Latest ArticlesIt is about to enter the decisive five years of the 2030 goal set by the World Health Organization to eliminate hepatitis. As one of the countries with the heaviest burden of hepatitis B virus, China faces self-evident challenges. Hepatitis B vaccination has been scientifically verified as the most powerful weapon to eliminate hepatitis B at present. Since 1992, the hepatitis B vaccination strategy has been implemented and continuously improved in China, achieving remarkable success. Accordingly, significant progress has been made in the prevention and control of hepatitis B in China. However, up to now, China still faces multiple problems to be solved in hepatitis B vaccination, and it is particularly urgent to further improve the hepatitis B vaccination strategy. This review aims to provide a useful reference for the continuous optimization of hepatitis B vaccination strategies in China by reviewing the evolution of hepatitis B vaccination strategies in China, delving into the current status of vaccination, analyzing the main challenges that still exist, and making an outlook on the future development of hepatitis B vaccination strategies.
This article systematically reviews the research progress in the concentration spectrum, spatio-temporal distribution, and health risks of 14 heavy metals (metalloids) in atmospheric PM2.5 in tropical regions around the world from 2014 to 2024. The results showed that the concentrations of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) in atmospheric PM2.5 among countries in tropical regions were both high and followed the trend of countries with mid-high income < countries with high income < countries with mid-low income. Other heavy metals (metalloids) also had certain regional composite pollution differences. Specifically, the pollution was dominated by barium (Ba), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in the countries with mid-low income, Zn, Mn, and copper (Cu) in the countries with mid-high income, and Zn, Mn, and lead (Pb) in the countries with high income. The hazard quotients (HQ) of non-carcinogenic risk of 14 heavy metals (metalloids) were low (HQ < 1). The carcinogenic risk (CR) of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and cobalt (Co) was high. Specifically, the CR of Cr and Co in the countries with mid-low income, Cr and As in the countries with mid-high income, and Cr in the countries with high income was high (CR > 1 × 10−6). This review can provide scientific references for tropical countries and regions in formulating differentiated environmental standards and health protection strategies.
To summarize WHO′s building and measurement tools for climate-resilient health systems (CRHS), analyze their global application status and applications strategies in different countries, and inform China′s CRHS development.
The related literature including policies or studies published in English or Chinese before December 2024 was comprehensively searched against the Web of Science, WHO Library, government publications of different countries, reports, official websites of health departments and relevant authorities, other international organizations′ official websites, and Google Scholar. After rigorous screening, 10 WHO-aligned national government reports/action plans were included for in-depth analysis.
Globally, high-income countries such as Canada and climate-sensitive nations such as Bangladesh have applied these tools. The strategies adopted by countries primarily focused on policy integration, international cooperation, phased implementation, and localization. China′s CRHS development still faces challenges, especially in the health talent domain. Accordingly, China needs strengthened health workforce development and context-specific adaptation of tools.
WHO tools provide vital guidance for building CRHS. Countries should adapt them contextually to enhance CRHS resilience.
Pathogenic bioaerosols represent a critical public health challenge, necessitating advanced detection methodologies for effective infectious disease surveillance and mitigation. This review comprehensively examines the intrinsic principles, methodological strengths, inherent limitations, and contextual applications of conventional sampling techniques (encompassing filtration and impactor-based methodologies) and contemporary detection modalities (including real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification). Furthermore, the review examines emerging rapid detection paradigms, with a particular emphasis on innovative approaches such as microfluidic systems, nanomaterials, and sophisticated optical analysis techniques. The investigation reveals that optimal bioaerosol sampling necessitates a multifactorial selection strategy, and the selection of technologies for field rapid detection should be contingent upon environmental conditions, target pathogen characteristics, and operational constraints. While novel bioaerosol sampling technologies demonstrate substantial promise, significant challenges persist regarding sampling efficiency, analytical precision, and economic feasibility. The research underscores the imperative for interdisciplinary collaboration and technological refinement to advance environmental monitoring and public health protection strategies.
