To construct a replicable and implementable application demonstration system for domestic high-end minimally invasive surgical medical devices, and provide systematic support for the cross-regional nationwide promotion and application of high-quality domestic products.

Based on previous investigations of the industry and medical institutions, the 5M1E (Man, Machine, Material, Method, Environment, Measurement) analysis method was adopted to establish the overall framework of the demonstration system. The system contents were revised by expert demonstration method, and the system was iteratively optimized through practical application in national demonstration areas.

A standardized application demonstration system covering six dimensions of Man, Machine, Material, Method, Environment and Measurement was constructed. Through two rounds of expert demonstration, the innovation, scientificity and generalizability of the talent training system, application demonstration mode, system construction and practical schemes were evaluated, with the average score steadily above 9 points (full score: 10 points). A total of 10 central demonstration sites and 11 primary-level demonstration sites were established across six major regions nationwide, achieving favorable demonstration effects.

The constructed system is scientifically feasible and highly implementable, which can effectively promote the large-scale application of domestic high-end minimally invasive surgical medical devices.

To evaluate the clinical application and adaptability of domestic high-end endoscopic systems and associated minimally invasive surgical instruments within a multicenter, multilevel demonstration network, and to analyze the coordinated operation mechanism of central demonstration, primary-level adoption, and enterprise service support.

A three-tier structure comprising central demonstration sites, primary-level demonstration sites, and hospitals participating in the baseline survey was established across six major regions of China and three major specialties from November 2022 to October 2025. The network included 10 central demonstration sites and 11 primary-level demonstration sites. The baseline survey covered 320 medical institutions in 27 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities, including 263 tertiary hospitals and 57 secondary hospitals. Baseline data were used to compare equipment configuration and training capacity between different hospital levels. Data collected during the demonstration period were used to summarize representative procedures, primary-level adoption, training coverage, and platform operation.

The configuration rates of fluorescence endoscopic systems, three-dimensional endoscopic systems, and three-dimensional reconstruction software differed significantly between tertiary and secondary hospitals (all P<0.001). All secondary hospitals lacked independent training capabilities for fluorescence endoscopy systems and 4K fluorescence endoscopy systems. During the demonstration period, more than 35,000 minimally invasive endoscopic procedures were performed across the three specialties. Representative procedures, including precision pulmonary segmentectomy, precision left hemihepatectomy, precision pancreatoduodenectomy, radical prostatectomy, and partial nephrectomy, were routinely performed at the central demonstration sites. The reported technical completion rates for the main procedures remained above 97%. Several primary-level demonstration sites showed increases in endoscopic surgical volume, the proportion of minimally invasive procedures, or local procedure adoption. At Qinhuangdao Second Hospital, the proportion of endoscopic surgery increased from less than 10% to approximately 40%; the laparoscopic prostate cancer radical surgery at Weiyuan County People's Hospital was realized from non-existence to existence. The digital platform had 3,156 registered users, covered 1,627 medical institutions, and hosted more than 1,000 surgical videos.

Domestic high-end endoscopic systems and associated minimally invasive surgical instruments have accumulated multicenter, multilevel application experience within the demonstration network. Central hospitals conducted complex-procedure demonstrations and developed standardized practices, primary-level hospitals adopted routine procedures, and enterprises provided equipment installation, training, maintenance, and feedback-based improvement. Clinical adaptability depends on the coordinated implementation of procedure selection, personnel training, service support, and data collection.

To establish a scientific, subjective-objective combined evaluation index system for the performance and clinical application of 4K fluorescence endoscopic systems, and to provide theoretical support for the systematic assessment of such systems.

Through literature research, expert consultation, and brainstorming, a draft of evaluation index system was initially formulated. Clinical experts from thoracic surgery, hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, and urology, as well as experts in clinical medical engineering, were organized. Based on the Delphi method, two rounds of expert consultations were conducted, and consistency was tested using the analytic hierarchy process. Finally, the evaluation indicators and their weights for the performance and clinical application of 4K fluorescence endoscopy systems were determined.

