Objective: To explore the fragmentation patterns of synthetic cannabinoids by electron impact (EI) ionization mass spectrometry. Methods: Forty synthetic cannabinoids were systematically investigated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ionization mode was EI (70 eV) and the acquisition range was m/z 50-600. Results: According to the different structures of the “head group” and “linked group”, forty synthetic cannabinoids were divided into six categories, namely cumyl-carboxamide type, adamantyl-carboxamide type, carbamoyl/methyl butyrate-carboxamide type, naphthylformyl type, benzoyl/phenylacetyl type and tetramethylcyclopropane-acyl type. Through the analysis of the mass spectrum of synthetic cannabinoids, the fragmentation pathways and characteristic ions of different types of synthetic cannabinoids were given. The main EI-MS fragmentation patterns of synthetic cannabinoids were that both sides of the carbonyl group in the “linking group” undergo α-cleavage, and the N atom on the indole/indazole parent nucleus was prone to γ-H rearrangement, and loss of a R₁. In addition, fragment ions m/z 116, 130, 144 and fragment ions m/z 117, 131, 145 were the characteristic fragments of indazole and indole parent nucleus, which could be used to identify the parent nucleus of synthetic cannabinoids. Conclusion: These kind of compounds have strong fragmentation regularity. When standard substances are lacking or commercial mass spectral libraries are difficult to obtain, the proposed synthetic cannabinoids EI-MS fragmentation pathways can help to rapidly identify the structures of unknown synthetic cannabinoids.

Objective: To analyze the fractions and relative contents of volatile oils of Magnoliae Flos at different harvesting periods, to elucidate the dynamic pattern of changes in the chemical composition of Magnoliae Flos at five harvesting periods, and to evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Methods: The volatile oils of Magnoliae Flos at five harvesting periods was extracted by water vapour distillation, and the chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, and the relative content of each constituent was calculated. The constituents of Magnoliae Flos at the five harvesting periods were analyzed by PLS-DA analysis, which was used in combination with the VIP value to screen out the differential compounds. The antioxidant activity of the volatile oil of Magnoliae Flos was determined by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method, and its in vitro antimicrobial activity was investigated by 96-well plate method. Results: The total volatile oils content of Magnoliae Flos was the highest in samples at the 4th harvesting period (10 February 2023). Thirty-eight components were identified in the volatile oils of Magnoliae Flos, and 12 differential compounds were screened, including γ-muurolene, elemene, δ-cadinene and α-terpineol, etc. The relative contents of γ-muurolene, alloaeromadendrene, borneol, camphor and cis-4-thujanol were the largest in samples at the 4th harvesting period, which was basically in line with the trend of the change of volatile oil content. The volatile oils in samples at five harvesting period showed certain antioxidant and antibacterial activities. And that in samples at the 4th harvesting period showed the strongest antioxidant activity and the inhibition ability against all five species of bacteria. Conclusion: The chemical composition of the volatile oils in Magnoliae Flos was basically the same in in samples at five harvesting periods, but there is a significant difference in the relative content of its volatile components in each harvesting period, and it is presumed that the beginning of February is the optimal harvesting period for Magnoliae Flos.

Objective: To investigate the flavor components of Epimedium extract and analyze pyrolysis products of the extracts from Epimedium. Methods: Ultra fast gas phase electronic nose was adopted to analyze volatile components in ethanol extracts of Epimedium and the alcohol extracting process of Epimedium was optimized by orthogonal experiment. Epimedium extract was pyrolysed to simulate cigarette smoking by TG-GC-MS. The lysates of Epimedium extract were analysed in a nitrogen environment, and the possible lysate mechanism of the products was reasonably speculated. Results: 22 volatile components were detected in the ethanol extracts of Epimedium at different concentrations. Concentration of Epimedium extracted with 60% ethanol was superior than others. Analyzing pyrolysis products of Epimedium extract, 78 compounds were identified at 150, 300 and 450 ℃, including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, furans and benzene series. Conclusion: Ethanol extraction of Epimedium contains many aromatic volatile components. A large number of ketones, alcohols, phenols, furans and other volatile aroma compounds are produced after pyrolysis of Epimedium extract.

