Traumatic central cord syndrome (TCCS), also known as central cervical spinal cord injury, is the most common subtype of incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. It is characterized by severe motor dysfunction in the unilateral or bilateral upper extremities and hands, with relatively mild impairment of lower extremity function, often accompanied by paresthesia and bladder dysfunction. These symptoms seriously impair patients' activities of daily living and greatly reduce their level of social participation. As a novel type of non-invasive or minimally invasive rehabilitation intervention, neuromodulation techniques regulate central and peripheral neuroplasticity as well as corticospinal tract excitability through physical factors such as magnetic fields, constant electric fields, and electrical stimulation, providing a new therapeutic approach for the precise rehabilitation of upper limb and hand function in TCCS patients. This paper focuses on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), and peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), and reviews the latest research progress of these techniques in the rehabilitation of upper limb and hand function after TCCS. It deeply explores the mechanism of action, clinical evidence, optimization strategies, safety, and future development directions of each technique, and focuses on the synergistic effect and clinical application scenarios of multimodal combined intervention strategies. In addition, it summarizes the limitations of current research and prospects future research directions, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the formulation and optimization of individualized and precise rehabilitation protocols for TCCS patients and improve their rehabilitation prognosis and quality of life.