With China's urban development transitioning from incremental expansion to a phase characterized by stock renewal and quality improvement, the principle of "cities should be built by the people and for the people" has become a fundamental guiding principle for contemporary urban governance and spatial production. Within this context, the concept of People's Garden has emerged as a critical response from the discipline of landscape architecture to the demands of people-centered urban transformation. By shifting the focus from elite-oriented landscape production toward everyday spaces shaped, used, and maintained by ordinary citizens, People's Garden reorients landscape practice toward livelihood needs, social participation, and grassroots governance. This paper systematically traces the ideological origins and practical evolution of People's Garden, situating it within both Chinese and international traditions of public space creation and civic participation. In the Chinese context, its roots can be found in vernacular practices of spontaneous spatial construction and the longstanding cultural notion of "sharing landscapes with the people", evident in early public garden traditions and informal, community-based landscape making. In Western contexts, comparable traditions include ancient public groves, the rise of urban parks during industrialization, and later bottom-up movements such as community gardens and civic environmental activism. Together, these diverse historical trajectories reveal a shared pursuit of publicness, participation, and collective stewardship of everyday landscapes. Building on this historical review, the study further examines the transition of landscape architecture from elite and symbolic garden forms to modern public parks, and ultimately toward contemporary participatory landscapes. While modern public parks marked an important step toward openness and accessibility, they largely remained products of top-down planning processes in which citizens were passive users rather than active creators. People's Garden, formally articulated in China in 2024, represents a qualitative shift beyond these earlier models. It integrates the principles of the People-Centered City with current social conditions of urban regeneration, emphasizing residents' subjectivity, multi-actor collaboration, and the embedding of landscape practices within daily life. From a theoretical perspective, the paper constructs an analytical framework for People's Garden by drawing on landscape architecture theory, sociology, and anthropology. Concepts such as People-oriented, the Public Sphere, Social Capital, Daily Life, and Place-making provide intellectual support for understanding how People's Garden functions not merely as a spatial form, but as a social process. Empirically, the study reviews 26 representative cases from China and abroad, covering a wide range of scales and contexts, including national parks, urban parks, community gardens, and micro-regeneration projects. Based on the leading actors and participation mechanisms involved, these cases are classified into three main practice models: government-led initiatives, multi-stakeholder co-governance practices, and resident-initiated self-organized actions. To support comparative analysis, a three-dimensional evaluative framework is developed, focusing on government support, citizen participation, and collaborative networks. This framework helps reveal the gradual shift from state-dominated provision toward deeper forms of civic engagement and self-governance. Drawing on the comparative analysis of these cases, the paper synthesizes a practical pathway for People's Landscape structured around the integrated principles of co-construction, co-governance, and sharing. Co-construction emphasizes the establishment of collaborative platforms that integrate governmental guidance, professional expertise, social organizations, market resources, and residents' local knowledge. Co-governance focuses on institutionalizing participatory mechanisms throughout the entire life cycle of landscape projects, from planning and construction to long-term management, thereby ensuring sustainability and collective responsibility. Sharing highlights the equitable distribution of ecological, social, and cultural benefits, transforming landscape outcomes into tangible improvements in everyday life, community cohesion, and environmental well-being. In conclusion, People's Garden represents a fundamental reorientation of landscape architecture in contemporary China - from the creation of designed objects toward the cultivation of people-centered processes of spatial governance. By embedding landscape practices within everyday life and empowering citizens as co-creators and co-managers, People's Garden contributes to the enhancement of urban environmental quality, the strengthening of social capital, and the advancement of grassroots governance. Although the concept is still in an exploratory stage and faces challenges related to classification, scalability, and long-term institutional support, it offers significant potential for supporting high-quality urban development and improved quality of life under the framework of Chinese modernization. As such, People's Garden provides both theoretical insights and practical guidance for realizing the vision of the People-Centered City and advancing sustainable urban futures.

