Tovorafenib has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients 6 months of age and older with relapsed or refractory pediatric low-grade glioma(LGGs) harboring the serine threonine kinae v-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 (BRAF) fusion or rearrangement, or BRA^V600E mutation. Tovorafenib is an oral, greater brain-penetrant, selective, type Ⅱ RAF inhibitor which has potent activity against both oncogenic BRAF fusions and BRAF^V600E mutations. Most tumors have been showed some degree of shrinkage. The mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical study and safety were introduced.

Virus are one of the main pathogens that cause many serious diseases in humans, animals and plants. Antivirals are a class of drugs specifically used to treat viral infections. Although different virus replicate in different ways, infecting the human body has several stages in common, including entry, biosynthesis, assembly, and release. Virus of the same genus are highly similar in protein structure and sequence, so they can be used as common targets for antiviral drug development. This article reviews the processes of viral infection in humans and the targeted antiviral drugs designed for these processes, including inhibitors targeting the surface subunit (SfS) and transmembrane subunit (TmS) of viral enveloped glycoprotein, viral entry inhibitors targeting host proteins, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and RNA/DNA-dependent DNA polymerase inhibitors and virus protease inhibitors, in order to provide clues for the development of antiviral drugs for future epidemics.

Standardizing the management of drugs used in clinical trials is one of the important means to protect the safety of trial participants and ensure that the trial results are scientifically reliable. The management of trial drugs runs throughout the entire clinical trial process, with some hospitals centralizing the management and others managing it within departments. Participants in the process include doctors, nurses, and pharmacists, among others. Investigate the management of investigational drugs in 15 hospitals and combine domestic relevant regulations and guidelines to standardize the management process of investigational drugs. A central pharmacy staffed by dedicated pharmacy personnel should be preferred, and if a departmental management model is used, a research physician/nurse or a pharmacy personnel with the necessary qualifications and competencies should be appointed as the drug manager. The reception and inventory of clinical trial drugs, as well as the return of drugs to the sponsor, should be completed by the institutional drug manager. The distribution of clinical trial drugs can be authorized to individuals with a professional background in pharmacy who have obtained professional qualification certificates or licensed pharmacist certificates. If non-pharmacist personnel distribute clinical trial drugs, other equivalent documents should be used instead of dispensing drugs based on prescriptions.

With the deepening of molecular biology and cell biology research, the regulatory mechanism of autophagy has been gradually revealed, providing new ideas for the treatment of numerous diseases. Autophagy may be closely related to pathological changes such as apoptosis resistance of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, disturbances in bone metabolic homeostasis, and antigen presentation, the regulation of autophagy homeostasis may be an important approach for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this paper, we provide a review on the pathological mechanism of autophagy in RA, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for later studies.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease mainly associated with polyarthritis. It is mainly due to the joint swelling and joint inflammation caused by immune cells. The alkaloids in traditional Chinese medicine can reduce the level of pro-inflammatory factors and increase the level of anti-inflammatory factors, reduce the joint synovial tissue hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration and new blood vessel formation, inhibit the differentiation of osteoclasts, and then play an anti-RA role. Therefore, the review used the effects and mechanisms of alkaloids for RA to inform the development of new drugs for RA.

Dark plum can be used to treat symptoms such as consumptive thirst due to deficiency-heat and chronic cough due to lung deficiency. Its active ingredients have auxiliary effects on lowering blood glucose, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Insulin resistance is mainly characterized by the weakening of the physiological effects of insulin in the body, with a relatively complex mechanism that can lead to various metabolic-related diseases and seriously affect health. The active ingredients of dark plum can improve insulin resistance by regulating insulin signaling pathways, endoplasmic reticulum stress, antioxidant stress, inflammatory signaling pathways, levels of related inflammatory mediators, and free fatty acid levels. By reviewing the relevant literature on the improvement of insulin resistance by the active ingredients of dark plum, this article summarizes and analyzes its mechanism of action, aiming to provide new ideas and scientific evidence for in-depth research on insulin resistance and the development and application of drugs.

The development of breast cancer is closely related to the information transfer in its microenvironment. As a novel information communication tool, exosomes present non-coding RNAs that are involved in breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumour-associated fibroblasts ogenesis, cell cycle, degradation of oncogenes, etc. This paper reviews the relationship between exosomes and the tumour microenvironment and the role of their presenting non-coding RNAs on breast cancer as well as their clinical applications in order to provide new ideas for biological research and therapeutic strategies.

The glycocalyx (GC) constitutes an essential component of the vascular endothelial cell surface, facilitating vasodilation, regulating vascular permeability, modulating leukocyte adhesion, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Under the influence of diverse pathological factors, GC degradation is triggered, and endothelial cell dysfunction is mediated through various mechanisms such as oxidative stress, exacerbated inflammatory responses, abnormal mechanical transduction, and augmented white blood cell adhesion. Furthermore, dysfunctional endothelial cells can also lead to an intensification of GC degradation. In this paper, the potential correlation between GC degradation and endothelial cell dysfunction, along with related drug intervention studies, were summarized and analyzed, which provided ideas for subsequent drug research and pave the way for improving clinical efficacy of related diseases.