Objective To explore the relationship between low grip strength and the occurrence of falling in the elderly. Methods A cohort study was conducted using the China Healh and Retirement Longiudinal Sudy (CHARLS) database, including individuals without a history of falling at the 2011 baseline. Demographic characteristics, chronic disease history, and grip strength information of the subjects were collected. Subjects were grouped based on whether they experienced falling during the follow-up from 2013 to 2020. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between low grip strength and falling occurrence. The causal relationship between low grip strength and falling was assessed using two-sample MR based on the corresponding datasets. Datasets were sourced from the IEUGWAS database. MR analysis was conducted using inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger regression, weighted median estimation (WME), simple mode,and weighted mode methods. Cochran’s Q test, MR-pleiotropy, and leave-one-out methods were employed to evaluate pleiotropy, sensitivity, and heterogeneity. Results After adjusting for age, gender, marital status, disease status and other related confounding factors, low grip strength was still associated with the occurrence of falling. Compared with the normal grip group, the low grip group had an increased risk of falling (OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.06-1.56, P=0.01). The results of MR also showed that low grip strength increased the occurrence of falling. Conclusion Low grip strength is associated with falling in the elderly. The elderly with low grip strength have a higher risk of falling.

Objective To establish a paper spray mass spectrometry method for the determination of 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 2-methoxypropionic acid as biomarkers of propylene glycol monomethyl ether in urine. Methods The urine sample was dropped onto the chromatographic paper, and a high voltage of 4 kV was applied to the back of the paper. After dissolution in the spray solvent, the sample formed an electrospray at the paper tip under the effect of voltage, which then entered the mass spectrometer for detection. Results The linear ranges of 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 2-methoxypropionic acid were 0.036-46.15 μg/mL and 0.029-54.25 μg/mL, respectively, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.999 6 to 0.999 9. The detection limit (LOD) was between 0.008 8 and 0.011 μg/mL, and the quantification limit(LOQ) was between 0.029 and 0.036 μg/mL. The sample recovery rate ranged from 90.8% to 105.0%, and RSDs ranged from 3.3% to 9.7%. Conclusion This method requires no sample processing, features simplicity, rapidity and high sensitivity, making it suitable for the rapid screening of propylene glycol monomethyl ether in urine.

Objective To establish a method for the rapid detection of 15 N-nitrosamines in bacon by enhanced matrix removal dispersive solid phase extraction combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were extracted with acetonitrile oscillation, frozen for 30 minutes, and then centrifuged at low temperature. The extract was further purified using an enhanced lipid removal purification tube (QuEChERS EMR-lipid) and an EMR-lipid stripping tube. The N-nitrosamines were separated on a polar capillary column, detected in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and quantified by the matrix-matched external standard method. Results The linear correlation coefficients of the method were greater than 0.990 in the range of 0.2-40.0 μg/L, with the detection and quantification limits of 0.03-0.30 and 0.1-1.0 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries were 64.1%-106.1% at three spiked levels (2.0, 5.0, 10.0 μg/kg)，with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 3.48% to 14.55%. Conclusion The method does not require activation, equilibration, or elution steps, consumes less solvent, is simple and rapid, and is suitable for the rapid detection of 15 N-nitrosamines in bacon.

Vaccination is one of the most effective measures for preventing infectious diseases. However, in recent years, vaccine hesitancy has become increasingly prominent, and the World Health Organization has identified it as one of the “top ten threats to global health” in 2019. Some developed countries have formulated targeted interventions by identifying the influencing factors of vaccine hesitancy. In contrast, systematic research on vaccine hesitancy in China remains limited.Therefore, this review aims to summarize the influencing factors of vaccine hesitancy reported both domestically and internationally, in order to provide a theoretical foundation for developing intervention strategies in China.

Objective To analyze the duplicate reporting of hepatitis B in Guangxi from 2014 to 2023, providing data to support future research. Methods Duplicate cases of hepatitis B in Guangxi from 2014 to 2023 were identified by matching combinations of rules, including identity card number, name, sex, date of birth, contact number, and current address of patient. The duplicate reporting rates were calculated. Results A total of 499 965 hepatitis B cases were reported in Guangxi from 2014 to 2023, in which 46 439 cases were reported in duplicate, and the duplicate reporting rate was 9.29%. There was an upward trend in the duplicate reporting rate over the years (χ²_trend=6 156.939, P<0.001). The within-year duplicate reporting rate was 1.58%, and the cross-year duplicate reporting rate was 7.70%. The within-year duplicate reporting rate showed an increasing trend (χ²_trend=7.320, P=0.007). The duplicate reporting rate of each city ranged from 4.25% to 12.08% (χ²=3 284.620, P<0.001). The duplicate reporting rate increased with age group (χ²_trend=675.314, P<0.001). The duplicate reporting rate of hospitals of different levels ranged from 4.69% to 19.13% (χ²=24 388.260, P<0.001), with the highest duplicate reporting rate observed in secondary-level hospitals. After excluding duplicated records, the average annual reported incidence rate of hepatitis B in Guangxi from 2014 to 2023 was 92.60 per 100 000 population. Conclusion The report incidence rate of hepatitis B is overestimated because of the duplicate reporting. A cross-year and cross-area duplicate reporting checking system should be established to reduce the duplicate reporting, and improve the surveillance quality for hepatitis B.