The experts participating in the consultation were all clinical surgeons or experts in clinical medical engineering, with senior professional titles or above, and had high authority. The effective recovery rate of the consultation questionnaires in both rounds was 100%, and the experts' enthusiasm was high. A set of evaluation index system for the performance and clinical application of 4K fluorescence endoscopy systems was ultimately constructed, covering three dimensions: technical performance, clinical effect, and quality characteristics, including 3 first-level indicators, 7 second-level indicators, and 42 third-level indicators. The coefficient of variation of the importance scores of all indicators was less than 0.2, and the coordination degree was good, with high consistency among different indicators at different levels.

The evaluation index system for 4K fluorescence endoscopic systems established in this study can comprehensively assess the performance and clinical application outcomes of such systems, provide scientific references for performance optimization, technological upgrading, and market promotion of domestic equipment, and facilitate the standardized development and clinical application of high-end domestic endoscopic systems.

In view of the characteristics of context dependence and practical operation emphasized in the training of minimally invasive surgery talents, as well as the problem that the traditional teaching model is unable to meet the standardized and homogeneous training needs of various medical institutions, this study explores the supporting role of the information platform in the application demonstration of domestic innovative high-end minimally invasive surgical medical devices on the talent training system.

Relying on the national collaborative application demonstration comprehensive information platform, a video teaching module reflecting the core functions of the platform—the laparoscopic surgery video image big data platform and intelligent analysis and processing system was constructed. The former realizes the standardized collection, transcoding and management of surgical videos; the latter, based on deep learning algorithms, realizes functions such as image smoke removal enhancement, surgical scene behavior recognition, workflow sequence analysis, image long-text description generation and synthetic image generation with semantic information. Both are jointly embedded in the training content construction process.

As of October 2025, the platform has cumulatively collected and covered 1,045 clinical surgical videos of 13 surgical types; the supporting user center for trainees has gathered the learning archives of about 500 registered trainees from approximately 300 medical institutions across the country. During the demonstration period, the total learning time reached 2,924 hours, and the total number of video accesses reached 7,565 times; the intelligent analysis function has been applied to representative surgical procedures such as cholecystectomy and partial nephrectomy.

The standardized image data platform can provide information support for the training of minimally invasive surgery talents, and the intelligent analysis function has application value in assisting video observation learning, which can provide practical support for the training of minimally invasive surgery talents, but its efficacy still needs further verification.

To systematically review the mechanisms of temporal interference stimulation (TI) and summarize its current research progress in disorders of consciousness (DOC).

A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar to identify studies related to TI stimulation. Both animal experiments and human studies were included. The neurophysiological mechanisms and clinical evidence of TI were analyzed through a narrative review and qualitative synthesis.

Current evidence suggests that TI can selectively modulate deep brain structures by generating amplitude-modulated electric fields within brain tissue. Its neuromodulatory effects are primarily associated with the regulation of thalamocortical networks, neural oscillatory activity, and neurotransmitter systems. Animal experiments and preliminary human studies have indicated that TI can achieve non-invasive modulation of deep brain regions in healthy individuals; however, its clinical efficacy in patients with (DOC) remains to be validated by ongoing clinical trials. At present, the available evidence is still mainly derived from animal experiments and small-sample studies, and standardized stimulation parameters as well as high-quality clinical trial evidence are lacking.

As an emerging non-invasive deep brain neuromodulation technique, TI has been demonstrated to enable non-invasive modulation of deep brain regions in healthy individuals and may have potential research value for arousal-promoting rehabilitation in patients with DOC. Nevertheless, its clinical efficacy and safety require further validation through large-scale randomized controlled trials.

To explore the rehabilitative efficacy of transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) in improving the emotional status of patients with post-stroke dysphagia (PSD).