Objective: To establish an UHPLC-MS/MS method for determining eight primary components （catechin, epigallocatechin, rutin, quercitrin, epicatechin, (+)-dihydromyricetin, myricitrin and dihydroqurcetin） in the young branches and leaves of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, a medicinal plant from Mongolia, and to compare their contents in samples at different growth stages. Methods: A Waters CORTECS C₁₈ (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.6 μm) chromatographic column was adopted using the mobile phase comprised of water containing 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) with gradient elution（0-1 min, 5% B; 1-10 min, 5% B→28% B; 10-11 min, 28% B→95% B; 11-14 min, 95% B; 14-15 min, 95% B→5% B） at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min^-1. The temperature of the column was set at 40 ℃. Injecting volume was 2 μL. Detection was conducted using electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Results: The linearity of the eight chemical components was found to be excellent in the tested concentration ranges, with correlation coefficients above 0.997 6. Precision, repeatability and stability were satisfactory and the average recoveries were between 97.4% and 106.0% with RSDs≤5.0%. In six batches of leaves, contents of catechin, epigallocatechin, rutin, quercitrin, epicatechin, (+)-dihydromyricetin, myricitrin and dihydroqurcetin were in the ranges of 0.090-0.904 mg·g^-1, 0.093-2.258 mg·g^-1, 0.001-0.005 mg·g^-1, 0.530-6.176 mg·g^-1, 0.158-1.561 mg·g^-1, 0.002-0.056 mg·g^-1, 4.008-10.218 mg·g^-1 and 1.049-16.990 mg·g^-1, respectively. In six batches of young branches, the contents ranged from 0.384-1.025 mg·g^-1, 0.911-2.427 mg·g^-1, 0.008-0.127 mg·g^-1, 0.870-2.295 mg·g^-1, 0.659-1.746 mg·g^-1, 0.125-1.079 mg·g^-1, 2.296-4.681 mg·g^-1 and 1.958-4.946 mg·g^-1, respectively. The contents of eight components varied a lot in samples from different parts. The contents of myricitrin, rutin and quercitrin in the leaves exhibited noticeable changes with the growth cycle, suggesting their potential as quality control markers for leaves of Xanthoceras sorbifolia. Conclusion: The method is accurate, sensitive, stable, repeatable, and suitable for simultaneous determination of eight components in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, offering reference for quality control of its leaves and branches.

Objective: To establish a liquid-liquid extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of the concentration of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid in human plasma. Methods: Glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid and the internal standard Apixaban-¹³C-d₃(IS) were added to 0.1 mL of human blank plasma. 50 μL of ionization reagent (20% formic acid solution), 490 μL of ethyl acetate and 210 μL of methyl tert-butyl ether were used as extractant. The supernatant was dried by nitrogen, and the residue was dissolved with 200 μL acetonitrile-water (1∶1) containing 0.2% formic acid. And 5 μL of resulting solution was injected to the LC-MS/MS for analysis. Chromatographic conditions: the saparation was performed on a Boston Μni C₁₈（50 mm×2.1 mm, 3 μm）column with mobile phase consisting of 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution（mobile phase A）and 0.2% formic acid acetonitrile solution（mobile phase B）by gradient elution. The flow rate was 0.6 mL·min^-1, the temperature of column was 40 ℃. The sample volume was 5 μL, and the temperature of the sampler was 4 ℃. Mass spectrometry conditions: multiple reaction montoring(MRM) was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a ESI source in the positive mode. The detection ion pairs were m/z 823.4→453.3（glycyrrhizic acid）, m/z 471.4→189.0 （glycyrrhetinic acid）and m/z 464.3→447.1（IS） respectively. Results: The calibration curves were linear over the concentrion ranges of 0.5-80 ng·mL^-1 for glycyrrhizic acid and 2-800 ng·mL^-1 for glycyrrhetinic acid (r>0.99) in the plasma, the lower limits of quantifications (LLOQ) were 0.5 ng·mL^-1(glycyrrhizic acid) and 2 ng·mL^-1(glycyrrhetinic acid), respectively. Inter-and intra-batch precisions (RSDs) were less than 6.8%, and the accuracy ranged from 92.3% to 104.2%. The recovery rates of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid were about 28.0% and 40.0% separately, and the recoveries of IS were about 65.0%, the precision (RSDs) were less than 7.9%. The normalized matrix factors of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid were about 1, and the precision (RSDs) were less than 7.3%. Conclusion: The method is sensitive, accurate, simple, rapid and applicable to simultaneous determination of the concentration of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid in human plasma.

