Objective To explore the impacts of diverse food processing environments on the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides and peptides derived from Auricularia auricula, and analyze the food functional characteristics of these polysaccharides and peptides. Methods Taking Auricularia auricula as the raw material, Auricularia auricula polysaccharides and peptides were prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis. Various conditions of different food additives, metal ions, high temperatures, pH and light intensity were simulated to assess the antioxidant stability, functional characteristics, and morphological features of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides and peptides. Results Exposure to light, strong acids and bases, as well as the presence of Na⁺, K⁺, and the sterilization method, had a minimal impact on the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. However, the addition of Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, glucose and sucrose caused a decline in the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. In contrast, the addition of erythritol, citric acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate enhanced the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. Lighting, a pH range of 5-7, and the sterilization method had little effect on the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides. The addition of Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, glucose and sucrose led to a decrease in the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides, while the addition of Na⁺, K⁺, erythritol, citric acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate increased the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides, with the highest antioxidant activity observed at 60 ℃. Auricularia auricula polysaccharide and polypeptide possessed general water-holding capacity and certain oil-holding capacity. Their foaming property, foam stability, emulsifying property and emulsifying stability increased in a dose-dependent manner. The freeze-dried powder became denatured and inactivated if it could not tolerate high temperatures. Conclusion The polysaccharides and peptides prepared from Auricularia auricula are suitable for use as emulsifiers, foaming agents, or functional ingredients in industries such as food, health products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. This study can offer a theoretical basis for the deep processing of Auricularia auricula.

Objective To explore the effects and mechanisms of sea cucumber intestinal ovigerm peptides (SCIOP) on enhancing the immune function of mice through network pharmacology and animal experiments. Methods The database was used to screen the active chemical components of SCIOP and the targets of immune cells. Gene ontology (GO) functional analysis, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were conducted on the relevant core targets to preliminarily explore the potential targets and mechanisms of SCIOP in enhancing immune function. Male kunming mice (KM) aged 4-5 weeks old were randomly assigned to 4 groups. The experimental groups were treated with SCIOP at doses of 0.52 g/kg (SCIOP-L) and 1.04 g/kg (SCIOP-H) via gavage, the positive control group received 0.52 g/kg of sea cucumber peptides, while the blank control group was given an equal volume of distilled water by gavage. After 30 days of gavage, various immune indicators were measured, including organ/body weight ratio, delayed-type hypersensitivity, splenic lymphocyte transformation capacity, humoral immunity, and peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity were measured. Results The results of network pharmacology showed that the active ingredients of SCIOP in enhancing immune function mought be cucumarioside, holothurin and other 15 kinds of ingredients. The key targets mought be cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A), fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) and other 46 immune targets, which mainly enriched in cell adhesion molecules, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)and other 14 signaling pathways. Animal experiment results showed that SCIOP significantly increased delayed-type hypersensitivity, serum hemolysin level, the phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages, and splenic lymphocyte transformation capacity. Conclusion SCIOP activates immune cells with characteristics of multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways, which may exert their immune-enhancing effects through various active components acting on multiple core targets and regulating a number of signaling pathways.

As widely used veterinary antimicrobials, sulfonamides are essential to detect in dairy products to protect public health and food safety. Chromatography-mass spectrometry is the main technique for detecting sulfonamides in dairy products because of its high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. This paper reviewed the development of this technique in sulfonamide detection, focused on improvements in sample pretreatment methods, chromatographic condition optimization and advancements in mass spectrometry techniques. It also examined the roles of emerging technologies like microfluidics, molecularly imprinted polymers and 3D printing in improving detection efficiency, cutting costs and streamlining operations. Future research in drug residue detection will be centered on quick and economical methods, and this review offered useful information for that research field.

