrations (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) of sodium alginate to the existing microbial exo-remediation material, and analyzed their properties and synergistic exo-remediation effect. The results show that the viscosity of the microbial-sodium alginate exo-remediation materials increases, while the flow rate decreases as sodium alginate concentration increases; the repair product formed by the microbial-sodium alginate external repair material is white in color and has a certain elasticity, and the composition of the repair product is mainly calcium carbonate, while the calcium alginate gel formed is filled in the gaps between calcium carbonate particles; and for different crack widths, the microbial calcium alginate hydrogel formed by microbial-sodium alginate external repair material can achieve instant plugging, resulting in a lower water penetration coefficient and a higher compressive strength. In particular, the optimum repair effect for 1.0 mm cracks can be achieved at a sodium alginate concentration of 0.5%, which reduces the water penetration coefficient from 9.76 to 0 under a maintained water pressure of 1 kPa, and achieves a strength recovery rate at 7 d of 22.7%.

Until now, many studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement corrosion on concrete cracking due to chloride attack, but they mainly focus on monolithic reinforced concrete structures, and few studies on the durability of new and old concrete structures. Eight integral casting and secondary casting concrete specimens with different water-cement ratios (i.e., 0.60 and 0.53) were fabricated, and the semi-immersion accelerated corrosion was examined. The development law of rust expansion cracks on the concrete surface and the changes in the mechanical properties of the rusted steel bars for the secondary-casting specimens were investigated and compared with the integral-casting specimens at different theoretical corrosion rates of steel bars of 4%, 6% and 8%, respectively. The results show that the integrally poured concrete specimens only produce longitudinal cracks along the reinforcement, while the secondary-casting concrete specimens firstly produce interfacial transverse cracks and then produces longitudinal cracks. The steel bar in the integral-casting specimen is uniformly corroded, while the steel bars in the secondary pouring specimens are non-uniformly corroded, and the steel corrosion at the interface between unused and used concrete occurs most serious. The mechanical properties of the steel bars are reduced in the secondary-pouring specimens compared to the integral-pouring specimens due to the serious loss of the steel bar section at the interface between unused and used concrete. The influence of concrete strength on the mechanical properties of steel bars in the integral-casting specimens can be ignored, but it has an influence on the mechanical properties of steel bars in the secondary-casting specimens.

Si₃N₄-SiC ceramics were prepared via reaction sintering with SiC, silicon powder and SiO₂ as main raw materials, and the ceramics were oxidized at a high temperature. The structure and properties of ceramics before and after high-temperature oxidation were investigated. The results show that the main crystalline phases of the samples before high-temperature oxidation are SiC, α-Si₃N₄/β-Si₃N₄ and a small amount of silicon powder, Si₂N₂O and triclinic-SiO₂, while the silicon powder disappears after high-temperature oxidation and forms tetragonal-SiO₂. The mass fraction of β-Si₃N₄ remains constant, and the mass fraction of α-Si₃N₄ decreases from 11.3% before high-temperature oxidation to 6.8% after high-temperature oxidation, while the mass fraction of Si₂N₂O and SiO₂ increases, indicating that α-Si₃N₄ can be decomposed into Si₂N₂O and SiO₂ more easily than β-Si₃N₄. After high-temperature oxidation, the flexural strength of samples decreases from (68.55±6.36) MPa to (49.80±4.96) MPa mainly due to the decomposition of α-Si₃N₄ into Si₂N₂O and SiO₂.

Silicon anode materials pulverization and deciduation from the collector can lead to the battery capacity fast attenuation and low conductivity due to the volume expansion of silicon during the lithiation/delithiation process. We prepared a kind of non-woven flexible silicon-based anode by an in-situ electrospinning method with nanosilicon self-controlled, and investigated the morphology, structure and electrochemical performance. The results show that the prepared non-woven silicon-based anode has a superior flexibility, and carbon after polyvinyl pyrrolidone cracking mainly exists in the form of amorphous carbon. The Si/C composite silicon-based anode fiber film has a high specific surface area and a structure with massive mesopores, and the first-cycle discharge capacity can reach 2 086.7 mA·h/g at a charge-discharge current density of 0.1 A/g, the initial Coulomb efficiency is 81.1%, and the discharge capacity can still maintain > 500 mA·h/g after 100 cycles.