A total of 70 inpatients with poststroke dysphagia complicated by mood disorders admitted to our hospital were enrolled from October 2024 to November 2025. Patients were assigned to the control group (shamTUS group) and the observation group (TUS group) by computer-generated simple random sampling at a 1:1 ratio, with 35 patients in each group. The control group received conventional rehabilitation training plus shamTUS intervention, whereas the observation group received conventional rehabilitation training combined with 20-minute daily TUS intervention. Both groups received training 6 days per week. Swallowing function was assessed using the water swallowing test (WST), and emotional status was evaluated using the Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), Hamilton depression scale (HAMD), and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) before and after 4 weeks of treatment.

After treatment, WST grade, HAMA, HAMD, and PSQI scores decreased significantly in both groups compared with baseline (P<0.05). Inter-group comparisons after treatment showed that the WST grade [2 (2, 2) vs. 3(3, 3)], HAMA score [(9.11±3.45) vs. (16.26±4.77)], HAMD score [(8.29±2.81) vs. (15.06±2.54)], and PSQI score [(10.74±1.93) vs. (13.09±2.21)] in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).

TUS combined with conventional rehabilitation training can significantly improve the emotional status of patients with PSD, providing a reference for the comprehensive rehabilitation of patients with PSD and emotional disorders.

To explore the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with mindfulness training on sleep quality, clinical symptoms and suicide risk during depressive episodes, as well as gender differences, and observe the safety of the treatment.

A total of 200 patients with depressive episodes admitted to Huizhou Second People's Hospital from July 2024 to April 2025 were included for analysis. They were divided into control group, a mindfulness group, an rTMS group, and a combined group by random number table method, with 50 cases in each group, and then subgroups were further divided according to gender. The control group received conventional Western medicine treatment, the mindfulness group received mindfulness training based on the control group, the rTMS group received rTMS based on the control group, and the combined group received rTMS combined with mindfulness training based on the control group. The sleep monitoring indicators [total sleep time (TST), sleep latency (SL), wake time (WASO), sleep efficiency (SE), proportion of non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 1 (N1), stage 2 (N2), stage 3 (N3), proportion of rapid eye movement (REM)], clinical symptoms [Hamilton depression/anxiety scale (HAMD/HAMA)], nurses' global assessment of suicide risk (NGASR), and the occurrence of adverse reactions were compared between the four groups, as well as the gender differences of the above indicators between the four groups.

Compared with before treatment, the sleep monitoring indicators of four groups improved after treatment, and the improvement of men and women in the combined group was respectively better than that of the control group of the same sex (P<0.05). The HAMD and HAMA scores of four groups decreased after treatment, and the scores of men and women in the combined group were respectively lower than those of the same-sex group in the control group (P<0.05). The NGASR scores of four groups after treatment were lower than those before treatment, and the scores of men and women in the combined group were respectively lower than those of the same-sex group in the control group (P<0.05). Comparison of the overall incidence of adverse reactions between the four treatment groups showed no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in each index among patients of different genders after treatment in the same group (P>0.05).

rTMS combined with mindfulness training can effectively improve the sleep quality and clinical symptoms of patients with depressive episodes, reduce the risk of suicide, and does not increase the risk of adverse reactions. However, no significant gender differences were found in terms of its effectiveness and safety.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of an optimized pelvic immobilization protocol—combining a locked headrest with knee wedge removal—on setup accuracy and planning target volume (PTV) margins in rectal cancer patients undergoing VMAT in the supine position.

We retrospectively analyzed 159 fractions of cone-beam CT (CBCT) registration data from 53 patients with rectal cancer treated with pelvic volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) between December 2020 and December 2025. Patients were assigned to three cohorts: Group A (n=15) used the “non-fixed headrest + knee wedge” fixation scheme; Group B (n=18) used the “locked headrest + knee wedge” fixation scheme; Group C (n=20) used the “locked headrest + knee wedge removed” fixation scheme. Six-dimensional (Vrt, Lng, Lat, Pitch, Roll, Rtn) setup errors were collected. One-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed to compare individual systematic errors and random errors among the groups. Abnormal setup was defined as any linear shift >5.00 mm or rotation >2.00°. PTV margins in three translational directions were determined using the van Herk formula (Margin = 2.5Σ + 0.7σ).