While China has established a comprehensive whole-process management system covering blood collection, testing, and allocation for its non-remunerated blood donation system, the contradiction between blood supply and demand has become increasingly prominent against the backdrop of deepening population aging and growing demand for medical services, creating a blood shortage crisis. This paper analyzes the causes of this crisis and concludes that the crisis arises from factors such as public misperceptions and distrust, disorderly cost control across the blood supply chain, and an imperfect rights protection system. It proposes targeted solutions: recommending the use of legal mechanisms to address policy implementation discrepancies, enhancing the transparency of blood management to rebuild public trust, and optimizing blood allocation efficiency to tackle geographical disparities. These measures are essential to safeguard and enhance the value of China′s non-remunerated blood donation system.
Public health emergency management is an integral part of the national governance system, and the empowerment of digital technology serves as the core support for the modernization and intelligentization of governance capabilities. In view of the fragmentation problem in emergency management, there is an urgent need to implement holistic governance for intelligent public health emergency management. In response to this, this paper explains the core connotation of intelligent public health emergency management from two aspects: the integrity of the management system and the enabling role of digital technology. According to the holistic governance theory, it constructs a framework for intelligent public health emergency management with the core logic of value orientation-capacity integration-institutional guarantee-intelligent support. On this basis, the paper proposes its holistic implementation paths: establishing a modern and scientific thinking orientation, building an operation mechanism driven by technology and business, forming a support mechanism featuring joint construction, shared benefits, and co-governance, and improving the policy and regulatory system for the coordination of multiple stakeholders.
The International Health Regulations (IHR), serving as the core norm of global public health governance, have evolved over a long historical period. The amendments adopted in 2024 not only constitute an institutional response to recent public health emergencies that revealed inherent shortcomings in the IHR but are also profoundly shaped by the dual impact of globalization′s "contagion effect" and the vision of a "community of common health for mankind". This article examines key aspects of the amendments, including the introduction of a "Pandemic Emergency" framework, efforts to strengthen the World Health Organization′s leadership role, the establishment of Competent National Authorities, and the creation of mechanisms for global information sharing, collaborative assistance, and equitable resource allocation. Additionally, it analyzes the establishment of an Implementation Review Committee to enhance member states’ compliance with their obligations. In addressing the IHR′s governance challenges, the article puts forward a "Chinese solution" guided by the concept of a community of common health for mankind. This solution emphasizes the participation of non-state actors in global health governance and advocates for the alignment and integration of domestic public health legal systems with international regulations. The ultimate goal is to safeguard human health and international health security while advancing equitable access to global public health resources.
To investigate the associations of the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) with hyperglycemia risk and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level among adults in China.
A total of 9 363 adults aged ≥ 18 years who participated in at least two rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2009, 2015, and 2018, with complete dietary data and blood glucose measurements, were included. The E-DII was calculated based on a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Participants were assigned into quintiles (Q1–Q5) according to the E-DII distribution in each survey year. The associations of E-DII with hyperglycemia risk and FPG level were analyzed via a three-level logistic mixed-effects model and a three-level linear mixed-effects model, respectively, with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) for confounding adjustment.
The baseline mean age of the 9 363 participants was (51.4 ± 13.1) years, with an average follow-up of 5.6 years. The E-DII scores ranged from −4.5 to 5.2, with a mean of 0.6. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 24.2%. After adjusting for confounders, compared with the Q5 group (highest pro-inflammatory diet), the Q2 group in the overall population had a decreased risk of hyperglycemia (OR = 0.616, 95%CI: 0.470 to 0.807). Similar trends were observed in males, individuals aged 45–59 years at baseline, both rural and urban residents, and the overall population. In the overall population, the Q4 group exhibited a 0.046 mmol/L decrease in FPG (95%CI: −0.091 to −0.001). In females, the Q1 group showed a 0.120 mmol/L reduction in FPG (95%CI: −0.216 to −0.024). Among participants aged 18–44 years at baseline, the Q1 and Q4 groups had FPG reductions of 0.160 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.281 to −0.039) and 0.128 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.238 to −0.018), respectively. Urban residents in the Q3 and Q4 groups demonstrated FPG decreases of 0.195 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.349 to −0.041) and 0.180 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.330 to −0.029), respectively.
