OBJECTIVE To explore the extraction conditions for elemental impurities in metal containers used for drug packaging. METHODS Different extraction conditions were set, and the metal containers used for packaging 6 types of drugs were extracted separately. The content of the extracted elements was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS When 4% acetic acid is used as the extraction medium, more impurities of elements are released from various containers. When using water as the extraction medium, the amount of As, Cd, Pb, V, Co, Ni, Cr, and Cu elements dissolved from various containers is basically the same when extracted at (121±2) ℃, held for 30 min or (70±2) ℃, and held for 24 h. For Mg, Al, Mn, Fe, and Zn elements, the extraction amount obtained by organic inner coating containers under two extraction conditions is basically the same. Containers with anodized and plasma sprayed inner walls, as well as bare metal containers, can leach more elements except for Mg at (121±2) ℃ for 30 min of insulation. CONCLUSION When determining elemental impurities in metal containers for drug packaging, 4% acetic acid can be selected as the extraction medium with stricter control. By water extraction at (70±2) ℃ and insulation for 24 h, it can meet the determination requirements of Class 1, Class 2A, and Class 3 elements in ICH-Q3D.

OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of safflower yellow for injection (SYI) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS Computer searches were conducted on CNKI, Wanfang Database, VIP.com, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of SYI combined with conventional Western medicine treatment as experimental group (EG) and conventional Western medicine treatment as control group (CG). The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of included studies. Statistical analysis was performed using R4.3.1 software. RESULTS A total of 29 RCTs were included. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the CG group, the total effective rate of the EG group was higher (P<0.000 1), the patients' NIHSS, Barthel, IL-8, IL-6, plasma viscosity, and hematocrit indexes were improved (P<0.05); while in terms of NO and FIB indexes, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). In terms of safety, the total incidence of adverse drug reactions in the EG group was lower than that in the CG group (P=0.001 8). The results of sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis showed that except for the fact that the incidence of adverse reactions reversed to a point had no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.173 4), the results obtained in the study were basically stable, and the possibility of publication bias was small. CONCLUSION Compared with conventional treatment, SYI combined with conventional treatment is generally more effective in terms of effectiveness and does not increase the risk of adverse reactions.

OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence of inappropriate medication prescription and adverse drug reactions between 2020 and 2021 in our hospital, providing new strategies to reduce medication errors in pediatrics and providing reference for pharmacovigilance. METHODS A graded response system based on hospital information system (HIS), medication instructions and clinical guideline was constructed to provide a scientific basis for clinical intervention and management by pharmacists. The frequency, types and distribution of inappropriate medication prescription were collected by retrieving electronic medical record. By frequency analysis, composition ratio analysis and other methods, the safety, rationality, and necessity of pre-prescription review system were evaluated. RESULTS The most common types of errors identified included inappropriate refills, incorrect dose/frequency, inappropriate drug-drug interaction, off-label medication, and quantity prescribed. After the pre-prescription review system was constructed, the amounts of inappropriate medication prescription (level 5-7) in outpatient and inpatient department were decreased by 63.4% and 64.7%, respectively (P<0.05). By stratified analysis, the amounts of inappropriate medication prescription (level 5-7) in neonatal intensive care unit and cardiac intensive care unit were declined markedly (P<0.05). In addition, the incidence of adverse drug reaction was declined notably, especially the general adverse drug reactions and severe adverse drug reactions, which were decreased by 22.7% and 60.0%, respectively (P<0.05). One year after the pre-prescription review system put into service, a retrospective review of inappropriate prescriptions (level 6-7) demonstrated a 71.6%-79.2% successful intervention rate by the system. CONCLUSION The application of pre-prescription review system improved the quality and efficiency of prescription review, and it also provide opportunities for pharmacists to ensure safe and optimal prescribing.

As an innovative diseases treatment strategy, bionic nano-decoy system which can neutralize a variety of pathogenic substances has attracted extensive attention in the biomedical field in recent years. Compared with traditional diseases treatment methods, bionic nano-decoy system shows the characteristics of high-efficiency pathogenic molecule clearance, excellent biocompatibility and sustainable or repeated drug delivery, which make it have great application potential in the field of diseases neutralization and treatment. In this paper, the concept, characteristics, preparation technology and application scope of bionic nano-decoy system are reviewed, aiming to provide important reference for researchers and medical professionals in the design and development of new bionic nano-decoy system, in order to promote the development of this field and ultimately achieve clinical application.