The cognitive process of Chinese gardens in the West is like a painting of ups and downs. With the changes of the times and the evolution of communication channels, it has gone through a tortuous process from praise to criticism, and finally returned to rationality. In this long and complex journey of cognition, the turning point of the early 20th century was particularly crucial. With the specialized investigation of architectural art and the widespread application of photography technology, the Western academic community opened a new chapter in the study of Chinese gardens, and a series of garden monographs emerged one after another. Among them, Florence Lee Powell's In the Chinese Garden became a brilliant pearl in the history of cross-cultural communication with its unique perspective and presentation. This paper aims to deeply analyze the unique position and value of the book In the Chinese Garden in the Western understanding of Chinese gardens from the perspective of cross-cultural communication, by examining the author's life, writing purpose, discourse structure, discourse style, and the use of photographs. By examining the research of Florence Lee Powell, we can have a more comprehensive, fair, and objective understanding of the profound cultural heritage of Chinese gardens. Florence Lee Powell, a foreign teacher with an infinite passion for Chinese culture, was deeply attracted to Chinese culture during her teaching period at Suzhou Jinghai Women's Normal School in 1926, and began to explore and record Chinese gardens in depth. She captured the beauty of Suzhou Lingering Garden and Lion Grove Garden with her feminine delicacy and sensitivity, engraving every detail of these two classic gardens into the memory of history. In 1943, she compiled these precious images and profound insights into a formal book for publication. This work is not only a heartfelt tribute to Chinese garden art, but also a successful practice in cross-cultural dialogue, opening a unique window for Western readers to explore the beauty of Chinese gardens. In terms of discourse structure, In the Chinese Garden demonstrates a rigorous academic style and clear logical clues. At the beginning, Florence Lee Powell sincerely explained the original intention and historical background of writing this book, laying a guiding stone for readers to reach the hall of Chinese classical garden art. Subsequently, as an almost tour guide, she led readers to explore the deep secrets of the Lingering Garden and Lion Grove Garden step by step according to the actual tour route. The clever combination of floor plans and sequence photos in the book makes readers feel as if they are walking among the gardens themselves. They can not only intuitively feel the ingenuity and harmony of the garden layout, but also understand the profound cultural connotations and symbolic meanings behind each scenery through delicate and meticulous textual explanations. This narrative strategy, which combines graphics and text, greatly enhances the readability and attractiveness of books, providing Western readers with an unprecedented perspective to understand and appreciate the subtleties of Chinese garden art. In the application and analysis of photos, Florence Lee Powell demonstrated extraordinary aesthetic insight. She is skilled in using central composition techniques, cleverly utilizing doors, windows, doorways, and even natural branches in the garden as the framework of the picture, not only guiding the viewer's visual focus, but also endowing the photo with deeper aesthetic connotations. By accurately capturing the details of the garden, whether it is the intricate textures on the rockery, the exquisite patterns on the leaky windows, or even the delicate tiles on the roof, they are all recorded one by one by Florence Lee Powell's lens, allowing Western readers to experience the delicacy and delicacy of Chinese gardens up close, as if crossing time and space, and personally touching the physical objects that carry heavy historical and cultural memories, experiencing a spiritual baptism and cultural exploration. The innovative value of In the Chinese Garden is not only reflected in filling the gap in Western research on the Chinese landscape system, but more importantly, as a successful case of cross-cultural communication, it provides valuable methodological inspiration for later scholars and researchers. The combination of sequential photography and textual description used in the book not only deepens the Western world's understanding and appreciation of Chinese garden art, but also opens up new paths for the fields of garden photography, recording, and analysis. This work builds a bridge connecting Eastern and Western cultures through its unique discourse logic and rich visual materials, promoting mutual understanding and respect between the two civilizations. To this day, In the Chinese Garden still shines with its immortal academic brilliance and cultural value. The photos in the book, as precious historical witnesses, not only provide intuitive visual materials for scholars to study the historical evolution of Chinese gardens, but also provide important references for the protection, restoration, and inheritance of modern gardens. In the wave of globalization, we must cherish and inherit this cultural treasure that transcends national borders, so that the unique charm of Chinese gardens can continue to shine on the stage of world culture and become a common spiritual wealth of all mankind.