One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in systematic Vrt (F = 15.89, P<0.01) and Roll (F = 3.87, P = 0.03) bias among the three groups with Group C demonstrating systematic means closest to the absolute zero center (Vrt: -0.28 mm, Roll: 0.01°). Group C achieved the lowest group systematic error (Σ) in Lng (1.14 mm vs. 1.79 mm in Group A and 1.98 mm in Group B) and Lat directions (1.43 mm vs. 1.54 mm in Group A and 2.84 mm in Group B). For random errors, Group C achieved significantly smaller Pitch rotational variation compared to Group A (Z = -2.47, P = 0.01). The abnormal setup rate in Group C was 3.33%, significantly lower than 31.11% in Group A and 22.22% in Group B (χ² = 14.87, P<0.01). PTV margins for Group C in the Vrt, Lng, and Lat directions were safely contracted to 3.58 mm, 5.65 mm, and 6.47 mm, respectively, with the maximum narrowing of 35.50% compared to Group A.

The optimized pelvic immobilization protocol utilizing a locked headrest and removing the knee wedge significantly enhances the geometric reproducibility of VMAT setups for rectal cancer by stabilizing the spinal kinetic chain and engaging the knee screwing-home mechanism. This cost-free approach effectively compresses PTV margins and enhances organ-at-risk (OAR) sparing, making it highly recommended as a standardized protocol for supine pelvic radiotherapy.

To explore the qualitative diagnostic value of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) combined with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for liver space occupying lesions.

The clinical data of 115 patients with liver space occupying lesions who were admitted to our hospital from January 2023 to December 2025 were retrospectively collected. All patients underwent SMI and CEUS examinations, with surgical or puncture pathology results as the gold standard. The qualitative diagnostic results of SMI and CEUS alone and in combination for liver mass lesions were calculated, including the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and consistency K value. The diagnostic accuracy of SMI and CEUS alone and in combination for different subgroups of liver mass lesions was analyzed. Based on the conventional ultrasound characteristics of different liver occupying lesions, a regression model was constructed and validated using Bootstrap self sampling, Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test, and decision curve.

In 115 patients with liver mass lesions, 48 were diagnosed with malignant lesions and 67 with benign lesions based on surgical or puncture pathology results. The pathological results of surgery or puncture were the gold standard, and the detection rates of SMI, CEUS alone, and in combination for malignant liver lesions were 75.00%, 70.83%, and 95.83%, respectively. The sensitivity, accuracy, and negative predictive value of SMI combined with CEUS were higher than those of SMI and CEUS alone, and the K value was the highest, at 0.757, with statistical significance differences (P<0.05). In the subgroup of lesions ≤ 3 cm, the accuracy of SMI and CEUS diagnosis alone was lower than that of combined diagnosis; in the subgroup of hepatocellular carcinoma, the accuracy of CEUS diagnosis alone was lower than that of combined diagnosis, all with statistical significant differences (P<0.05). The proportion of internal high echo, posterior echo attenuation, irregular morphology, and unclear boundaries in the malignant group was higher than that in the benign group (P<0.05). The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that SMI combined with CEUS diagnosis, internal echo, posterior echo, morphology, and boundary were all influencing factors of malignant liver lesions (P<0.05). Based on this, a regression model was constructed, and the internal validation results showed that the consistency index of the model was 0.955 (95% CI: 0.940~0.962). The fit between the internal calibration curve and the ideal curve was well reflected. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test results showed that the predicted outcome of the model was basically consistent with the actual situation (χ²=4.162, P=0.526). According to the decision curve evaluation, the model had a high net return rate within the threshold probability range of 0.01~0.09 and 0.33~0.93, with a maximum net return rate of 0.414.

SMI combined with CEUS has high qualitative diagnostic value for liver space occupying lesions and can assist clinical decision-making.

To investigate the value of transient elastography in predicting the severity of gastroesophageal varices (GOV) in patients with liver cirrhosis.