Objective: To establish a dual derivatization method combined with tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of 18 different steroid hormones in human serum. Methods: Serum samples were treated with hydroxylamine and 1, 2-dimethylimidazole-5-sulfonyl chloride for derivatization, and the resulting compounds were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in positive ion selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The Kinetex^®C₈ column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 2.6 μm) was used for the separation. Mobile phase A (0.1% acetic acid in water) and mobile phase B (0.1% acetic acid in methanol) with gradient elution（0-0.5 min, 35% B; 0.5-5 min, 35% B→100% B; 5.0-5.1 min, 100% B→35% B; 5.1-7 min, 35% B）at the flow rate of 0.4 mL·min^-1 were applied. Column temperature was set at 40 ℃. Injection volume was 20 μL and collection time was 6 min. Results: The linearity correlation coefficients for all 18 steroid hormones were greater than 0.99, the recovery rates ranged from 85% to 115%, and the precision RSD was less than 15%. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of serum samples from 156 healthy subjects (75 males and 61 females), and reference intervals were established. Conclusion: This method can be used to simultaneously determine 18 types of steroid hormones, such as pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone, cortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 21-deoxycorticosterone, aldosterone, testosterone, androstanedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, sulfated dehydroepiandrosterone, adrenocorticotropin, 18-hydroxicorticotropin, estrone, estradiol, and estriol using non-solid-phase extraction.

Objective: To develop a method to assess bioactivity of trasfer factor (TF) based on their protective effcets on Jurkat E6-1 cells. Methods: Proliferative effects of different concentrations of TF on 6-mercaptopurine（6-MP） treated Jurkat E6-1 cells detected by CCK-8 assay and the precision was validated. Results: TF exhibited protective activity to change the inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of 6-MP from（0.46±0.10）μg·mL^-1 to （1.11±0.30）μg·mL^-1 when treated with 20 μg·mL^-1 TF. When cells were treated with 6-MP, there is a good linear relationship between the concentration of TF and cell survival rate, r>0.95. At each concentration level of the dose-response curve, the RSD was less than 20%. The median effective concentration (EC₅₀) of TF was （28.49±9.60）μg·mL^-1, and the confidence limit was less than 20%. Conclusions: TF significantly improved Jurkat E6-1 cell survival rate in dose dependent manner when challenged with 6-MP. It may be suitable for evaluate bioactivity of TF.

Objective: To establish an authentication method for Eupolyphaga sinensis based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Methods: Two pairs of primers （outer primer DB-F3, DB-B3 and inner primer DB-FIP, DB-BIP） were designed according to Eupolyphaga sinensis COⅠspecific loci. The reaction system containing template, primers, Bst DNA polymerase and methyl red-phenol red indicator amplified at 63 ℃ for 90 min. The LAMP results were determined by visual observation and compared with DNA barcoding and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to investigate the specificity and sensitivity. Results: All 11 batches of the authentic Eupolyphaga sinensis sample tubes colour changed from purple red to orange yellow, while sample tubes of 1 batch of Steleophaga plancyi, 9 batches Opisthoplatia orientalis and 1 batch of the adulterant, Cybister tripunctatus orientalis, remained purple red after the reaction. The LAMP results were consistent with those of DNA barcoding and PCR. The detection limit of LAMP was 0.984 ng·mL^-1. Conclusion: The established LAMP method is accurate, sensitive and easy to operate, low equipment required, and can be applied to the rapid screening of the authentication of Eupolyphaga sinensis.