As China's urban development gradually shifts from scale expansion to the stage of optimizing and renewing the existing stock, the core goal of urban greening construction has changed from merely increasing the area of green space to enhancing the quality of space and the efficiency of public services. This transformation has made strengthening the public participation mechanism an urgent need for current urban greening work. Against this backdrop, the urban public green space construction model with the core concept of "People's Garden" has emerged. It emphasizes a green governance path oriented towards residents' demands and jointly built by multiple subjects, becoming an important exploration direction to solve the problem of the disconnection between traditional green space construction and public demands. However, at present, the practice of public participation in the construction of urban green Spaces in our country still faces many challenges - there are operational difficulties such as the lack of standardized guidelines for the participation process and the unsmooth feedback channels for residents' demands, as well as institutional shortcomings such as the ambiguous definition of the rights and responsibilities of the participating subjects in policies and regulations and the insufficiency of incentive mechanisms. The overall implementation path has not yet formed a clear framework. The relevant supporting institutional system is in urgent need of systematic improvement. As a typical example of public-participatory green space construction on a global scale, Setagaya Ward in Tokyo, Japan, has been focusing on the needs of urban refined management since the 1990s. Through a combination of policy guidance, mechanism innovation, and community mobilization, it has systematically promoted the institutionalization and systematization of the entire construction process. After more than three decades of practical exploration, A public-participatory green space construction model that is both operational and has demonstration value has been formed. This study conducts in-depth exploration around three core dimensions: First, it systematically sorts out the development trajectory of public participation in green space construction in Japan, from the rise of civic movements to the transformation of community building after the bubble economy, clarifying the changes in policy-driven and social demands at different stages; Secondly, taking Setanagaya District as the empirical research object, through literature analysis and field investigation, the organizational structure of its public participation in green space construction is analyzed in detail, and the policy framework including the detailed implementation rules of the "Urban Park Law", district-level special regulations, and the community building subsidy system is systematically sorted out. And summarize its supporting system in terms of fundraising, technical guidance, publicity and promotion, etc. Thirdly, for the key hub organization, Setagaya Trust & Community Design, core members were selected to conduct semi-structured in-depth interviews. A comprehensive assessment and reflection were carried out on its green space construction practices from dimensions such as practical effectiveness, existing challenges, and sustainability. Summarize successful experiences and room for improvement. Based on the above research, this paper ultimately returns to the reflection on the construction of "People's Gardens" in our country. In light of local realities, it puts forward targeted suggestions from three aspects: policy improvement, organizational optimization, and action innovation. At the policy level, it is necessary to accelerate special legislation to clarify the rights and responsibilities of participants. At the organizational level, a cross-departmental collaborative platform should be established to promote resource integration. At the action level, it is necessary to stimulate residents' continuous participation motivation through capacity building and cultural cultivation, thereby providing practical references for the construction of public-participatory green Spaces in the context of urban stock renewal in China.