A total of 502 patients with liver cirrhosis from two centers were enrolled. Based on endoscopic findings, they were classified into four groups: no GOV, mild GOV, moderate GOV, and severe GOV. Platelet count (PLT), prothrombin time (PT), and abdominal ultrasound parameters were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors for the occurrence and progression of GOV. Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) was obtained using transient elastography, and its distribution across different GOV grades was analyzed. The predictive performance of LSM combined with PLT and spleen diameter (SD) for GOV severity was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Among the 502 patients with liver cirrhosis, 356 cases had GOV. Multivariate logistic regression showed that PLT and SD were independent risk factors for both the occurrence and progression of GOV (both P<0.05). LSM values in the mild and moderate GOV groups were significantly higher than those in the no GOV group (both P<0.01), but no significant differences were observed among the mild, moderate, and severe GOV groups. In stratified analyses combining LSM with PLT and SD, the proportion of low-risk combinations (PLT>150×10⁹/L and LSM<15 kPa; or SD<10 cm and LSM 15~25 kPa) decreased progressively with increasing GOV severity, whereas the proportion of high-risk combinations (LSM>25 kPa with PLT 100~150×10⁹/L or SD>15 cm) increased significantly. ROC curve analysis showed that the combination of LSM, PLT, and SD achieved an AUC of 0.843 for predicting moderate to severe GOV, which was superior to LSPS.

Transient elastography combined with PLT and SD measured by abdominal ultrasound can accurately predict the occurrence of moderate and severe GOV in patients with liver cirrhosis, and can be used to identify high-risk populations for esophageal and gastric variceal rupture bleeding.

To investigate the role of oxygen-inhalation and sputum-suction devices in the treatment of patients with severe pulmonary infection under evidence-based intervention.

From January 2022 to January 2024, 80 patients with severe pulmonary infection in Heze Municipal Hospital were observed. According to the different treatment devices used, 80 patients were divided into conventional group and study group, with 40 patients in each group. Patients in the conventional group received conventional oxygen inhalation and sputum suction methods; patients in the study group used an integrated oxygen and sputum suction device and operated under the guidance of evidence-based intervention, including the formulation of evidence-based questions, evidence retrieval and quality evaluation, transformation and implementation of evidence-based plans, dynamic monitoring and continuous improvement. Symptom resolution, blood gas index, clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS), total number of sputum aspiration and sputum purification time were compared between the two groups after treatment.

The duration of cough cessation, the disappearance time of wheezing and stridor in the research group were shorter than those in the conventional group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in arterial blood oxygen partial pressure and oxygen saturation between the conventional group and the research group (P > 0.05); after treatment, the arterial blood oxygen partial pressure and oxygen saturation of both groups increased, and those in the research group were higher, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in CPIS scores between the conventional group and the research group (P > 0.05); after treatment, the CPIS scores of both groups decreased, and those in the research group were lower, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The total number of sputum aspiration and sputum purification time in the research group were less than those in the conventional group, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05).

With evidence-based intervention, the use of integrated oxygen and sputum suction device can effectively relieve the symptoms of cough, wheezing and stridor in patients with severe pulmonary infection, improve the partial pressure of arterial blood oxygen and blood oxygen saturation, and help to improve the respiratory function and oxygenation of patients.

To explore the application effect of endoscopic over-the-scope clip (OTSC) anastomosis clip hemostasis therapy in patients with acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB).

A total of 302 patients with ANVUGIB admitted to our hospital from October 2023 to August 2025 were selected as the research subjects. They were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group, with 151 cases in each group. The control group received endoscopic metal titanium clip hemostasis, while the observation group received endoscopic OTSC anastomosis clip hemostasis therapy. The hemostasis effect, stress response, inflammatory indicators, and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.