Objective To establish a method for the rapid extraction of Datura stramonium Linn. seeds, Datura stramonium Linn. flowers, Datura stramonium Linn. shells, Datura stramonium Linn. leaves and Datura stramonium Linn. stems and simultaneous determination of scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methods The Datura stramonium Linn. seeds were extracted with methanol, flowers were extracted with ethanol and others were extracted with 1% formic acid solution. An ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine by external standard method in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-methanol as the mobile phase in a gradient elution and electrospray ionization with a positive ion source. Results Scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine showed good linearity (r≥0.999) in the range of mass concentrations from 0.1 to 10.0 ng/mL. Limits of detection were 30-76 μg/kg, limits of quantitation were 80-253 μg/kg. The average recoveries of the 3 alkaloids at the low, medium and high spiked concentration levels ranged from were 81.9%-117.0%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.7%-7.2%. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid, accurate, can provide reliable technical support for the determination of scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine in Datura stramonium Linn..

Objective To explore a method for rapid detection of thiabendazole residue in dairy products using molecular fluorescence differential addition method. Methods The optimal experimental conditions for the molecular fluorescence differential addition method were determined through single factor experiments, and this method was applied to determine the content of thiabendazole in dairy products. Results The residue of thiabendazole in dairy products ranged from 0.1580 to 0.1611 mg/kg, with a limit of detection was 0.0018 μg/mL and a limit of quantification was 0.0060 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation of the results was 0.75% (n=6), and the recovery rates ranged from 99.4% to 106.7%. A comparison with GB 23200.87—2016 National standards for food safety-Determination of thiabendazole residues in milk and dairy products-Fluorescence spectrophotometry showed no significant differences between the two methods based on F-test and t-test analysis. Conclusion This method eliminates the need to construct a calibration curve and measure blank solutions, offering advantages such as simplicity, sensitivity, rapidity, high recovery rates and accurate results. The proposed method is suitable for the rapid detection of thiabendazole residue in dairy products and provides a new detection technique for the determination of thiabendazole residues in dairy products.

Objective To establish a non-derivatized extraction method for the simultaneous determination of chlorthal-diacid, dalapon and trysben in tea by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) clean-up. Methods Tea samples were extracted by 20 mL of 1% acetic acid in water and 10 mL of methylene chloride; clean-up by HLB (300 mg/3 mL) filtration. Separation of the target analytes was achieved on an octadecylsilane (C₁₈) chromatographic column, and quantitation was performed by LC-MS/MS in negative ion mode. Results The 3 kinds of herbicides were effectively separated on the C₁₈ column with good linearity in the range of 0.01-2.00 μg/mL (r²>0.997). At 4 spiked levels of 0.05, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/kg, the average recoveries of the 3 kinds of pesticides in the blank matrix of tea ranged from 71.1% to 119.2%, with the relative standard deviations between 3.3% and 18.3%. The limits of detection were ranged from 0.002-0.009 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were ranged from 0.008-0.029 mg/kg of the 3 kinds of herbicides. Conclusion The developed method offers a simple and rapid pretreatment procedure, eliminating the need for derivatization. It is friendly to the inspectors and the environment, and can be used as a method for large-scale detection of chlorthal-diacid, dalapon and trysben residues in tea.