From 1904 to 1929, Donald MacGregor, a landscape designer trained at the Royal Kew Gardens in the UK, served as the Superintendent of Parks and Open Spaces of the Shanghai International Settlement. MacGregor's tenure in Shanghai marked a pivotal period in the development of the city's public green spaces, and his contributions were instrumental in shaping the city's early landscape architecture. By introducing modern landscape design notions, developing professional nurseries, and establishing a professional management and gardening workforce, MacGregor played a crucial role in the development of a systematic green space network. This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of MacGregor's impact on the establishment and evolution of the green space system in the early 20th century, examining both his professional background and the various ways in which his efforts transformed the city's public parks and open spaces. This study is based on an in-depth review of archival materials from the Kew Gardens Archives, the Shanghai Municipal Archives, and a range of online databases. These sources offer original documents and records that provide valuable insights into MacGregor's professional education and early career in the UK, as well as his work in Shanghai. The research not only examines MacGregor's contributions to landscape design and park planning, but also explores his influence on nursery development, road greening projects, and team management within the context of the Shanghai International Settlement. By analyzing MacGregor's work from his education in the UK to his key achievements in Shanghai, the research seeks to clarify the significant impact he had on the city's green space system, which laid the foundation for modern urban landscaping in Shanghai. The study highlights several key areas of MacGregor's contributions, focusing on the following major aspects: his innovative landscape design, the establishment and management of nurseries for plant cultivation, the planting of roadside greenery, and the formation of a multinational management team responsible for overseeing the green spaces. Each of these areas is examined in depth, alongside evaluations and assessments from contemporary government officials, professional institutions, and MacGregor's peers. These endorsements not only reflect the high regard in which MacGregor's work was held but also underscore the lasting impact he had on the development of Shanghai's green infrastructure. In conclusion, this study argues that Donald MacGregor's contributions to the development of the green space system were transformative and far-reaching. His professional expertise, innovative design principles, and managerial skills helped to shape the city's urban landscape and laid the foundation for the development of modern urban parks and green spaces in Shanghai. His legacy as a pioneer of early 20th-century landscape architecture in Shanghai has left an indelible mark on the city, and his work continues to be an important reference point for landscape designers and urban planners today. His work remains an essential part of Shanghai's urban heritage and serves as a reminder of the importance of thoughtful and sustainable urban greening.

The maze represents a significant spatial typology within the formal gardens of Western classicism. Its formal origins can be traced back to choreographic ritual symbols from antiquity, which later frequently appeared as sacred geometric patterns in medieval religious spaces, and ultimately evolved into a spatial feature within aristocratic gardens during the Renaissance. Although diverse cultural types of maze spaces existed across different periods and regions in the West, they all share commonalities in spatial formal composition and experiential engagement. Post-Renaissance garden mazes transformed these planar formal commonalities into three-dimensional labyrinthine spaces that offer more profound landscape experiences. Drawing upon materials such as mythology, dance, painting, architecture, and garden imagery, and employing research methodologies including iconology, cross-referencing of historical, sources, and diagrammatic analysis, this study examines the constitutive mechanisms of maze spatial forms from three perspectives: the origins and evolution, typological variations, and essential components of Western maze culture. It interprets the historical, conceptual, and the significance of spatial experience inherent in the maze. The research aims to provide specific design references for contemporary landscape practice and to contribute to deepening the comparative study of Chinese and Western gardens, particularly regarding the cultural experience and perception of this distinctive spatial type. The maze's foundational form derives from ancient ritual dances, where patterned movements inscribed symbolic trajectories onto the ground, serving as early spatial representations of cosmological or spiritual narratives. During the medieval period, these forms were assimilated into Christian contexts, most notably as pavement labyrinths in cathedrals, such as the renowned example at Chartres. These functioned as sites for symbolic pilgrimage, condensing a spiritual journey into a compact, contemplative physical path. The transition to the Renaissance witnessed the secularization and aestheticization of the maze. Integrated into the elaborate designs of expansive gardens, such as those at the Villa d'Este or Hampton Court, it became an instrument of courtly leisure, allegory, and demonstration of humanist control over nature. The spatial experience shifted from devotional meditation to one of amusement, disorientation, and eventual discovery, often imbued with metaphorical meanings related to love, fate, or knowledge. Despite varying contextual interpretations - sacred, symbolic, or recreational - the core formal principle of the maze remained a single, non-branching but intricately coiling path leading to a center. This unicursal model emphasizes process and journey over puzzle-solving. However, later developments, especially the hedge maze, introduced multicursal layouts with dead ends and choices, thereby emphasizing confusion, decision-making, and playful challenge. This evolution from a unicursal ritual path to a multicursal recreational puzzle marks a significant shift in spatial experience. The study analyzes the maze's formal constituents: the path (its width, texture, and modulation by planting or walls), the nodal points (turns, decision points, or centers), and the vertical boundaries (hedges, walls, or terraces) that define the sensory experience of enclosure, revelation, and surprise. The interaction between the predetermined geometry of the plan and the kinesthetic, perceptual, and psychological experience of the user is central to its spatial mechanism. In conclusion, the Western maze constitutes a rich palimpsest of cultural meanings encoded in spatial form. By deciphering its historical layers and operational logic, this research seeks to abstract transferable principles of path sequencing, perceptual manipulation, and narrative spatialization. These insights can inform contemporary landscape architecture, offering strategies for creating immersive, sequential, and meaningful spatial journeys. Furthermore, a structured understanding of the maze provides a concrete framework for cross-cultural comparison, illuminating how different traditions conceive of, design, and experience manipulated ritual or recreational pathways, thereby enriching the discourse on global garden history and spatial culture.