The hemostasis time of the observation group was (4.12±1.08) min, which was shorter than that of the control group [(10.33±2.61) min]. The immediate hemostasis rate was 98.01% (148/151), which was higher than that of the control group [90.07% (136/151)], and the rebleeding rate within 7 days was 1.32% (2/151), which was lower than that of the control group [6.62% (10/151)], and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the cortisol (Cor) of the observation group was (282.62±39.66) nmol/L, interleukin-6 (IL-6) was (18.12±3.25) pg/mL, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was (22.46±4.81) pg/mL, and C-reactive protein (CRP) was (5.12±1.26) mg/L, which were lower than those of the control group [(308.96±45.18) nmol/L, (27.11±3.94) pg/mL, (31.05±5.78) pg/mL, and (8.45±1.44) mg/L], and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); the incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was 2.65% (4/151), which was lower than that of the control group [7.95% (12/151)], and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).

Endoscopic OTSC anastomosis clip hemostasis therapy for ANVUGIB has a definite hemostatic effect, can relieve stress response, reduce inflammatory levels, and has good safety.

To analyze the application effect of CT digital 3D reconstruction and personalized 3D printing guide plate in total hip arthroplasty for hip dysplasia.

Sixty patients with hip dysplasia who underwent total hip catheterization in our hospital from January 2023 to January 2025 were selected as the research subjects. They were divided into the control group and the observation group by the random number table method, with 30 cases in each group. The control group underwent routine surgical planning before the operation, while the observation group used CT digital three-dimensional reconstruction and individualized 3D printed guide plates for surgical planning before the operation. The surgery-related indicators of the two groups, as well as the coverage rate of acetabular prosthesis, the coverage rate of transplanted bone, and the qualified rate of acetabular cup position were statistically analyzed. The incidence of prosthesis related complications after the operation in the two groups was also statistically analyzed.

The intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage volume in the observation group were (337.50±11.39) mL and (192.00±9.33) mL respectively, both of which were less than those in the control group [(378.07±10.89) mL and (218.80±8.19) mL], and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The operation time and the indwelling time of the postoperative drainage tube in the observation group were (82.93±2.64) min and (1.83±0.14) d respectively, which were both shorter than those in the control group [(93.50±3.37) min and (2.53±0.09) d], and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The coverage rate of acetabular prosthesis, the coverage rate of transplanted bone and the qualified rate of acetabular cup position in the observation group were (93.07±0.74)%, (75.10±1.52)% and 96.67% respectively, which were all higher than those in the control group [(89.93±1.02)%, (69.37±1.47)% and 80.00%] The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The total incidence of prosthis-related complications such as prosthesis infection, prosthesis loosening and joint dislocation after surgery in the observation group was 3.33%. It was lower than 23.33% of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).

The application of CT digital three-dimensional reconstruction and individualized 3D printing guide plate in total hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip has a certain significance in improving the efficiency of operation and postoperative recovery. It can improve the coverage rate of acetabular prosthesis, the coverage rate of bone graft and the qualified rate of cup position, and reduce complications.

To investigate the clinical efficacy of low-power high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) combined with medium-frequency breast therapy device in the treatment of severe lactational mastitis and its impact on immune function.

A retrospective randomized controlled study was conducted, including 208 patients with severe lactational mastitis admitted from January 2021 to January 2024. Patients were divided into combined treatment group (104 cases, low-power HIFU + medium-frequency breast therapy device) and control group (104 cases, conventional treatment). The fever clearance time, milk flow rate, visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score, and peripheral blood NK cell activity and inflammatory factor levels were compared between the two groups.

The fever clearance time in the combined treatment group was (2.89±1.25) days, significantly shorter than (5.21±1.58) days in the control group (P<0.001). The milk flow rate was 94.23%, significantly higher than 76.92% in the control group (P<0.001). The VAS pain score after treatment decreased to (2.02±0.32) points, significantly lower than (3.56±1.17) points in the control group (P<0.001). The activity of NK cells significantly increased (P<0.001), and was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.001). The levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α significantly decreased (P<0.001), and were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.001).

Low-power HIFU combined with medium-frequency breast therapy device can significantly shorten the course of severe lactational mastitis and improve clinical symptoms. The mechanism may be related to regulating immune function and reducing inflammatory response.