Pediatric medicines are the hot topic in the pharmaceutical industry currently, and the safe and reasonable application of pharmaceutical excipients for pediatric medicines plays a decisive role in the quality control of products. This article provides an overview of the current application status and existing problems of pharmaceutical excipients for pediatric medicines in China. In-depth research was conducted on the application and collection of standards of pharmaceutical excipients for pediatric medicines in China, and suggestions were put forward for improving the quality standard system. A scientific standard system of pharmaceutical excipients for pediatric medicines can ensure the safety and standardization of products, technically support the evaluation and approval process, and have important significance for the quality control of pediatric medicines.

Triptolide (TP), also known as triptolide alcohol, is an epoxidised diterpene lactone compound extracted from the xylem of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., a plant of the Weseraceae family. As the main active ingredient in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. extracts, it has been proved to have immunosuppression, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation and other pharmacological effects. However, the development of triptolide has been limited due to its poor water solubility, high toxicity, obvious adverse reactions and low bioavailability. Therefore, researchers have optimised the structure of triptolide with the hope to improve its physicochemical properties. By now, the structure optimization has mainly been focused on sites like C-5,6, C-14, C-16, C-20, epoxy groups, unsaturated five-membered lactone ring. This paper summarizes the researches related to the structure optimization and their biological activity of the above reactive sites, which provides new thoughts for the structure-activity relationship and clinical application of triptolide.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the terpenoid constituents from the fresh-used leaves of Artemisia argyi Levl. et Vant. and their anti-inflammatory activities. METHODS Modern phytochemical separation techniques such as high performance preparative liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to isolate the 95% ethanol extract of the fresh leaves from A. argyi and to identify the structure by combining physicochemical properties with MS and NMR data. The anti-inflammatory activity of terpenoids was evaluated by the inhibitory ability of nitric oxide (NO) release from LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. RESULTS Fifteen terpenoids were isolated from the fresh leaves of A. argyi and identified as artanomaloide (1), dehydroleucodin (2), tamaulipin-B acetate (3), moxartenolide (4), yomogin (5), costic acid (6), costic acid methyl ester(7), PBI(8), (-)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone(9), pubinernoid A(10), subamone(11), artefrigin(12), cassipourol(13), 3β-acetoxy-24-oxo-dammara-20, 25-diene (14), dammara-20,24-dien-3β-ol acetate (15). The IC₅₀ values of the anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1-12 ranged from (1.27±0.02) to (17.55±0.13) μmol·L^-1. CONCLUSION The fresh leaves from A. argyi are more abundant in terpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity, among which compounds 3 and 7-14 are isolated for the first time, and this kind of components can be applied in the development of pharmaceutical and health products.

OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of Shengqing Huazhuo (SQHZ) prescription in regulating simple obesity rats with spleen deficiency and dampness obstruction. METHODS The rat model of simple obesity with spleen deficiency and dampness obstruction was established, and the effects of SQHZ prescription on body weight, liver histomorphology and expression level of blood lipid metabolism in obesity rats were comprehensively evaluated. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q/Exactive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS) was used to identify the blood components of SQHZ prescription, and the potential action pathways and targets were predicted by the network pharmacological platform. Non-targeted metabonomics was used to analyze the metabolomics of rat serum. The abundance of intestinal flora in rat faeces was detected by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing technology. Finally, a multi-scale and multi-dimensional network was constructed by summarizing the KEGG pathways of the three, which can be used for overall visualization and deep analysis. RESULTS SQHZ prescription significantly reduced the body weight of obesity rats, and improved blood lipid levels and liver fat accumulation. Twenty-seven blood components of SQHZ prescription were identified by UHPLC-QE-MS technology. Network pharmacological analysis revealed the pathways related to metabolism of SQHZ prescription, mainly involving steroid hormone biosynthesis and ovarian steroidogenesis. Serum metabolomics analysis obtained 10 key differential metabolites, which involved metabolic pathways such as biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and tryptophan metabolism. Intestinal microbiota sequencing results showed that SQHZ prescription could regulate the composition and improve the structure of intestinal microbiota in obesity rats, and the metabolic pathways involved are the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and unsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSION SQHZ prescription not only shows significant therapeutic effects in treating simple obesity rats with spleen deficiency and dampness obstruction, but also has the ability to regulate serum metabolism and intestinal microbial community structure.