To improve the mechanical properties of conventional sticky rice-lime mortar, high strength pregelatinized sticky rice-lime mortar (HPR-LM) was modified with a pregelatinized sticky rice via accelerated carbonation. The effects of mass fraction of pregelatinized sticky rice and water-solid ratio on the carbonation properties of HPR-LM were investigated. The results show that the maximum carbonation reaction degree of HPR-LM with sufficient water and larger porosity can be obtained at a water-solid ratio of 0.3. The change of conductivity and pH value of saturated Ca(OH)₂ solution slows down, and the temperature increase of HPR-LM reduces due to the action of pregelatinized sticky rice, thus retarding the carbonation of HPR-LM. CaCO₃ precipitation forms fusiform calcite on the template of molecular chain of pregelatinized sticky rice. The compressive strength of HPR-LM with 3% pregelatinized sticky rice is 56.8% higher than that of pure lime mortar, and calcite grain reaches the minimum size and the density of HPR-LM becomes the maximum value.

Pyrolusite is widely used as desulfurization materials for sulfide-containing wastewater, sulfide-containing waste gas, biogas and process gas. However, some studies on the characteristics and applications of its desulfurization products still are lack. This paper simulated the conditions of wastewater desulfurization, normal temperature waste gas desulfurization and high-temperature desulfurization of process gas to obtain the corresponding pyrolusite sulfide products, and investigated the phase composition of sulfureted pyrolusite in different ways and the effect of cadmium removal from wastewater and its mechanism. The effects of solution pH value, initial cadmium concentration, reaction time and temperature on the cadmium removal efficiency were investigated. The samples before and after cadmium removal of sulfureted pyrolusite in different ways were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the cadmium removal capacity of the products obtained under the conditions of wastewater desulfurization, normal temperature waste gas desulfurization and process gas high-temperature desulfurization are 73.93, 66.76 mg/g and 44.96 mg/g, respectively. The mechanism of removing cadmium from desulfurization products is the dissolution precipitation reaction between MnS and CdS due to the solubility product difference. The difference of crystal structure, morphology and crystallinity of MnS formed by different sulfuration methods is a main reason for its different cadmium removal effect. Pyrolusite desulfurization products have a good removal effect on heavy metal cadmium ions, which can have promising application prospects in environmental pollution control.

Interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between cement matrix and aggregate is regarded as a weak phase that affects the mechanical properties and durability performance of concrete. Therefore, resolving ITZ around aggregate has always attracted great attentions in concrete research. Due to the limitation of resolution, using industrial X-ray computed tomography (XCT) to address three-dimensional (3D) morphology of ITZ becomes a challenge. However, the extremely high X-ray attenuation of mercury can greatly increase the contrast of XCT images when the pores of ITZ are filled with mercury. This regime allows visual characterization of ITZ for cement-based materials after mercury intrusion porosimetery (MIP). A glass rod was used as an aggregate to fabricate connected matrix-aggregate ITZs. The results show that the residual mercury droplets in pores after MIP enhance the gray values of ITZ, thus addressing the 3D structure of ITZ. The findings provide a new path to exploring the pore structure of matrix-aggregate ITZ in cement-based materials.

Carbon fiber based electrodes were prepared by a solvent exchange method with natural cellulose fibers as versatile supports of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) to uniformly in-situ load LNPs on the surface of fibers. The morphology, specific surface area, thermal stability, phase composition, structure and electrochemical performance of carbon fiber electrodes were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrochemical tests, respectively. The results show that the prepared carbon fiber based electrode has a maximum specific capacitance of 7.88 F/g at an initial mass ratio of LNPs to cellulose fiber of 1∶10, which is greater than that of the control biomass carbon fiber (0.60 F/g) without loading LNPs. After 10 000-cycle test (10 A/g), the capacitance retention is still 93%. Also, LNPs loaded on the surface of fibers can effectively endow composite carbon fiber electrodes with a high specific surface area and a high carbon content, which can provides a possible path for the effective utilization of lignin in energy fields.