Generative artificial intelligence technology is profoundly affecting the field of landscape planning and design, bringing new opportunities and challenges to knowledge production and planning and design practice. The research is based on the difference between landscape planning and design practice before and after the intervention of artificial intelligence. Firstly, the development process of artificial intelligence in three key application scenarios of simulation prediction, scheme generation, and design evaluation is deeply analyzed. 1) Artificial intelligence in simulation and prediction scenarios is mainly used in dynamic simulation of landscape pattern, prediction of spatial pattern evolution, scene simulation, etc., to help predict the future development trend of landscape, which is usually in the current situation and problem analysis stage in the early stage of planning and design. From the initial empirical prediction of the urban dynamics model to the machine prediction stage of the analytical artificial intelligence stage. 2) In the context of scheme generation, artificial intelligence is mainly used in the rapid generation of spatial layout schemes, such as landscape plane generation and landscape rendering, which is usually in the mid-term scheme proposal stage of planning and design. With the evolution of artificial intelligence from non-intelligent tools to generative artificial intelligence, scheme generation has also achieved a leap from auxiliary drawing to generative design. 3) In the context of design evaluation, artificial intelligence is mainly used in landscape performance evaluation, landscape visual quality evaluation, landscape perception evaluation, etc., to help designers evaluate and improve planning and design schemes. It is usually in the early stage of planning and design, and the later stage of performance evaluation. Artificial intelligence tools have evolved from the earliest expert system to data-driven evaluation. Secondly, based on the time period theory and the subject-object dichotomy theory, an analytical framework is proposed to dialectically view the three roles of artificial intelligence of knowledge production in landscape planning and design practice: from the short-term perspective of technological and product innovation, human beings as the main body of planning and design practice, and generative artificial intelligence can be regarded as "servants"; from the medium-term perspective of industry change, generative artificial intelligence, as the main body of planning and design practice, has become an "opponent" under the negative impact of technology; from the long-term perspective of knowledge production and social communication change, when both are subjects, generative artificial intelligence can be regarded as a "partner". The importance of building a new model of human-machine collaboration is further emphasized, and a knowledge production model of landscape planning and design based on human-machine collaboration is proposed. Finally, the future development and challenges of artificial intelligence in the production of practical knowledge of landscape planning and design are prospectively discussed. It is still a big challenge for generative artificial intelligence to participate in the interdisciplinary and local knowledge production of landscape planning and design, and the knowledge production in the teaching and research of landscape planning and design. In the face of the new trend of knowledge production mode change brought by artificial intelligence, we should understand it from the perspective of knowledge production mode change, ideology and methodology evolution, and examine landscape planning and design practice and subject knowledge system with a new problem domain. Further thinking about the role and responsibility of artificial intelligence and planning designers in landscape planning and design practice, and how to better integrate the collaboration between humans and artificial intelligence to create more value.