Objective: To study the difference of chemical composition between ancient and modern clinical prescriptions of Baihe Dihuang decoction by multi-component analysis. Methods: The polysaccharide extract of Baihe Dihuang decoction was determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid-ultraviolet spectrophotometer under 580 nm ultraviolet light. Six monosaccharides and oligosaccharides in the ancient and modern Baihe Dihuang decoction were determined by UPLC-CAD. An Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 HILIC-Z (3.0×100 mm, 2.7 μm) column was used. The mobile phase was consisted of A 0.2% ammonia in acetonitrile and 0.2% ammonia in water with gradient elution. The flow rate was 0.8 mL·min^-1, the column temperature 35 ℃ and the CAD detector nebulizer temperature was 70 ℃. Data acquisition frequency was 10 Hz and the filter was 1.05 s. The injection volumn was 2 μL. The non-polar components were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid-quadrupole tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q TOF MS/MS) and high performance liquid-phase tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ MS), respectively. The differential components of ancient and modern Baihe Dihuang Decoction were analyzed and 9 components were determined. Results: The linear relationship of 6 mono-oligosaccharides/polysaccharides and 9 differential components was good (r>0.999). The average recoveries ranged from 97.7% to 104.9% with RSDs≤3.1%. Precision, repeatability and stability met the requirements. The results showed that the conents of all the analytes in ancient and modern Baihe Dihuang decoction were significantly different (P<0.05). Conclusion: The methods used in this experiment are accurate, sensitive, stable and reproducible, which can provide reference for the quality control and pharmacodynamic material basic research of Baihe Dihuang Decoction.

Objective: To establish the HPLC fingerprint of Suhexiang pills and determine the contents of gallic acid, piperine, costunolide, eugenol and cinnamic acid simultaneously, and to provide reference for the quality control method of Suhexiang pills. Methods: The separation was performed on a Swell Chromplus C₁₈ column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with methanol (A)-0.05% phosphoric acid solution (B) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1. The detection wavelength was 220 nm and the column temperature was 30 ℃. Fifteen batches of Suhexiang pills were analyzed. The “Traditional Chinese Medicine Fingerprint Similarity Evalution System” was used to establish the reference fingerprint and the similarity analysis was evaluated in combination with cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Results: The fingerprint of Suhexiang pills was established，and the similarities of 15 batches of samples were above 0.9. Thirteen common peaks were identified，and five components including galliic acid，cinnamic acid，eugenol，piperine and costunolide were identified. The contents of the five components were 2.506-3.652 mg·g^-1，0.666-0.876 mg·g^-1，3.834-5.140 mg·g^-1，0.884-1.306 mg·g^-1 and 19.908-55.704 mg·g^-1，respectively. Using cluster analysis，15 batches of Suhexiang pills were divided into four categories. Three principal components were selected，and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 76.102%，indicating that the principal components could contain most of the information of the original data. Conclusion: The fingerprint and multi-component content determination method of Suhexiang pills are stable and reliable，which can provide reference for the quality control and clinical application of Suhexiang pills.

Objective: To establish an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of six components (uridine, adenine, adenosine (R, S)-goitrine, guanosine, clemastanin B) in Radix Isatidis, and to investigate the linear calibration with two reference substances (LCTRS) method for the qualitative analysis of multiple components in Radix Isatidis. Methods: HPLC method was used, with methanol as mobile phase A and water as mobile phase B. Gradient elution (0-3 min, 3% A; 3-18 min, 3% A→14% A; 18-25 min, 14% A→26% A; 25-34 min, 26% A; 34-40 min, 26% A→46% A; 40-60 min, 46% A→90% A) was performed at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min^-1. The column temperature was 30 ℃, the detection wavelengths were 254 nm (0-32 min) and 230 nm (32-60 min). The injection volume was 10 μL. The actual retention time of 6 components in Radix Isatidis was determined on 13 C₁₈ chromatographic columns of different brands and models. Guanosine and clemastanin B were used as double reference compounds, and LCTRS method was used to locate the chromatographic peak of each component. Three unknown chromatographic columns were used for method validation. Using guanosine as a reference substance, the relative retention time method was used to predict the retention time of the other 5 components. The predictive accuracy and column coincidence of these two methods were compared. Results: The LCTRS method could effectively predict and qualitatively analyze the retention time of six indicator components. Compared with the relative retention time method, the LCTRS method had higher accuracy in predicting results and better column universality. Conclusion: The LCTRS method for simultaneous determination of multiple components in Radix Isatidis is feasible and accurate, with simple operation and good durability, and has promotional value.