Large size ordered structure AgO electrode materials were prepared by an electrochemical method. The crystal structure, phase composition, microstructure, formation mechanism and discharge properties of samples were investigated. The results of crystal structure and phase composition show that AgO material synthesized has a strong (002) orientation and a relatively high purity phase. The results of microstructure indicate that AgO material has an ordered columnar arrangement structure with a straight-through hollow structure and a column diameter of 1-3 μm, which is conducive to the electrolyte diffusion. Based on the results of thermal analysis, the purity of AgO material is higher than 98.5%. Under the action of electric field force and gas evolution, AgO material forms an ordered columnar structure through self-assembly, which is conducive to the diffusion of electrolyte solution in the electrode and greatly improves the discharge performance of the large size AgO electrode. The average voltage of AgO electrode is 1.67 V and the electrochemical utilization ratio is 75.6% when the discharge current density is 770 mA/cm² and the cut-off voltage is 1.5 V, enhancing the high-rate discharge performance and utilization. Realizing a small-batch preparation of large-size AgO electrode material can meet the requirement of industrial production and application.

The Great Wall is one of the greatest construction projects in the history of human civilization, and the traditional lime mortar is an important guarantee standing for centuries without falling. Exploring the phase and composition ratio of ancient mortar used in the Great Wall through modern scientific and technological means and analyzing its performance evolution process, we could effectively understand the characterizations of traditional technology. The use of the past for the present is of great significance in guiding and promoting the conservation and restoration of endangered ancient buildings. Therefore, four representative locations were selected in the Dazhuangke of the Great Wall. The physical properties, phase composition and ratios of the ancient mortar samples were systematically analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, iodine-starch test, mercury-pressure test and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The comparison with the modern repair mortar reveals the evolution pattern of the performance of ancient mortar. The results show that the ancient mortar is a pure air-hardened lime mortar. The type of lime is a magnesian lime. No water-hardening components occur in the mortar, and no aggregate components or organic additives appear. The long-term carbonation process can inhibit the crystallinity of calcite crystalline calcium carbonate, refine the granularity of calcium carbonate, and effectively improve the denseness of the mortar hardening body. This could be one of major reasons for the superior performance of ancient mortar.

To study the brittleness index change of basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC) and input energy, elastic energy and dissipative energy evolution law under cyclic loading at different confining pressures, triaxial compression tests and cyclic loading tests at different confining pressures (i.e. 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 MPa) were carried out in a model MTS816 Rock Test System, and the energy drop coefficient was introduced to express the BFRC brittleness index. The results of triaxial compression test show that except 5 MPa, the drop coefficient of BFRC at other confining pressures is increased by 1.26, 2.03, 2.77 and 4.24 times, respectively. Based on the results of cyclic loading test results, when the cycle is controlled by displacement, the unloading point at the post-peak stage can be obtained according to the set displacement value instead of the peak stress point of a single cycle. The energy evolution curve of BFRC has obvious stage characteristics, and the energy value of a single cycle is closely related to the loading and unloading points. The stable state of BFRC can be indirectly judged by a ratio of elastic energy to dissipative energy.

Nano-sized calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) is an efficient nucleating agent for Portland cement, which can improve the early strength. In this paper, CSH/citric acid nanocomposites were prepared via nucleation and growth isolation with citric acid as a dispersion stabilizer at different citric acid concentrations. Effect of citric acid dosage on the structure and particle size distribution of CSH/citric acid nanocomposites (nano-CCNs) as well as the properties of Portland cement was investigated. The results show that citric acid can intercalate on the CSH, and the average particle size of nano-CCNs is between 90-160 nm. The higher the content of citric acid in nano-CCNs, the smaller the particle size and the more citric acid released in the alkaline solution at pH=13. Nano-CCNs accelerates the cement hydration, modifies the pore structure and increases the compressive strength of the cement (12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 28 d) due to the synergy between the nanocrystal nucleus and citric acid released from the CCNs.

The shear strength index values (cohesion and internal friction angle) are important data for the study of constitutive relationships and numerical simulation analysis of ultra-high performance concrete, which are crucial to revealing the reinforcement and toughening mechanism of steel fibers in ultra-high-performance concrete. The axial direction and radial direction stress-strain full curves data and stress circles of ultra-high performance concrete under each stress path were obtained via conventional triaxial compression experiment of ultra-high performance concrete with different steel fiber volume contents (i.e., 0%, 1%, 2% and 3%) at different confining pressures (i.e., 0, 10, 20, 40 MPa and 60 MPa). Based on the stress-strain full curve, the ultra-high performance concretes with different steel fiber contents have some rheumatic properties in the triaxial compression process, and the deformation properties and destruction modes change from brittleness to plasticity at a confining pressure of 40 MPa. The specific values of internal friction angle (φ) and adhesion (c) at different confining pressures of each steel fiber content ultra-high performance concrete were deduced from the stress circle data, and the changes of φ and c with the increase of steel fiber content and confining pressure were also analyzed. The results show that the cohesion increases with the increase of confining pressure, and the internal friction angle decreases with the increase of confining pressure at the same steel fiber content. The maximum cohesion and the minimum internal friction angle are achieved at the same confining pressure and a steel fiber volume content of 2%. The content of steel fiber has little effect on the internal friction angle at a certain confining pressure.