To screen herbaceous plants that are adaptable to and conducive to stabilizing ecologically fragile garden slopes, this study selected 9 commonly used herbaceous slope-protection plants from Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area, a renowned mountain scenic spot in South China, and conducted tests on the shear strength, anti-scourability, and anti-erosion resistance of their root-soil composites. The results showed that all the tested plants could effectively improve slope stability, and the ranking of their comprehensive soil-fixing efficiency was as follows: Axonopus compressus > Arrhenatherum elatius 'Variegatum' > Calathea insignis>Wedelia trilobata > Hymenocallis littoralis >Hemerocallis fulva > Nephrolepis cordifolia > Ruellia simplex > Pilea notata. In terms of specific performance indicators reflecting different aspects of soil stability, Arrhenatherum elatius 'Variegatum', Hymenocallis littoralis, and Nephrolepis cordifolia had the highest shear strength in the upper soil layer; Arrhenatherum elatius 'Variegatum', Hymenocallis littoralis, and Calathea insignis exhibited the best performance in the shear strength of the lower soil layer; in terms of anti-scourability, Axonopus compressus, Wedelia trilobata, and Hemerocallis fulva showed the optimal performance; meanwhile, Calathea insignis, Ruellia simplex, and Hemerocallis fulva demonstrated the strongest anti-erosion resistance. The comprehensive evaluation based on all test indicators indicated that Axonopus compressus, Arrhenatherum elatius 'Variegatum', Calathea insignis, Wedelia trilobata, and Hymenocallis littoralis are highly suitable as excellent slope-protection plants for garden slopes in Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area and South China. To accurately quantify the relative contribution rate of each evaluation index to the overall soil-fixing effect, the entropy weight method was adopted to measure the contribution degree of each index. The results revealed that the contribution rates followed the order: anti-scourability (33.44%) > upper-layer shear strength (26.03%) > lower-layer shear strength (21.31%) > anti-erosion resistance (19.22%), indicating that the importance of different indicators varied. The upper and lower-layer shear strengths are the core indicators reflecting the mechanical effects of root-soil composites, with the contribution rate of upper-layer shear strength being higher than that of the lower layer, while anti-scourability and anti-erosion resistance are the key indicators characterizing hydrological effects. Both mechanical and hydrological effects play significant and indispensable roles in the soil-fixing function of slope-protection plants. It is worth noting that the cumulative contribution rate of hydrological effect indicators reached 52.66%, which was equivalent to that of mechanical effect indicators (47.34%). Correlation analysis further revealed that there was a highly significant positive correlation (P<0.01) among upper-layer shear strength, lower-layer shear strength, and anti-erosion resistance, while anti-scourability was only highly significantly correlated with anti-erosion resistance (P<0.01). These findings collectively indicate that there is a clear synergistic mechanism between mechanical and hydrological effects during the soil-fixing process of slope-protection plants, and provide important theoretical support for the scientific selection of slope-protection plants in South China.

Conventional metrics for evaluating equality in urban green space planning, primarily based on two-dimensional green space (2DGS) area coverage, are insufficient for characterizing the intricate distribution of green resources in three-dimensional space. These traditional measures overlook the substantial contributions of vertical vegetation structures, such as trees and shrubs, to urban ecological health, biodiversity, and aesthetic quality, potentially leading to suboptimal planning outcomes. To address this gap, this study establishes a novel analytical framework that synergizes high-precision remote sensing with advanced machine learning to enable a precise and comprehensive assessment of equality in three-dimensional green volume (3DGV) allocation, thereby supporting more integrated and effective urban green planning. The framework was implemented in the main city of Nanjing through four sequential stages: 1) 2DGS Extraction: Precise delineation of surface green coverage was achieved by applying a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to high-resolution remote sensing imagery, generating an accurate foundational map for spatial analysis. 2) 3DGV Modeling and Calculation: A robust Random Forest regression model was developed to estimate 3DGV across the entire study area. This model was trained using detailed field-measured 3DGV data from sample plots and a suite of spectral vegetation indices derived from satellite data, effectively capturing non-linear relationships to ensure reliable volume inversion. 3) Accessibility-Based Equity Measurement: The equity of access to green resources was evaluated using the Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (2SFCA) method. This approach calculated the accessible 3DGV for each residential community by balancing the spatial supply of green volume with local population demand, highlighting fine-grained spatial disparities in availability. 4) Comparative Equity Analysis: The overall equity level was quantified using the Gini coefficient for accessible 3DGV, while the location quotient identified units with relative surplus or deficit. A direct comparison of equity indicators derived from 3DGV and conventional 2DGS metrics revealed the distinct analytical insights provided by the volumetric perspective. The analysis yields several key findings. First, inequalities in 2DGS distribution are amplified in the 3DGV, indicating that area-based disparities lead to even greater volumetric imbalances. Second, the dynamics of 3DGV are more complex and sensitive; it exhibits a lagged and non-linear response to significant changes in surface greenery, making its equity patterns during urbanization more volatile than those of 2DGS. This underscores the critical limitation of relying solely on planar metrics, as they mask these heightened and more sensitive volumetric inequalities. Therefore, the study concludes that achieving equitable green space allocation requires planning policies and regulatory interventions specifically designed to monitor and manage 3DGV. The proposed framework offers a multidimensional, scientifically robust basis for spatial decision-making, providing innovative methodology for advancing sustainable and just urban green environments.