Objective: To establish a multi-component content determination and characteristic chromatogram method for Jieyu Anshen granules, combined with chemometrics, to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Jieyu Anshen granules. Methods: The separation was performed on a CAPCELL PAK MG Ⅱ C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution (B) as the mobile phases with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1. The column temperature was 30 ℃ and the detection wavelengths were set at 237 nm and 335 nm. The analysis method was validated. Based on the multi-component content determination method, characteristic chromatogram was established. The samples were analyzed and evaluated through chemometrics to identify the main factors affecting their quality. Results: A multi-component content determination method was established for Jieyu Anshen granules. The five components had good linear relationships within their respective ranges, with recovery rates ranging from 95.6% to 100.0%. And 145 batches of samples were tested, and a total of 54 batches were found to be unqualified, with a total unqualified rate of 37.2%. Establishing a characteristic chromatogram of Anshen granules, 12 characteristic peaks were attributed to 6 medicinal herbs. Through chemometric analysis, it was found that there were certain differences in the quality of samples from 10 manufacturers. The quality of fried gardenia and stir-baked licorice was the key factor. Conclusion: The established multi-component content determination method and characteristic chromatogram method for Jieyu Anshen granules are convenient and reliable, and can be used for comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Jieyu Anshen granules.

Objective: To establish a method for determination of aconite alkaloids in Fengshi Gutong tablets. Methods: Analysis was performed on a WatersXSelect^® CSH C₁₈（250 nm×4.6 mm, 5 μm） column with mobile phase consisting of 0.1% acetic acid aqueous solution, acetonitrile and methanol with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1. The detection wavelength was set at 245nm and the column temperature was 30 ℃. Results: Twelve aconite alkaloids could be separated well. When the injection amounts of ranaconitine, benzoylmesaconine, benzoylmesaconine, benzoylmesaconine, acoforestinine and beiwutine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, indaconitine, aconitine, yunaconitine, bulleyaconitine A were 0.022 8-0.136 6 μg, 0.041 5-0.249 0 μg, 0.033 5-0.200 8 μg, 0.033 9-0.203 1 μg, 0.033 1-0.198 6 μg, 0.040 3-0.241 6 μg, 0.030 2-0.181 4 μg, 0.028 6-0.171 6 μg, 0.033 6-0.201 6 μg, 0.030 3-0.181 9 μg, 0.063 4-0.381 5 μg and 0.034 0-0.204 2 μg, respectively, the peak area showed a good linear relationship with the injection amounts. The average recovery rates of 12 aconite alkaloid components ranged from 93.6% to 101.5%, and the RSD ranged from 0.55% to 2.6%. The average contents of ranaconitine, benzoylmesaconine, benzoylmesaconine, benzoylmesaconine, acoforestinine and beiwutine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, indaconitine and yunaconitine in three batches of Fengshi Gutong tablets (batch No. 211227, 220823 and 230425) were 0.492 μg, 65.78 μg, 7.319 μg, 10.164 μg, 1.068 μg, 5.583 μg, 2.573 μg, 5.865 μg, 2.021 μg, 2.050 μg, respectively. And aconitine and bulleyaconitine A were not detected. Conclusions: The established method is accurate and reliable, and can be used for the determination of 12 aconite alkaloids compounds in Fengshi Gutong tablets to achieve comprehensive quality control of preparations.

Objective: To establish the HPLC fingerprints for Zilian Shengji gel and to determine the contents of gallic acid, tableberberine, coptisine, palmatine, berberine and shikonin. Methods: The establishment of fingerprints was performed on a 25 ℃ thermostatic Agilent C₁₈-WR（250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm）column with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile -0.15% phosphoric acid water at the flowing rate of 0.8mL·min^-1 in a gradient elution manner, and the detection wavelength were set at 270 nm, 345 nm and 516 nm. Cluster analysis, principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were adopted in chemical pattern recognition. The six components identified were quantitatively determined. Results: The HPLC fingerprint of Zilian Shengji gel was constructed with twenty-six common chromatographic peaks, eleven batches of samples with the similarities of 0.828-0.997, six chromatographic peaks of gallic acid, tableberberine, coptisine, palmatine, berberine and shikonin were identified by reference substance comparison. Six constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges (r≥0.999 5) whose average recoveries were 98.7%-99.3%, with the RSDs of 1.3%-1.8%. The content ranges of the above mentioned six components in eleven batches of samples were 827.74-1 513.50 μg·g^-1, 137.52-296.05 μg·g^-1, 381.83-884.73 μg·g^-1, 2 023.81-4 051.66 μg·g^-1, 524.15-986.13 μg·g^-1 and 47.65-549.46 μg·g^-1. Conclusion: This simple, stable, reliable and reproducible method can be used for the quality control of Zilian Shengji gel.