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 5 kinds of heavy metals [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu)] and harmful elements in longan lour by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and to evaluate the safety of longan lour. Methods Microwave digestion-ICP-MS was used to determine 5 kinds of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour, single factor pollution index method and Nemero comprehensive pollution index method were used for pollution assessment, the health risk assessment was carried out according to 4 steps: Hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Results The 5 kinds of elements had a good linear relationship (r>0.999) within a certain content range, the recovery rates were 97.5%-106.8%, and relative standard deviations were 0.11%-2.52%, indicating that the method was accurate and reliable. According to the heavy metal and harmful element limit standards for medicinal materials and decoction pieces in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (2020 edition), longan lour from one producing region exceeded the Pb limit, with a non-compliance rate of 5%. Safety evaluation studies revealed that samples from 3 producing regions were contaminated with heavy metals and harmful elements to varying degrees, while those from the remaining 17 regions were safe. Health risk assessment studies indicated that Pb and As exposure from longan lour in a small number of producing regions might pose certain non-carcinogenic health risks to humans, warranting attention. Conclusion The model established in this study effectively assesses the health risks of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour, providing reference data for formulating limit standards for heavy metals in longan lour and offering a scientific basis for establishing a safety evaluation system for this medicinal material.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 6 kinds of carbamate pesticide residues in vegetables by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and study the degradation rule of carbamate pesticides in vegetables. Methods The samples were extracted with acetonitrile to extract carbamate pesticides. The supernatant was purified by solid phase adsorbent, concentrated and dried, and then diluted with methanol. The quantitative analysis was carried out by HPLC-post column derivatization.Results Through optimization of the method, it was found that there was a good linear relationship between peak area and concentration of 6 kinds of carbamate pesticides in the mass concentration range of 0.10-2.00 μg/mL, with correlation coefficients not less than 0.9996. The limit of detection was 0.002-0.005 mg/kg, the average recovery rate was 86%-95%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 3.5%. At the same time, the residual status and degradation rule of amino esters in vegetables were obtained, and it was found that the order of pesticide residue content of methomyl was: Unwashed potato peel>washed potato peel>potato interior. Conclusion This method has high sensitivity, low limit of detection, good recovery rate and feasible operation, meeting the experimental requirements. The degradation rules of pesticide residues show significant differences, providing a theoretical basis for evaluating the safety of vegetables after the use of carbamate pesticides.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of pentachlorophenol residues in various animal derived foods by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods Triethylamine acetonitrile water extraction and mixed anion exchange column purification were used, and detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer. This article had discussed in detail the key control points such as extraction, purification, nitrogen blowing, filtration, chromatographic-mass spectrometric separation, analysis, and qualitative and quantitative determination. The improved method optimized the proportion of extraction solvents and removed the nitrogen blowing and concentration process. Eventually, a determination method applicable to the residual amounts of pentachlorophenolic acid in muscles (pork, beef, mutton, chicken), livers (pig liver, beef liver, sheep liver, chicken liver), kidneys (pig kidney, beef kidney, sheep kidney, chicken kidney), fish, shrimp, crabs, shellfish, poultry eggs (chicken eggs, duck eggs, goose eggs, quail eggs), milk and milk powder was established. Results The pentachlorophenol were linear in the range of 0.2-8.0 ng/mL with correlation coefficients (r²) higher than 0.99. The limits of detection (S/N≥3) were 0.3 µg/kg, and the limits of quantitation (S/N≥10) were 1.0 µg/kg. The recovery rates of different matrices at LOQ, 2LOQ and 10LOQ spiked levels were all between 64.5% and 119.0%, with intra and inter assay relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 15%. Conclusion The method is simple to operate, highly accurate, and has good applicability, which can meet the detection of pentachlorophenol residues in different animal derived foods.

Objective To evaluate the acute toxicity and genetic toxicity of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA). Methods Acute toxicity was evaluated by oral gavage of γ-PGA at 10000 mg/(kg·bw) to rats and mice using the limit test method, with observations of toxic signs and mortality; the 30 hour double gavage method followed by microscopic examination to quantify the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in mouse bone marrow was employed to detect the micronucleus induction of γ-PGA; the plate incorporation method was utilized to enumerate revertant colonies of Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535) to assess the mutagenic potential of γ-PGA; a continuous 5 day gavage followed by microscopic analysis was conducted to analyze the number and frequency of chromosomal structural aberrations in mouse spermatocytes to evaluate the chromosomal aberration induction of γ-PGA. Results The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of γ-PGA via acute oral administration to both male and female mice and rats was greater than 10000 mg/(kg·bw). At a dose of 5000 mg/(kg·bw), γ-PGA did not significantly increase micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of either male or female mice (P>0.05), nor did it induce chromosomal aberrations in primary spermatocytes of mice (P>0.05). Additionally, at a dose of 5000 μg per plate, no significant mutagenic activity was detected in the standard tested strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535), regardless of S₉ activation. Conclusion Under the experimental conditions of this study, γ-PGA is classified as practically non-toxic and non-genotoxic, providing a toxicological basis for its development and application in the food industry.