The construction of the natural protected area (NPA) system is a fundamental component of China's ecological civilization initiative, yet the spatial alignment between existing NPAs and regional key ecological spaces remains poorly defined, leading to exacerbated habitat isolation and landscape fragmentation. This study focuses on the Fuchun River Basin, a region covering 3,829.15 km² and spanning nine districts - including Yuhang, Xiaoshan, and Fuyang - characterized by significant ecological value and rapid urbanization. Facing the challenges of increasingly fragmented ecological land and intense human-land contradictions, this research aims to identify protection gaps and optimize the spatial configuration of NPAs by constructing a comprehensive regional ecological network. The study integrates diverse quantitative methods to ensure scientific rigor: the InVEST model was first employed to evaluate four key ecosystem services, specifically water yield, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and habitat quality. Simultaneously, cultural services were quantified through a Python-based accessibility analysis of recreation points using Gaode Map API data to account for the "intangible" value of the landscape. Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) was subsequently applied to identify core landscape patches, and 25 ecological sources totaling 557.39 km² (representing 14.56% of the basin) were selected based on a patch importance index (dPC) threshold of greater than 0.5. To develop a scientific resistance surface, Spatial Principal Component Analysis (SPCA) was utilized to determine the weights of seven resistance factors - including elevation, slope, land cover, NDVI, and proximity to railways and roads - effectively eliminating data redundancy and avoiding the subjectivity of manual weighting. Utilizing circuit theory and the linkage mapper tool, the study extracted 54 ecological corridors with a total length of 684.55 km and a combined area of 632.80 km². Furthermore, the research identified 114 critical ecological pinch points covering 8.61 km², which represent high-current density areas indispensable for maintaining regional connectivity and species flow. Spatial overlay analysis revealed significant mismatches between current conservation efforts and ecological needs: within the 650.56 km² of existing NPAs, only 173.86 km² (26.89%) overlapped with identified ecological sources, and 114.60 km² (17.62%) coincided with ecological corridors. Notably, ten key ecological sources were found to be entirely independent of the current NPA system, highlighting major protection gaps. Based on these findings, a three-tier spatial optimization framework is proposed: first, the designation of Strict Protection Zones (280 km²) at the intersection of the ecological network and existing NPAs, where human interference is strictly prohibited and buffer zones are established to maintain stable natural succession; second, the identification of Ecological Restoration Zones (370 km²) in areas where ecosystem services are degraded, requiring near-natural restoration, agricultural remediation, and restricted development; and third, the delimitation of Potential Protection Zones (386.73 km²) to incorporate high-value sources and pinch points currently lacking protection by merging adjacent areas or establishing "stepping stones" for migrating species. This study adopts a systemic ecological network perspective to provide scientific evidence and categorized management suggestions for NPA integration under the "One Map" territorial planning framework, offering profound practical guidance for enhancing regional ecological stability.