Objective: To establish an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of loganic acid, gentiopicroside, hesperidin, paeonol, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion in Tongshu Koushuang tablets (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Aurantii Fructus Immaturus and Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix, etc.). Methods: The samples were extracted by refluxing with methanol and the separation was performed on a Thermo Acclaim-C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column at 30 ℃, with mobile phase consisting of 0.15% phosphoric acid solution and acetonitrile with a gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1. The injection volume was 10 μL, and the detection wavelength was set at 236 nm (detecting loganic acid), 280 nm (detecting gentiopicroside, hesperidin and paeonol) and 254 nm (detecting aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion). Results: Nine constituents (loganic acid, gentiopicroside, hesperidin, paeonol, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) were in good linearity within their own ranges (r were 0.999 1-0.999 9), and the average recoveries were 99.6% (RSD=1.9%), 101.1% (RSD=2.0%), 103.0% (RSD=1.5%), 101.6% (RSD=0.51%), 99.8% (RSD=1.4%), 100.9% (RSD=1.4%), 100.8% (RSD=1.8%), 102.7% (RSD=1.2%) and 102.9% (RSD=0.86%), respectively. The content ranges of nine constituents were 1.871-3.517 mg·g^-1, 6.274-12.55 mg·g^-1, 2.140-3.946 mg·g^-1, 1.393-2.018 mg·g^-1, 0.394 8-0.807 2 mg·g^-1, 0.657 5-1.246 mg·g^-1, 0.484 7-0.915 8 mg·g^-1, 0.839 8-1.429 mg·g^-1 and 0.327 3-0.547 9 mg·g^-1, respectively. Conclusion: This simple and accurate method can be used for the quality control and evaluation of Tongshu Koushuang tablets.

Objective: To establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) method to simultaneously determine the contents of scopolamine, anisodamine, scopolin, hyoscyamine and scopoletin in Physochlaina infundibularis Kuang. Methods: Agilent 5 TC-C₁₈ (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column was used with methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution as mobile phase for gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1. The detection wavelengths were 210 nm and 344 nm, the column temperature was 30 °C, and the injection volume was 10 μL. The relative correction factors for scopolamine, scopolin, hyoscyamine and scopoletin and anisodamine were calculated by using anisodamine as the internal reference substance. The contents were determined and compared with the results of external standard method (ESM). Results: The five components had good linear relationship in their respective ranges(r=1.000). The relative correction factors of scopolamine, anisodamine, scopolin, hyoscyamine and scopoletin were 0.951 8, 0.562 6, 0.830 4 and 0.433 9, respectively, with good repeatability. The contents of scopolamine, anisodamine, scopolin, hyoscyamine and scopoletin in P. infundibularis from 10 habitats calculated by QAMS method were not significantly different from those determined by ESM. Conclusion: The method is accurate, stable and reproducible, and can be used for the quality control of P. infundibularis.

Objective: To investigate the source and quality of commercially available Epimedium based on HPLC fingerprint and multi-index assay, so as to provide reference for its quality evaluation and resource development. Methods: Forty batches of commercially available epimedium were collected. Fingerprint analysis and determination of the total flavonoid glycosides were performed by HPLC method. The total flavonoid glycosides were determined by UV method. And the contents of their extracts were determined. Stoichiometric analysis was employed to perform the comprehensive quality evaluation of different medicinal materials of Epimedium. Results: There were 9 different plant sources of Epimedium in the market. The five authentic Epimedium were of good quality, and the local varieties were coarse Epimedium. The contents were high in Epimedium from Hunan, while the contents were low in Epimedium from Qianling and Sichuan. The comprehensive quality ranking of Epimedium indicated that Epimedium Fletchum and Epimedium Fletchum ranked first by the principal component analysis method. The ranking of the same variety varied greatly with different habitats, and the Qianling Epimedium and adulterated Epimedium ranked last. The results of cluster analysis and principal component analysis were basically consistent. The cluster analysis showed distinguishing significance in plant sources, habitats, processing methods and contents. Based on the common pattern of E. brevicornu, a total of 8 common peaks were identified for 9 species of E. Brevicornu, and their similarities ranged from 0.066 to 0.979. Differences were observed among different species. Conclusion: Both the fingerprint similarity and the chemical model of content determination can be used to evaluate the species and quality of Epimedium.