The failure mechanism of fly ash ceramsite lightweight aggregate concrete under triaxial compression was investigated via conventional triaxial tests at different strength grades and lateral confining pressures. The failure morphology and stress-strain curve of fly ash ceramsite concrete specimens under triaxial compression were analyzed, and the failure mechanism was revealed. The results show that under triaxial compression, the fly ash ceramsite concrete has three failure phenomena as the applied confining pressure increases, i.e., vertical splitting failure, oblique shear failure, and no obvious cracks. There exists a platform flow plastic phenomenon in the full strain curve with the increase of confining pressure. The triaxial compression of fly ash ceramsite concrete can be properly described by an established general formula for the Mohr-Coulomb, octahedral shear stress failure criterion and the Rendulic plane failure criterion.

The turbine rotor component is one of the core components of gas turbine engine (GTE). Based on the inspiration from nature spider web as one of excellent toughness and collaborative bearing characteristics, we proposed an idea of preparing ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) turbine blisk, which has a spider web structure (SWS) preform. We invented a new method of designing SWS preform and prepared SWS-SiC/SiC turbine blisk. The SWS-SiC/SiC turbine blisk was tested via super-spin experiments in room temperature. The results show that its breaking speed reaches to 118 000 r/min (at a blade tip speed of 702.84 m/s), which is 3.09 times greater than that of the conventional 2D-C/SiC turbine disk, and 1.86 times greater than that of the target speed (85 000 r/min) of a GTE turbine blisk. The results of target speed test indicate that the first order frequency, second order frequency and third order frequency of SWS-SiC/SiC turbine blisk can be reduced by 0.41%, 0.03% and 0.26%, respectively.

In order to explore the mechanism of action of fiber in alkali-activated materials, 26 groups of fiber reinforced alkali-activated mortar (FRAAM) were prepared at different length to diameter ratios, volume contents of polypropylene fiber (PPF) and water-binder ratios. The influence of fiber reinforced index (I) on the slump spread, flow rate, apparent density, ultrasonic wave velocity, compressive strength, bending strength, and crack fractal dimension of FRAAM was investigated. The results show that the effect of water-binder ratio on the plastic viscosity of FRAAM is more dominant than that on the yield stress. When I is less than critical I (I_c, i.e., 100), the influence of fibers is slight, the distance between fibers is far, and the workability of FRAAM is basically not affected. However, fibers are difficult to limit the cracking of mortar and improve its mechanical properties. When I is between I_c (i.e., 100) and dense I (I_d, i.e., 350), the flexural strength, compressive strength and fracture fractal dimension of FRAAM improve, and the FRAAM can still flow freely under dead weight. When I is higher than I_d (i.e., 350), significant fibrous clumps degrade the FRAAM workability, resulting in a poor compactness and a reduced compressive strength. The I thresholds of PPF-FRAAM are 100 and 350 for loose and tight packing, respectively, and the optimal volume fraction of PPF is between 100/(l/d) and 350/(l/d).

The microstructure of magnesium silicate hydrates pastes in different Mg/Si molar ratios was investigated by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The results reveal that the formed magnesium silicate hydrates (M-S-H) is a main structure of layered tetrahedra with some chain tetrahedra and branching chain tetrahedra. The layered tetrahedra is dominated by Q³_a at a higher Mg/Si molar ratio, and the layered tetrahedra is Q³_b at a lower Mg/Si molar ratio. The contents of Q¹, Q² and Q³, especially Q² in the system of MgO-SiO₂-H₂O, all increase as the Mg/Si molar ratio increases. Also, the content of magnesium hydroxide (MH) increases, the content of unreacted Q⁴ silica decreases rapidly, the degree of hydration reaction increases, the degree of gel order and the degree of gel polymerization decrease. At a long age, the decomposition rate of MH increases, and the complexity of the gel structure increases, and the prolonged hydration time is conducive to the formation of diversified layered silicon-oxygen tetrahedral structures and the occurrence of M-S-H polymerization. The water structures of M-S-H are free, confined and structural water. The hydroxyl group is bonded with Mg²⁺ ions or combined with adsorbed water. Chain tetrahedra and branching chain tetrahedra are linked to hydroxyl groups, but Q³ silicate sites are not directly linked to hydroxyl groups. The molar ratio of Mg and Si or structural water and Si in a gel is a fixed value.