Reducing dietary inflammatory potential may aid in FBG control and hyperglycemia prevention among Chinese adults.
To analyze the mortality trend of chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) among residents aged ≤70 years old in Qinghai province from 2015 to 2022, thus providing a basis for improving the prevention and control strategies of CRD.
The mortality data were collected from the Death Information Registration and Reporting System of Qinghai Province for the individuals aged ≤ 70 years old, with the underlying cause of death attributed to CRD from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2022. Descriptive analysis was conducted via the number of deaths, crude mortality, and standardized mortality. The Joinpoint model was adopted to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) to analyze the mortality trend of CRD among residents aged ≤ 70 years old in Qinghai province.
The crude mortality of CRD among residents aged ≤ 70 years old in Qinghai province increased from 20.46/105 in 2015 to 24.27/105 in 2022, while the standardized mortality decreased from 32.38/105 in 2015 to 31.59/105 in 2022. However, both the trends showed no statistically significant differences (all P > 0.05). The crude mortality of CRD varied among residents aged ≤70 years in different gender, age, and region groups across different years (all P < 0.05). Among the residents with different characteristics aged ≤ 70 years old, the crude mortality of CRD in rural areas increased from 21.45/105 in 2015 to 31.59/105 in 2022. The crude mortality of CRD showed an upward trend from 2015 to 2022 (AAPC = 4.44%, t = 2.76, P = 0.03).
From 2015 to 2022, the mortality of CRD among rural residents aged ≤ 70 years old in Qinghai province showed an upward trend. Rural areas, pastoral areas, and elderly male residents are the key areas and population for the prevention and control of CRD.
To compare the premature death probability and disease burden of major chronic diseases along with their changing trends among residents in chronic disease comprehensive control and prevention demonstration areas (demonstration areas) and non-demonstration areas in Jinan city, thus providing a basis for improving the residents′ health.
Using mortality data from three demonstration areas and three non-demonstration areas in Jinan, 2013 – 2023, we compared and analyzed age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), premature mortality probability, and standardized years of life lost (YLL) rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), malignant tumors, chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), and diabetes mellitus (DM). The changing trends were assessed based on the average annual percentage change (AAPC).
The demonstration areas had higher average ASMR and standardized YLL rates of CVD, malignant tumors, and the four major chronic diseases and lower average ASMR and standardized YLL rates of CRD and DM than the non-demonstration areas. Significant declining trends were observed for the ASMR of CVD (AAPC = –1.33%, 95%CI: –2.21% to –0.46%), malignant tumors (AAPC = –3.33%, 95%CI: –4.47% to –2.18%), CRD (AAPC = –6.69%, 95%CI: –8.29% to –5.07%), and the four major chronic diseases (AAPC = –2.22%, 95%CI: –2.94% to –1.50%) as well as the standardized YLL rates of CVD (AAPC = –1.66%, 95%CI: –2.50% to –0.81%), malignant tumors (AAPC = –3.96%, 95%CI: –5.23% to –2.68%), CRD (AAPC = –7.41%, 95%CI: –9.12% to –5.67%), and the four major chronic diseases (AAPC = –2.73%, 95%CI: –3.42% to –2.04%), with greater declines in the demonstration areas. The demonstration areas had higher average annual premature death probabilities of malignant tumors and the four major chronic diseases and lower average annual premature death probabilities of CVD, CRD, and DM than the non-demonstration areas. Reductions in premature death probability were observed for CVD (AAPC = –1.70%, 95%CI: –2.57% to –0.82%), malignant tumors (AAPC = –3.60%, 95%CI: –4.80% to –2.39%), CRD (AAPC = –5.81%, 95%CI: –7.90% to –3.68%), and the four major chronic diseases (AAPC = –2.56%, 95%CI: –3.36% to –1.75%), with greater declines in the demonstration areas.
The establishment of demonstration areas in Jinan has significantly reduced premature death burden from CVD, malignant tumors, and CRD. These interventions have shown pronounced benefits for the people aged 30–69. Nevertheless, the prevention and control of DM still need to be strengthened.
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