Objective: To develop an HPLC method for determination of naphazoline hydrochloride, diphenhydram hydrochloride and lidocaine hydrochloride added in nasal cold compress gel (dew), and to establish an HPLC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method to confirm the positive samples. Methods: The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, detected by high performance liquidchromatography, quantified by external standard method and confirmed by HPLC-MS. The separation was performed on a XTerra RP18 (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with the mobile phase consisting of 50 mmol·L^-1 ammonium acetate (the pH value was adjusted to 7.8 with acetic acid or ammonia solution)-acetonitrile (72∶28) at the flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1 and the detection wavelength was 230 nm. The analysis was performed on a BEH C₁₈ (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column with a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution. The column temperature was set at 40 ℃ and the flow rate was 0.4 mL·min^-1. Electrospray ionization source was applied and operated in positive electrospray ionization and the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Results: The method showed the lowest detection concentrations of naphthazoline hydrochloride, diphenhydramine hydrochloride and lidocaine hydrochloride were 2.4 ng·mL^-1, 50 ng·mL^-1 and 50 ng·mL^-1. The sample recoveries ranged from 93.9% to 104.6%. Good linearities were found in the concentration range of 10-200 μg·mL^-1（r>0.999 0）. A total of 42 batches of samples were detected and the total positive rate was 70% (36/42). Naphthazoline hydrochloride were found in 34 batches. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and lidocaine hydrochloride were found in 2 batches simultaneously. Conclusion: The established method is specific, sensitive, simple, accurate and reliable. It can be used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of naphthazoline hydrochloride, diphenhydramine hydrochloride and lidocaine hydrochloride in nasal cold compress gel (dew).

Objective: To establish the infrared spectrum identification model to distinguish Mingui from Angelica sinensis from other habitats. Methods: A total of 1 540 batches of A. sinensis were collected from Gansu Province through visits and field investigation, and the mid-infrared spectrum of each sample was collected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The average spectra of 423 batches of Mingui were calculated as their fingerprint. The identification threshold of Mingui was determined as 0.989 6 (μ-3σ) by mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with the “3σ” criterion. The identification model of Mingui was established. Three batches of Mingui and 97 batches of A. sinensis from other habitats were randomly selected to verify the identification model. Results: The characteristic peaks of samples were observed at 3 560, 3 389, 3 342, 2 931, 1 743, 1 650, 1 459, 1 409, 1 385, 1 374, 1 323, 1 279, 1 239, 1 128, 1 115, 1 104, 1 068, 1 053, 1 013, 1 004, 991 and 920 cm^-1, etc. The mid-infrared spectra of 423 batches of Mingui were highly similar, and their peak shape, peak position and peak intensity were similar. The correlation coefficients between Mingui and the fingerprint ranged from 0.992 0 to 0.998 0. The accuracy of identification model test was 97%. Conclusion: The identification model of Mingui could be used to distinguish Mingui from other A. sinensis from other habitats.

Objective: To determine the concentration of vanillic acid by polyoxometal-based host-guest frame material modified glass carbon electrode. Methods: A stable polyacid-based host-guest metal-organic framework material PMoV@MIL-100(Fe) was synthesized by combining vanadium-substituted phosphomolybdic acid (PMoV) with MIL-100(Fe) according to the synthesis method of polyacid-based host-guest framework materials. Functional composite material PMoV@MIL-100(Fe)@Pt was prepared by composite metal nanoparticles with PMoV@MIL-100(Fe) by solution method, and was used to modify glassy carbon electrode, detect vanillic acid, and prepare vanillic acid electrochemical sensor. Results: Under optimal conditions, the vanillic acid electrochemical sensor showed wide linear range and high sensitivity. Rapid and sensitive detection of vanillic acid could be performed under mild conditions with excellent stability. Conclusion: The electrochemical sensor constructed in this experiment provides a new idea for the detection of vanillic acid.