The effect of tetrasodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP.Na4) on the fresh and hardening properties of alkali-activated slag materials (AASM) was investigated. Compared with the control group, the initial and final setting time of AASM made with HEDP.Na4 are delayed by 43.8% and 25.0%, respectively. The mini slump of AASM with HEDP.Na4 is increased by 15% and its yield stress is decreased from 57.2 Pa to 26.6 Pa, as compared with AASM without HEDP.Na4. In addition, the compressive and flexural strengths at 3 days of AASM with HEDP.Na4 are reduced, but those at 28 days are increased by 15% and 11.6%, compared with AASM without HEDP.Na4. HEDP.Na4 can reduce the early hydration heat, modify the pore structure, and reduce the total porosity of AASM matrix. Comprehensively, HEDP.Na4 effectively improves the early working performance of AASM and the later hardening performance slightly. This research can provide a guidance for the application of AASM in construction engineering.

The growth of crystal in the initial stage have an impact on the quality of crystal in the subsequent growth. In this paper, the surface and micropipes morphology of SiC in the initial stage of growth was investigated by optical microscopy. At 8×10⁴ Pa and 1 800-2 100 ℃, the growth step appears on the seed crystal surface due to the atomic migration. Also, the micropipes seriously disturbe the movement of normal step flow, and a circular pit occurs around the micropipes. And no polytype transformation occurs at the micropipes. At 2×10⁴ Pa and 2 150-2 300 ℃, multiple SiC nuclei are formed in the center of the seed crystal surface. Obvious stress regions appear near the crystal edge due to the existence of micropipes. The stress is mainly in the region close to the micropipes and towards the crystal edge, indicating that the step flow moves from the center to the edge. In addition, SiC substrate was also characterized by atomic force microscopy, indicating that atom steps with different orientations appear on the substrate surface, which may originate from the step morphology of the crystal grown in the initial stage.

The durability problem of concrete structures is severe in deicing salt and marine areas. The coarsen of pore structure caused by freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) can promote chloride transport. The pore solution can freeze into ice during the decrease of freezing temperature and consequently block chloride transport. Also, the change of chloride concentration affects the phase transition of pore solution and then chloride transport. This paper proposed a model considering freezing rate of porous solution during FTCs to analyze the effect of icing on the ionic transport. A multi-phase numerical model for coupling the binary actions of freeze-thaw and chloride transport was proposed and also verified via multiple third-party experiments. The results indicate that the freezing rate and chloride concentration increase with the increase of FTCs, and the temperature and duration of FTC both have an impact on the chloride transport. In addition, the increase of solution concentration also accelerates the chloride transport and the concrete structure deterioration although it is conducive to the decrease of pore freezing temperature and freezing rate.

Glass ion exchange method is still widely used in emerging fields such as information display, aerospace, high-speed railway and optical communication, and its corresponding research is in the ascendant. Previous research work on the ion exchange mainly focuses on the mechanism of glass ion exchange to find new ion exchange pairs, which provides a theoretical support to realize higher mechanical and optical properties of glass, the optimization of ion exchange process parameters and the use of modern means such as auxiliary electric field to realize independent control of ion exchange and improve ion exchange rate. Different performance evaluation indexes are proposed for different application scenarios of ion exchange. The performance indexes of ion exchange reinforced glass mainly include surface compressive stress and layer of depth, while the performance index of waveguide glass is mainly refractive index gradient. This review summarized recent research progress on glass ion exchange based on the aspects above.

Thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) in cement-based materials frequently occurs from transportation and hydraulic engineering in western China. The damage and concealment from TSA in cement-based materials are greater than those of conventional ettringite type and gypsum type sulfate attack. In this review, the physical and chemical properties of thaumasite were summarized, and the methods for characterizing thaumasite were also represented. Meanwhile, the different mechanisms of thaumasite formation and affecting factors of TSA were analyzed. The prevention and suppression measures of TSA were introduced. In addition, some aspects for future studies on TSA were also discussed.