Objective To evaluate the extent to which clinical doctors in Hebei Province have mastered the knowledge associated with the prevention and control of viral hepatitis C and its influencing factors, and supply a scientific basis to further improve and perfect the prevention and control strategies of hepatitis C. Methods The on-site investigation adopted the "Questionnaire on Hepatitis C Prevention and Treatment Knowledge for Clinical Doctors" devised by the National AIDS Prevention and Control Center. Its components involved demographic traits, fundamental prevention and treatment knowledge, diagnosis and treatment standards, as well as case reporting requirements, and others. Categorical variables were described using proportions and rates.The influencing factors of awareness of hepatitis C knowledge were studied by using the χ² test and multivariable logistic regression method. Results This survey obtained 2 858 questionnaires in total, and every single one of them was valid. The awareness rate of basic knowledge and professional knowledge was 95.31% (2 724/2 858) and 14.49% (414/2 858), respectively.In terms of basic knowledge content, the correct answer rate for "Hepatitis C can be cured" was the lowest, at 86.28%, while the correct answer rates for other questions were all above 90%. Regarding professional knowledge, 50% (8/16) of the questions had a correct answer rate below 50%. Among these, the question on "Diagnostic basis for diagnosing hepatitis C" had the lowest correct answer rate, at 13.89%. The educational background, department, hospital level and type of clinical doctor, as well as whether they have received hepatitis C knowledge training in the past year, all have an impact on their knowledge of hepatitis C. Doctors with a master’s degree or above had higher knowledge levels than those with a master’s degree or below (OR=2.324, 95% CI:1.706-3.166). Doctors in infectious diseases had higher knowledge levels than those in non-infectious diseases such as internal medicine (OR=0.275, 95% CI: 0.159-0.475). Doctors in tertiary hospitals had higher knowledge levels than those in secondary and lower-level hospitals (OR=1.462, 95% CI: 1.044-2.048). Doctors in provincial hospitals were better than those in county and municipal hospitals (OR=2.869, 95% CI: 1.978-4.161). Doctors who have received prevention and treatment knowledge training in the past year were higher than those who have not received training (OR=3.144, 95% CI: 2.386-4.143). Conclusion While many clinical doctors in Hebei Province have mastered the fundamental knowledge about hepatitis C prevention and treatment quite well, the level of their professional knowledge needs to be improved. Attention should be paid to strengthening the training on diagnosis, treatment and case reporting, etc. At the same time, differentiated training programs should be formulated for different groups to effectively improve the diagnosis and treatment level of clinicians.

Objective To empirically study the core competences evaluation index system for the doctor of public health (DrPH) in China, and to test its discriminant ability, reliability and validity. Methods This study designed the corresponding questionnaire in March 2025. The stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 200 doctors of public health who were enrolled from 2021 to 2024 to conduct a questionnaire survey in China. Cronbach’s α coefficient was used to assess reliability.Pearson correlation analysis assessed internal consistency. T test and F test assessed discriminant validity. Exploratory factor analysis assessed structural validity. Results A total of 189 questionnaires were retrieved. There were 189 valid questionnaires.The effective rate of questionnaire was 100%. The overall Cronbach’s α coefficient of the ability evaluation index system was 0.969, the Cronbach’s α coefficient of the basic knowledge dimension was 0.691, and the Cronbach’s α coefficient of other dimensions were above 0.8. The correlation coefficient between each dimension and the total score was between 0.5 and 0.9.There were statistically significant differences in core competence scores of public health doctors in different grades, public health practitioner certificates, public health practice experience and parents’ occupations (P<0.05). KMO value was 0.916,Bartlett’s spherical test value P<0.001, six common factors were extracted, and the total contribution rate of factor variance was 69.9%. Common factors could basically reflect the core concepts and main dimensions of the evaluation index system for the core competence of doctors in public health. Conclusion The core competences evaluation index system for the DrPH demonstrates good reliability and validity, indicating that it can serve as a tool for the training, evaluation, and assessment of the core competences for the DrPH.