OBJECTIVE To explore the role of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated ferroptosis in sevoflurane (Sev) induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in rats. METHODS The POCD rat model was established by 4% Sev inhalation anesthesia and abdominal exploration. Firstly, 18-20-month-old SD rats were randomly divided into control group and Sev anesthesia group, with 10 rats in each group. Secondly, SD rats were randomly divided into control group, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor group (MCC950), Sev group, and Sev+MCC950 group, with 10 rats in each group. The rats in MCC950 group and Sev+MCC950 group were intraperitoneally injected with 3 mg·kg^-1 MCC950 at 1 h before anesthesia. The rats in the control group and Sev group were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of normal saline. The learning and memory function of the rats was detected by Morris water maze test, the histopathological changes of hippocampus was observed by HE staining, the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected by TUNEL, Prussian blue staining was used to detect iron deposits in the hippocampus, and the expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins and ferroptosis-related proteins in hippocampus were detected by Western blot. Detection of oxidative stress levels in hippocampal tissue by ELISA, the content of Fe²⁺ was detected by colorimetry, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected by DHE staining. RESULTS Compared with the control group, there were no significant differences in learning and memory function, hippocampal tissue structure, oxidative stress, ROS and Fe²⁺ levels, NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins and ferroptosis-related proteins expression in MCC950 group (P>0.05). In the Sev group and Sev+MCC950 group of rats, there were significant learning and memory dysfunction and pathological injury of hippocampus, the activities of SOD and GSH in hippocampus were significantly decreased, the levels of MDA, ROS and Fe²⁺ were significantly increased, and the expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome related proteins and ACSL4 proteins were significantly increased, the protein expressions of SLC7A11 and GPX4 were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the Sev group, the learning and memory function of rats and the degree of pathological damage of hippocampal tissue were significantly alleviated, the activities of SOD and GSH in hippocampal tissue were significantly increased, the levels of MDA, ROS and Fe²⁺ were significantly decreased, and the expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins and ACSL4 proteins were significantly decreased, the protein expressions of SLC7A11 and GPX4 were significantly increased in the Sev+MCC950 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Sev induces POCD in rats, and its mechanism may be related to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome-induced neuronal ferroptosis in the hippocampus.

OBJECTIVE To prepare cepharanthine(CEP) polymer micelles and characterize them. METHODS The CEP polymer micelles were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Based on the single factor investigation, the preparation process was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface method with the entrapment efficiency and drug loading as indicators, and the particle size distribution, potential and in vitro release of the micelles were characterized. RESULTS The optimum process of CEP polymer micelle was as follows: 50 mg of MA-PEG-PLGA and 17.82 mg of CEP were dissolved in 0.25 mL of acetone, added dropwise into 14 mL of PBS solution at 60 ℃ and stirred on a magnetic stirrer at a speed of 1 000 r·min^-1 for 4 hours to obtain a clear CEP polymer micelle. The optimized CEP polymer micelles are spherical, with an average particle size of (111.37±3.51) nm, a PDI of (0.21±0.01) and a Zeta potential of (-9.78±2.15) mV. In vitro release results showed that CEP was released rapidly within 10 h, and its micelles released (79.99±4.96)% and (71.66±2.62)% respectively within 72 h, indicating that CEP could be released slowly after being made into micelles. The results of freeze-drying agent investigation showed that 0.5% poloxamer 188 had the smallest change in complex particle size after freeze-drying. The results of hemolysis test showed that the hemolysis rate was obviously reduced after CEP was made into micelles. CONCLUSION The optimized formulation and technology in this study can be used for the preparation of CEP-MA-PEG-PLGA polymer micelles, which lays a foundation for the subsequent development of CEP targeted preparations.