The distribution and orientation of fibers in the matrix have a great impact on the characteristics of strain hardening, multiple cracking and crack self-healing of engineered cementitious composites (ECC). Based on recent work on ECC fiber distribution, this review briefly introduced the characterization parameters and methods of fiber distribution. Effect of fiber distribution on the mechanical properties of ECC was represented from micro- to macro-scale. Three factors affecting ECC fiber distribution are fiber characteristics, matrix characteristics and molding process. In addition, some problems in the current research of ECC fiber distribution were also discussed, and the future research aspects were given.

The accelerated carbonation on the properties of recycled concrete aggregates is important for the recycling of waste concrete, sequestration of CO₂ and reduction of carbon emissions. In this review, the mechanism of accelerated carbonation on the recycled concrete aggregates and the physical properties and microstructure changes of recycled concrete aggregates enhanced by accelerated carbonation were introduced. Some factors for efficient CO₂ treatment on the properties of recycled concrete aggregates were summarized. The physical properties, durability and microstructure improvement of recycled concrete containing CO₂ treated recycled concrete aggregates were analyzed. In addition, the perspectives for future research were also proposed.

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film solar cell is one of the most promising thin-film solar cells due to its low cost, small temperature coefficient and excellent weak light performance. It is rapidly developed for industrialization, especially in the field of photovoltaic building integration. This review represented recent studies on the major breakthrough and industrialization for CdTe thin film solar cells modules. The basic structure and work principles of CdTe solar cells were briefly introduced, the latest research achievement of each functional layer was highlighted, and the future development and prospects of CdTe solar cells were also pointed out.

To meet the growing demand for electrochemical performance of batteries in electronic devices and electric vehicles, high-performance lithium ion batteries and their electrode materials have attracted recent attention. Silicon oxide (SiO_x, 0<x<2) is considered as a promising anode material for lithium ion battery because of its high theoretical capacity, low voltage platform and abundant natural resources. However, SiO_x has some severe challenges, such as poor cycle performance, low Coulombic efficiency and low rate properties, seriously hindering its commercial development. In this review, the lithium storage mechanism of SiO_x was introduced from its structural characteristics. The research progress of SiO_x and its composite was represented in detail from three aspects, i.e., the selection of silicon source, the design of binder and electrolyte. Furthermore, the effects of organosilicon sources such as esters, silanes and biomass and inorganic silicon sources on the structure and electrochemical properties of SiO_x and its composites were summarized. Finally, some challenges in the process of commercialization of SiO_x and its composites were analyzed. It is indicated that the challenges can be solved by comprehensively adopting modification strategies and approaches such as the design of special structure, element doping, pre-lithiation and the introduction of good conductive carriers, which can effectively promote the commercialization of SiO_x anode materials.

Tellurite glass can be used in fiber lasers, amplifiers, nonlinear effects and biochemical sensors due to its excellent features of wide transmission window, low transition temperature, high nonlinear refractive index and good rare-earth solubility. In this review, the composition and manufacturing process of tellurite glass were introduced. The thermal stability, optical transmission limit, temperature-viscosity characteristics and mechanical properties were analyzed. The preparation methods of step-index and microstructure optical fiber preforms and the drawing process of tellurite optical fibers were summarized. According to the measurement classification of temperature, magnetic field, strain, solution refractive index and gas concentration, the sensing applications of tellurite glass and its optical fibers in biochemistry, medical equipment and power system were represented, and their application prospects were also given.

Seven methods of modeling glass properties were briefly reviewed, i.e., covering additive method, phase diagram method, Priven method, topological theory, molecular dynamics simulation, machine learning, and mathematical statistical modeling (composition-property, structure-property, and composition-structure-property). The principle, theoretical basis, procedure of each method and their application were highlighted. The additive method demonstrates its application modeling multiple glass properties. The phase diagram approach is suitable for binary, ternary and quaternary systems of silicate, borate and borosilicate glass systems. The Priven method combines glass structure, thermodynamic equations and computer simulation; topological theory is used to simulate several properties of simple oxide and sulfide glass. The molecular dynamics simulation provides insight of molecular structures of glass of various compositions. The machine learning method is utilized based on a large database from the literature to predict properties of complex glass systems. The statistical modeling methodology is applied to bridge mathematical interrelationships of composition (C) - structure (S) - property (P) of multicomponent systems of silicate, borosilicate, and phosphate glasses. The C-S-P statistical modeling approach shows the improvement in accuracy and precision rather than the conventional C-P statistical modeling in the design of new glasses.